{ "attribution": { "source": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/index.json", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision", "version": "legal-2026-08-25", "proof": "sha256:a923638d736c2ec6304bb6e35f68a93c7b267336a1b379752dcb760cafe22fbf", "jurisdiction": "cn", "lang": "zh-Hans", "owner": "ExploreWorldAI", "terms": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om", "notice": "Återgivning kräver angiven källa: legal.exploreworldai.com" }, "layer": "china-eu-compliance", "language": "zh-Hans", "jurisdictions": [ "CN", "EU" ], "version": "legal-2026-08-25", "readAt": { "requirements": "2026-08-26", "questions": "2026-08-26", "register": "2026-08-22", "mirror": "2026-08-26" }, "counts": { "requirements": 12, "questions": 21, "chineseInstruments": 12 }, "entryPoints": { "landing": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh", "requirements": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou", "questions": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda", "mirror": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui", "sitemap": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/sitemap-zh.xml", "api": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1" }, "requirements": [ { "slug": "eu-representative", "title": "欧盟授权代表", "question": "中国企业向欧盟出口需要欧盟授权代表吗？", "answer": "需要。绝大多数情况下，中国企业不能直接把产品或服务投放欧盟市场而不在欧盟境内设立一个可被联系、可被追责的主体。产品侧要求「欧盟境内负责人」，数据侧要求「欧盟代表」，两者是两项独立义务，需要分别落实。", "priority": "core", "steps": 4, "references": [ { "act": "gpsr", "article": "16", "label": "《通用产品安全条例》第 16 条：欧盟境内负责人" }, { "act": "gdpr", "article": "27", "label": "《通用数据保护条例》第 27 条：欧盟代表" }, { "act": "gpsr", "article": "22", "label": "《通用产品安全条例》第 22 条：线上市场的义务" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ce", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eu-representative" }, { "slug": "ce", "title": "CE 标志", "question": "CE 标志到底证明了什么，中国出口企业该怎么做？", "answer": "CE 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"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cra" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act" }, { "slug": "cra", "title": "网络韧性法案", "question": "带联网功能的产品出口欧盟，网络安全要求是什么？", "answer": "任何带数字元素的产品，从摄像头到工业网关，都必须按基本网络安全要求设计，并在支持期内提供安全更新。已被利用的漏洞与严重事件须在二十四小时内向 ENISA 与国家机构初报。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "cra", "article": null, "label": "《网络韧性法案》(EU) 2024/2847" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ce", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cra" }, { "slug": "eudr", "title": "零毁林供应链", "question": "木材、橡胶、皮革类商品出口欧盟需要什么？", "answer": "涉及牛、可可、咖啡、棕榈油、橡胶、大豆与木材及其衍生品的商品，投放欧盟市场前须提交尽职调查声明，并能提供生产地块的地理坐标。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "eudr", "article": null, "label": "《零毁林条例》(EU) 2023/1115" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cbam", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csddd" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eudr" }, { "slug": "cbam", "title": "碳边境调节机制", "question": "钢铁、铝、水泥出口欧盟要报告碳排放吗？", "answer": "要。钢铁、铝、水泥、化肥、氢与电力进入欧盟时，进口方须报告隐含碳排放。数据来自中国的生产设施，因此报告质量取决于出口方能否提供设施级的排放数据。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "cbam", "article": null, "label": "《碳边境调节机制条例》(EU) 2023/956" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eudr", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csrd" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cbam" }, { "slug": "csddd", "title": "供应链尽职调查", "question": "作为欧盟企业的中国供应商，会被要求什么？", "answer": "义务落在欧盟侧的大型企业身上，但要求会沿合同传导到供应商。实务中表现为供应商行为准则、现场审核权、人权与环境风险问卷以及整改期限。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "csddd", "article": null, "label": "《企业可持续尽职调查指令》(EU) 2024/1760" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csrd", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eudr" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csddd" }, { "slug": "csrd", "title": "可持续发展报告", "question": "中国供应商为什么会被要求提供 ESG 数据？", "answer": "欧盟客户须按统一准则披露价值链排放与社会指标，其中范围三排放几乎全部来自供应商。数据请求因此是法律义务的延伸，而不是采购偏好。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "csrd", "article": null, "label": "《企业可持续发展报告指令》(EU) 2022/2464" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csddd", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cbam" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csrd" }, { "slug": "dsa", "title": "数字服务法案", "question": "中国电商平台在欧盟运营有哪些义务？", "answer": "面向欧盟用户的平台须设立欧盟法律代表、公布联系点、建立通知与处理机制，并对商户执行可追溯性核验。达到超大型平台门槛后，还须进行系统性风险评估与独立审计。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "dsa", "article": "11", "label": "第 11 条：与主管机关的联系点" }, { "act": "dsa", "article": "13", "label": "第 13 条：法律代表" }, { "act": "dsa", "article": "30", "label": "第 30 条：商户可追溯性" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eu-representative", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/dsa" }, { "slug": "eidas", "title": "电子身份与信任服务", "question": "在欧盟做电子签名与身份验证要注意什么？", "answer": "欧盟承认的电子签名分为三级，法律效力不同。跨境业务若要求最高证明力，须使用由欧盟信任清单内的合格信任服务提供者签发的合格电子签名。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "eidas", "article": "5a", "label": "第 5a 条：欧盟数字身份钱包" }, { "act": "eidas", "article": "24", "label": "第 24 条：合格信任服务提供者的要求" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/dsa", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ce" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eidas" }, { "slug": "data-act", "title": "数据法案", "question": "联网设备产生的数据，谁有权访问？", "answer": "联网产品的用户有权访问并转移设备产生的数据，制造商须在设计阶段就让数据可被访问。云服务还须支持无障碍的服务商切换。", "priority": "standard", "steps": 3, "references": [ { "act": "data-act", "article": null, "label": "《数据法案》(EU) 2023/2854" } ], "related": [ "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act" ], "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/data-act" } ], "questions": [ { "slug": "eu-authorized-representative", "question": "中国企业向欧盟出口需要欧盟授权代表吗？", "answer": "需要。产品侧须指定欧盟境内负责人，数据侧须指定欧盟代表，这是两项独立义务，缺一都会导致产品被下架或被监管机构追责。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eu-representative", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/eu-authorized-representative" }, { "slug": "responsible-person-vs-representative", "question": "欧盟境内负责人和欧盟代表有什么区别？", "answer": "负责人属于产品安全体系，负责技术文件与市场监管沟通；代表属于数据保护体系，负责接收数据主体与监管机构的来函。两者可以是不同主体。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eu-representative", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/responsible-person-vs-representative" }, { "slug": "amazon-eu-responsible-person", "question": "在欧盟电商平台上架必须填写负责人信息吗？", "answer": "必须。平台在上架审核时核对欧盟境内负责人的名称与地址，信息缺失会直接导致商品下架。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eu-representative", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/amazon-eu-responsible-person" }, { "slug": "ce-marking-meaning", "question": "CE 标志是认证吗？", "answer": "不是。CE 是制造商自我声明符合适用的欧盟立法，没有任何机构颁发通用 CE 证书。责任始终在制造商。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ce", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/ce-marking-meaning" }, { "slug": "ce-technical-file", "question": "CE 技术文件要保存多久？", "answer": "十年，并且欧盟境内负责人须能在监管机构提出要求时提交。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ce", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/ce-technical-file" }, { "slug": "ce-connected-product", "question": "联网产品的 CE 标志还需要网络安全吗？", "answer": "需要。带数字元素的产品须同时满足《网络韧性法案》的基本网络安全要求，未覆盖将使符合性声明失效。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cra", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/ce-connected-product" }, { "slug": "personal-data-to-china", "question": "个人信息从欧盟出境到中国怎么做？", "answer": "欧盟未认定中国具备充分保护水平，因此须依据 GDPR 第 46 条的适当保障措施，实务中为标准合同条款加传输影响评估。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/personal-data-to-china" }, { "slug": "scc-required", "question": "标准合同条款可以修改吗？", "answer": "不可以。欧盟委员会的条款文本不得改动，只能填写附件与选择适用模块。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/scc-required" }, { "slug": "transfer-impact-assessment", "question": "传输影响评估要写什么？", "answer": "写清接收国法律对数据的访问权限、实际执法情况，以及加密、密钥留存与最小化等补充措施。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/transfer-impact-assessment" }, { "slug": "pipl-and-gdpr", "question": "同时满足 PIPL 和 GDPR 需要做两套吗？", "answer": "结构可以共用，义务必须分别落实。出境方向不同：GDPR 管欧盟到中国，PIPL 管中国到欧盟，两侧都要有各自的法律依据。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/gdpr-chapter-v", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/pipl-and-gdpr" }, { "slug": "ai-model-in-eu", "question": "中国 AI 模型在欧盟上市要满足什么？", "answer": "按角色而非注册地判断。把模型投放欧盟市场的一方是提供者，须按风险等级履行义务，通用目的模型另有技术文件与训练数据摘要要求。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/ai-model-in-eu" }, { "slug": "ai-act-representative", "question": "AI 法案也要求授权代表吗？", "answer": "是。在欧盟境内没有机构的提供者须书面指定授权代表，这是第三项独立于产品与数据的义务。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/ai-act-representative" }, { "slug": "gpai-training-summary", "question": "通用目的模型要公开训练数据吗？", "answer": "要公布训练数据的充分详细摘要，并制定遵守著作权法的政策。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/ai-act", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/gpai-training-summary" }, { "slug": "eudr-geolocation", "question": "零毁林条例要求提供地块坐标吗？", "answer": "要求。须追溯到具体生产地块的地理坐标，供应商层级的信息不足以满足尽职调查声明。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eudr", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/eudr-geolocation" }, { "slug": "cbam-reporting", "question": "钢铝出口欧盟要报碳排放吗？", "answer": "要。进口方须申报隐含碳排放，数据来自中国的生产设施；出口方不提供设施级数据时将按默认值计算，成本更高。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cbam", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/cbam-reporting" }, { "slug": "cbam-carbon-price-paid", "question": "在中国已支付的碳价可以抵扣吗？", "answer": "可以，但须有可核查的支付记录，并在欧盟侧申报中列明。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/cbam", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/cbam-carbon-price-paid" }, { "slug": "supplier-audit-rights", "question": "欧盟客户为什么要求现场审核？", "answer": "因为供应链尽职调查义务落在欧盟侧企业身上，并沿合同传导给供应商。审核权是其履行法定义务的手段。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csddd", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/supplier-audit-rights" }, { "slug": "scope-three-data", "question": "客户要的范围三排放数据是什么？", "answer": "是欧盟客户价值链上的排放，其中绝大部分来自供应商。需要按产品口径而非公司总量提供。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/csrd", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/scope-three-data" }, { "slug": "marketplace-trader-verification", "question": "欧盟平台为什么要核验商户资料？", "answer": "数字服务法案要求平台核验并保存商户身份、地址与账户信息，未核验的商户不得展示商品。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/dsa", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/marketplace-trader-verification" }, { "slug": "qualified-electronic-signature", "question": "在欧盟签合同用哪种电子签名？", "answer": "合同类通常接受高级电子签名；需要最高证明力时使用欧盟信任清单内合格提供者签发的合格电子签名。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/eidas", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/qualified-electronic-signature" }, { "slug": "connected-device-data-access", "question": "联网设备的数据用户有权索取吗？", "answer": "有。数据法案赋予用户访问并转移设备产生数据的权利，制造商须在设计阶段预留访问方式。", "requirement": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/chukou/data-act", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/wenda/connected-device-data-access" } ], "chineseInstruments": [ { "id": "pipl", "name": "Personal Information Protection Law 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"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/nis2-2022-2555", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/nis2-2022-2555", "difference": "以运营者为中心并含本地化要求；NIS2 以实体规模与行业划分义务，不含数据本地化。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/csl" }, { "id": "dsl", "name": "Data Security Law of the People's Republic of China", "nameZh": "中华人民共和国数据安全法", "shortName": "DSL", "regulator": "National People's Congress", "adopted": "2021-06-10", "inForce": "2021-09-01", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "http://www.npc.gov.cn/npc/c2/c30834/202106/t20210610_311888.html", "euCounterpart": "《数据法案》(EU) 2023/2854", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/dataforordningen-2023-2854", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/dataforordningen-2023-2854", "difference": "重点在国家安全与数据分级；数据法案的重点在用户访问权与云服务切换。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/dsl" }, { "id": "cn-scc", "name": "Measures on the Standard Contract for the Outbound Transfer of Personal Information", "nameZh": "个人信息出境标准合同办法", "shortName": "SCC-åtgärderna", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2023-02-22", "inForce": "2023-06-01", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-02/24/c_1678884830036813.htm", "euCounterpart": "《通用数据保护条例》(EU) 2016/679", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/gdpr-2016-679", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/gdpr-2016-679", "difference": "须向省级网信部门备案；欧盟标准合同条款无须备案，但须完成传输影响评估。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-scc" }, { "id": "cn-outbound-relax", "name": "Provisions on Promoting and Regulating Cross-border Data Flows", "nameZh": "促进和规范数据跨境流动规定", "shortName": "Utflödesreglerna", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2024-03-22", "inForce": "2024-03-22", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2024-03/22/c_1712776611775634.htm", "euCounterpart": "《通用数据保护条例》(EU) 2016/679", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/gdpr-2016-679", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/gdpr-2016-679", "difference": "以数量门槛豁免为主；欧盟侧没有对应的数量豁免，义务随处理行为发生。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-outbound-relax" }, { "id": "cn-genai", "name": "Interim Measures for the Management of Generative Artificial Intelligence Services", "nameZh": "生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法", "shortName": "GenAI-åtgärderna", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2023-07-10", "inForce": "2023-08-15", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-07/13/c_1690898327029107.htm", "euCounterpart": "《人工智能法案》(EU) 2024/1689", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/ai-act-2024-1689", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/ai-act-2024-1689", "difference": "以服务提供者与内容管理为核心；AI 法案以风险等级与产品合规体系为核心。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-genai" }, { "id": "cn-algorithm", "name": "Provisions on the Management of Algorithmic Recommendations in Internet Information Services", "nameZh": "互联网信息服务算法推荐管理规定", "shortName": "Algoritmföreskriften", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2021-12-31", "inForce": "2022-03-01", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-01/04/c_1642894606364259.htm", "euCounterpart": "《数字服务法案》(EU) 2022/2065", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/dsa-2022-2065", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/dsa-2022-2065", "difference": "采用算法备案制；DSA 采用透明度报告与系统性风险评估，不设备案。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-algorithm" }, { "id": "cn-deep-synthesis", "name": "Provisions on the Management of Deep Synthesis in Internet Information Services", "nameZh": "互联网信息服务深度合成管理规定", "shortName": "Deep synthesis-föreskriften", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2022-11-25", "inForce": "2023-01-10", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-12/11/c_1672221949318230.htm", "euCounterpart": "《人工智能法案》(EU) 2024/1689", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/ai-act-2024-1689", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/ai-act-2024-1689", "difference": "对标识的强制性更早生效；AI 法案的透明度义务随适用期分阶段落地。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-deep-synthesis" }, { "id": "cn-labelling", "name": "Measures for the Labelling of AI-Generated Synthetic Content", "nameZh": "人工智能生成合成内容标识办法", "shortName": "Märkningsåtgärderna", "regulator": "Cyberspace Administration of China", "adopted": "2025-03-14", "inForce": "2025-09-01", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.cac.gov.cn/2025-03/14/c_1743654684782215.htm", "euCounterpart": "《人工智能法案》(EU) 2024/1689", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/ai-act-2024-1689", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/ai-act-2024-1689", "difference": "要求文件元数据中的隐式标识；AI 法案要求机器可读标记但技术实现留给标准。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-labelling" }, { "id": "cn-network-data", "name": "Regulations on Network Data Security Management", "nameZh": "网络数据安全管理条例", "shortName": "Nätdataförordningen", "regulator": "State Council", "adopted": "2024-09-24", "inForce": "2025-01-01", "status": "in_force", "officialUrl": "https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/202409/content_6977766.htm", "euCounterpart": "《通用数据保护条例》(EU) 2016/679", "euUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/rattsakter/gdpr-2016-679", "euAgentUrl": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent/gdpr-2016-679", "difference": "覆盖个人信息与非个人重要数据；GDPR 只覆盖个人数据。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-network-data" }, { "id": "cn-mlps", "name": "Information Security Technology, Baseline for Multi-Level Protection Scheme (GB/T 22239-2019)", "nameZh": "信息安全技术 网络安全等级保护基本要求", "shortName": "MLPS 2.0", "regulator": "Ministry of Industry and Information Technology", "adopted": "2019-05-10", "inForce": "2019-12-01", "status": 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以通知处理机制与商户可追溯性为核心。", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/zh/fagui/cn-ecommerce" } ], "method": "No legal text is reproduced. 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