EU regulatory register · GDPR
Article 22Automated individual decision-making, including profiling
CELEX 32016R0679 · Read on 2026-08-18 · Chapter III
Short answer
1. The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.
Verbatim from the article. Source: NovaCopilot · https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/gdpr-2016-679/artikel-22 · Short answer as data · Official text
Official text
Read from the EU Publications Office for this CELEX number. The wording stands as published; nothing here is rewritten or summarised.
1. The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.
2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:
(a)
is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller;
(b)
is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or
(c)
is based on the data subject's explicit consent.
3. In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.
4. Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests are in place.
Follow-up questions
Other articles in this chapter
Knowledge card
- Applies
- controller: Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing with legal or similarly significant effects unless an exception applies, and then provide human intervention, the right to express a view and to contest the decision.
- Risk if ignored
- critical
- What to do
- Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing with legal or similarly significant effects unless an exception applies, and then provide human intervention, the right to express a view and to contest the decision.
- Deadline
- No fixed deadline in the register
card:eu:article:gdpr--art-22 · sha256 157c2f4528d4 · Source: NovaCopilot
Risk, sanction and outcome
Art. 22 · controller
Risk: high · Sanction: administrative_fine, högst EUR 20 000 000 · Authority: Competent supervisory authority
Decisions applying the provision: none in the register
Full chain (JSON)
Outcomes are counted from stored judgments that cite the provision verbatim. Source: NovaCopilot
Judgments of the Court of Justice
1 decisions
- C-634/21Court of Justice of the European Union
OQ v Land Hessen
Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘scoring’) – Use of that probability value by third parties.
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Judgments applying this article
2 judgments in the register cite the article in their text. EU 2
Source: NovaCopilot
Recitals that carry the interpretation
The recitals in the preamble have no legal force of their own but often decide how the article is read. The links are curated against the official text. Read 2026-08-31.
Skäl 71 · Article 22
Automated decisions: a right to human intervention, to express a point of view and to contest; profiling of children should not occur.
The text is quoted from the official source and is not legal advice. A national court reads the language version that binds in its jurisdiction.
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