Section node
Unfair acts or practices
15 U.S.C. § 45(n)
- What this page is
- Section node, 15 U.S.C. § 45(n)
- Checked against the official source
- 2026-08-15Expired
- Responsible publisher
- ExploreWorld Legal, editorial deskLiability position
Short answer
What does 15 U.S.C. § 45(n) require, and where does it carry an outcome in the rule tree?
15 U.S.C. § 45(n) is the paragraph the FTC Act 5 decision agent rests on for this question. Substantial injury not reasonably avoidable and not outweighed by countervailing benefits. The block was read against the publisher on 2026-08-15 and carries 2 outcomes in the agent's rule tree. The reference can be cited as it stands, with a link to the official text and a content hash.
15 U.S.C. § 45(n)Checked against the publisher 2026-08-15Official text
A source reference, not legal advice.
- Jurisdiction
- 15 U.S.C. § 45
- Section node
- unfair
- Read
- 2026-08-15
- Hash
- sha256:b68fcbccb1e65cc5
Outcomes resting on this section
The rules below point to this section in their outcome. The verdict is a machine classification, not a judgment on an individual matter.
ftc-unfair
The three elements of an unfair practice are met
15 U.S.C. § 45(n) states that a practice is unfair when it causes substantial injury that consumers cannot reasonably avoid and that is not outweighed by benefits to consumers or competition.
prohibited, Requirement applies
ftc-base
Section 5 applies to the activity
15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1) covers unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. The elements are tested practice by practice.
risk, Requirement applies conditionally
Section nodes
- Deceptive acts or practices15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1)
- Cease and desist orders15 U.S.C. § 45(b)
- Civil penalties for order violations15 U.S.C. § 45(l)
The verdict is a machine classification of the outcome, not legal advice and not a compliance decision.
Verifiable trust signals
- Source-linked answers and explicit evidence gaps
- Obligations, controls, risks and consequences
- Stable objects and verifiable checksums
- Rule-based objects, optional source-linked reasoning
- Model card, source status and audit