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EU regulatory register · GDPR

Article 22Automated individual decision-making, including profiling

CELEX 32016R0679 · Read on 2026-08-18 · Chapter III

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Short answer

1. The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.

Verbatim from the article. Source: NovaCopilot · https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/gdpr-2016-679/artikel-22 · Short answer as data · Official text

Official text

Read from the EU Publications Office for this CELEX number. The wording stands as published; nothing here is rewritten or summarised.

1. The data subject shall have the right not to be subject to a decision based solely on automated processing, including profiling, which produces legal effects concerning him or her or similarly significantly affects him or her.

2. Paragraph 1 shall not apply if the decision:

(a)

is necessary for entering into, or performance of, a contract between the data subject and a data controller;

(b)

is authorised by Union or Member State law to which the controller is subject and which also lays down suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests; or

(c)

is based on the data subject's explicit consent.

3. In the cases referred to in points (a) and (c) of paragraph 2, the data controller shall implement suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests, at least the right to obtain human intervention on the part of the controller, to express his or her point of view and to contest the decision.

4. Decisions referred to in paragraph 2 shall not be based on special categories of personal data referred to in Article 9(1), unless point (a) or (g) of Article 9(2) applies and suitable measures to safeguard the data subject's rights and freedoms and legitimate interests are in place.

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Follow-up questions

Other articles in this chapter

Knowledge card

Applies
controller: Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing with legal or similarly significant effects unless an exception applies, and then provide human intervention, the right to express a view and to contest the decision.
Risk if ignored
critical
What to do
Do not subject a data subject to a decision based solely on automated processing with legal or similarly significant effects unless an exception applies, and then provide human intervention, the right to express a view and to contest the decision.
Deadline
No fixed deadline in the register

card:eu:article:gdpr--art-22 · sha256 157c2f4528d4 · Source: NovaCopilot

Risk, sanction and outcome

  • Art. 22 · controller

    Risk: high · Sanction: administrative_fine, högst EUR 20 000 000 · Authority: Competent supervisory authority

    Decisions applying the provision: none in the register

    Full chain (JSON)

Outcomes are counted from stored judgments that cite the provision verbatim. Source: NovaCopilot

Judgments of the Court of Justice

1 decisions

  • C-634/21Court of Justice of the European Union

    OQ v Land Hessen

    Reference for a preliminary ruling – Protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data – Regulation (EU) 2016/679 – Article 22 – Automated individual decision-making – Credit information agencies – Automated establishment of a probability value concerning the ability of a person to meet payment commitments in the future (‘scoring’) – Use of that probability value by third parties.

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Judgments applying this article

2 judgments in the register cite the article in their text. EU 2

Source: NovaCopilot

Recitals that carry the interpretation

The recitals in the preamble have no legal force of their own but often decide how the article is read. The links are curated against the official text. Read 2026-08-31.

  • Skäl 71 · Article 22

    Automated decisions: a right to human intervention, to express a point of view and to contest; profiling of children should not occur.

The text is quoted from the official source and is not legal advice. A national court reads the language version that binds in its jurisdiction.

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