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FTC Act 5, Deceptive and unfair practices

15 U.S.C. § 45

Jurisdiction

Federal

Risk dimensions

privacy, security, operations

Tier

Tier 3

Coverage

100 %

Impact

4/5

Read

2026-08-15

Source chain

Every block in the register row has its own address, so an outcome can be cited down to the paragraph. The node carries the reference, the scope, the link to the official text and the outcomes in the tree that rest on the block.

• Unfair acts or practices

  15 U.S.C. § 45(n)

  Substantial injury not reasonably avoidable and not outweighed by countervailing benefits.

• Deceptive acts or practices

  15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1)

  Representations likely to mislead a consumer acting reasonably.

• Cease and desist orders

  15 U.S.C. § 45(b)

  The administrative proceeding and the order that follows it.

• Civil penalties for order violations

  15 U.S.C. § 45(l)

  Penalties per violation once an order is final.

15 U.S.C. § 45

Rule tree

Rules are tested top down. Conditions are statutory elements and each outcome points to the register blocks it rests on.

1. ftc-deceptive

   Claim without substantiation

   prohibited · Requirement applies · deceptive

   15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1) prohibits deceptive acts or practices in commerce. A claim is judged by what a consumer acting reasonably takes from it, and substantiation must exist when the claim is made.

2. ftc-unfair

   The three elements of an unfair practice are met

   prohibited · Requirement applies · unfair

   15 U.S.C. § 45(n) states that a practice is unfair when it causes substantial injury that consumers cannot reasonably avoid and that is not outweighed by benefits to consumers or competition.

3. ftc-order

   The terms of a final order apply

   risk · Requirement applies · orders, penalties

   15 U.S.C. § 45(b) governs cease and desist orders, and 15 U.S.C. § 45(l) sets civil penalties per violation once the order is final.

4. ftc-base

   Section 5 applies to the activity

   risk · Requirement applies conditionally · deceptive, unfair

   15 U.S.C. § 45(a)(1) covers unfair and deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce. The elements are tested practice by practice.

Outcome

Monitoring

The journal shows what moved in the register row, with the hash before and after. The impact score follows a rule stated in plain words.

How impact is scored: Grund: tillagd eller borttagen uppgift ger 3, ändrad uppgift 2, omläsning utan ändring 0. Tillägg: +1 när ändringen rör status eller tillämpningsdatum. Tillägg: +1 när agenten ligger i klass 1. Siffran begränsas till 0 till 5.

• 2026-08-15 · 0/5 · lasning

  Raden läst mot den officiella publiceringen utan ändring

• 1914-09-26 · 4/5 · antagande, identifierare, status

  Regeln antogs enligt 15 U.S.C. § 45

• 1914-09-26 · 3/5 · tillampningsdatum, status

  Regeln började tillämpas enligt utgivaren

Supervision

• U.S. Federal Trade Commission

Artifacts and integrity

• https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-agents/ftc-act/manifest.json
• https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-agents/ftc-act/run
• https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-agents/ftc-act/monitor.json
• sha256:06942fbc9a2a4bba125217356d66789d13120209538271960be64ee122460666
• sha256:34122fc2ba0f00f281fd8448974bd4c8828be10027a5bf5aeab9cc24c40613af

The verdict is a machine classification of the outcome, not legal advice and not a compliance decision. Responsibility position · 15 U.S.C. § 45