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"paragraph_id": "para_3" }, { "text": "No. 22-1163", "paragraph_id": "para_4" }, { "text": "HOSPITAL MENONITA DE GUAYAMA, INC.,", "paragraph_id": "para_5" }, { "text": "PETITIONER", "paragraph_id": "para_6" }, { "text": "v.", "paragraph_id": "para_7" }, { "text": "NATIONAL LABOR RELATIONS BOARD,", "paragraph_id": "para_8" }, { "text": "RESPONDENT", "paragraph_id": "para_9" }, { "text": "Consolidated with 22-1180", "paragraph_id": "para_10" }, { "text": "On Remand from the Supreme Court of the United States", "paragraph_id": "para_11" }, { "text": "Patrick M. Muldowney argued the cause for petitioner.", "paragraph_id": "para_12" }, { "text": "With him on the briefs were Angel Munoz Noya and Meagan", "paragraph_id": "para_13" }, { "text": "L. Martin.", "paragraph_id": "para_14" }, { "text": "Heather S. Beard, Senior Attorney, National Labor", "paragraph_id": "para_15" }, { "text": "Relations Board, argued the cause for respondent. With her on", "paragraph_id": "para_16" }, { "text": "the brief were William B. Cowen, Acting General Counsel,", "paragraph_id": "para_17" }, { "text": "Ruth E. Burdick, Deputy Associate General Counsel, Meredith", "paragraph_id": "para_18" }, { "text": "Jason, Assistant General Counsel, and Elizabeth A. Heaney,", "paragraph_id": "para_19" }, { "text": "Supervisory Attorney. David S. Habenstreit, Assistant General", "paragraph_id": "para_20" }, { "text": "Counsel, entered an appearance.", "paragraph_id": "para_21" }, { "text": "2", "paragraph_id": "para_22" }, { "text": "Matthew J. Ginsburg and Maneesh Sharma were on the", "paragraph_id": "para_23", "court_paragraph": 2 }, { "text": "brief for amicus curiae American Federation of", "paragraph_id": "para_24" }, { "text": "Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations in support of", "paragraph_id": "para_25" }, { "text": "respondent.", "paragraph_id": "para_26" }, { "text": "Before: RAO and WALKER, Circuit Judges, and", "paragraph_id": "para_27" }, { "text": "RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge.", "paragraph_id": "para_28" }, { "text": "Opinion for the Court filed by Circuit Judge RAO.", "paragraph_id": "para_29" }, { "text": "Dissenting opinion filed by Senior Circuit Judge", "paragraph_id": "para_30" }, { "text": "RANDOLPH.", "paragraph_id": "para_31" }, { "text": "RAO, Circuit Judge: The National Labor Relations Board", "paragraph_id": "para_32" }, { "text": "created a rule that compels the new owner of a business to", "paragraph_id": "para_33" }, { "text": "recognize and bargain with an incumbent union for up to one", "paragraph_id": "para_34" }, { "text": "year, irrespective of whether that union has the support of a", "paragraph_id": "para_35" }, { "text": "majority of employees. Hospital Menonita de Guayama (the", "paragraph_id": "para_36" }, { "text": "“Hospital”) challenged the so-called “successor bar” as", "paragraph_id": "para_37" }, { "text": "inconsistent with the National Labor Relations Act. This court", "paragraph_id": "para_38" }, { "text": "upheld the successor bar by deferring to the Board’s judgment", "paragraph_id": "para_39" }, { "text": "and its “reasonable” policymaking choices. We must now", "paragraph_id": "para_40" }, { "text": "reconsider the Hospital’s legal challenge because the Supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_41" }, { "text": "Court granted certiorari, vacated our judgment, and remanded", "paragraph_id": "para_42" }, { "text": "for further consideration in light of Loper Bright Enterprises v.", "paragraph_id": "para_43" }, { "text": "Raimondo, 144 S. Ct. 2244 (2024).", "paragraph_id": "para_44" }, { "text": "Loper Bright reaffirmed that courts have an independent", "paragraph_id": "para_45" }, { "text": "obligation to interpret statutes and not defer to an agency’s", "paragraph_id": "para_46" }, { "text": "interpretation of the scope of its statutory authority. Reviewing", "paragraph_id": "para_47" }, { "text": "the Hospital’s statutory challenge without deference to the", "paragraph_id": "para_48" }, { "text": "Board, we conclude the successor bar is inconsistent with the", "paragraph_id": "para_49" }, { "text": "Act. Because the bar effectively suspends the Act’s core", "paragraph_id": "para_50" }, { "text": "guarantees of employee freedom and majority rule in collective", "paragraph_id": "para_51" }, { "text": "bargaining, the Board lacks authority to impose this rule. We", "paragraph_id": "para_52" }, { "text": "3", "paragraph_id": "para_53" }, { "text": "therefore grant the Hospital’s petition for review and deny the", "paragraph_id": "para_54", "court_paragraph": 3 }, { "text": "Board’s cross-petition for enforcement.", "paragraph_id": "para_55" }, { "text": "I.", "paragraph_id": "para_56" }, { "text": "A.", "paragraph_id": "para_57" }, { "text": "This case concerns the Board’s authority to establish the", "paragraph_id": "para_58" }, { "text": "successor bar, and so we begin with the statutory framework", "paragraph_id": "para_59" }, { "text": "governing employees’ rights to bargain collectively. The", "paragraph_id": "para_60" }, { "text": "National Labor Relations Act “protect[s] the exercise by", "paragraph_id": "para_61" }, { "text": "workers of full freedom of association, self-organization, and", "paragraph_id": "para_62" }, { "text": "designation of representatives of their own choosing.” 29", "paragraph_id": "para_63" }, { "text": "U.S.C. § 151. Section 7 of the Act secures employees’ freedom", "paragraph_id": "para_64" }, { "text": "of choice by vesting them with the right “to bargain collectively", "paragraph_id": "para_65" }, { "text": "through representatives of their own choosing” or “to refrain”", "paragraph_id": "para_66" }, { "text": "from doing so. Id. § 157. To effectuate this right, section 9(a)", "paragraph_id": "para_67" }, { "text": "requires that the “exclusive” bargaining representative for each", "paragraph_id": "para_68" }, { "text": "employee unit be “designated or selected” by “the majority of", "paragraph_id": "para_69" }, { "text": "the employees in [the] unit.” Id. § 159(a).", "paragraph_id": "para_70" }, { "text": "The unfair labor practices prohibited by section 8 ensure", "paragraph_id": "para_71" }, { "text": "that unions and employers alike do not restrain employees’", "paragraph_id": "para_72" }, { "text": "exercise of their Section 7 right to choose whether and how to", "paragraph_id": "para_73" }, { "text": "collectively bargain. Id. § 158(a)(1), (b)(1). Once a majority of", "paragraph_id": "para_74" }, { "text": "employees have decided how to exercise that right, their choice", "paragraph_id": "para_75" }, { "text": "“cannot be arrogated by a union or an employer.” Colorado", "paragraph_id": "para_76" }, { "text": "Fire Sprinkler, Inc. v. NLRB, 891 F.3d 1031, 1040 (D.C. Cir.", "paragraph_id": "para_77" }, { "text": "2018) (cleaned up); see 29 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)–(b), 160. An", "paragraph_id": "para_78" }, { "text": "employer must bargain with a union that has been chosen by a", "paragraph_id": "para_79" }, { "text": "majority of employees and is prohibited from bargaining with", "paragraph_id": "para_80" }, { "text": "a union that lacks majority support. See 29 U.S.C. §§ 159(a),", "paragraph_id": "para_81" }, { "text": "158(a)(1)–(2) & (5); Int’l Ladies’ Garment Workers’ Union,", "paragraph_id": "para_82" }, { "text": "AFL-CIO v. NLRB (“Garment Workers”), 366 U.S. 731, 737–", "paragraph_id": "para_83" }, { "text": "38 (1961) (holding an employer abridges section 7 rights when", "paragraph_id": "para_84" }, { "text": "it recognizes and bargains with a union “selected by a minority", "paragraph_id": "para_85" }, { "text": "4", "paragraph_id": "para_86" }, { "text": "of its employees, thereby impressing that agent upon the", "paragraph_id": "para_87", "court_paragraph": 4 }, { "text": "nonconsenting majority”).", "paragraph_id": "para_88" }, { "text": "A union is recognized as representing a majority of", "paragraph_id": "para_89" }, { "text": "employees if it is certified by the Board following an election", "paragraph_id": "para_90" }, { "text": "or obtains “recognition from the employer by providing proof", "paragraph_id": "para_91" }, { "text": "of majority support.” Colorado Fire Sprinkler, 891 F.3d at", "paragraph_id": "para_92" }, { "text": "1035 (cleaned up); see 29 U.S.C. § 159(a); Allied Mech. Servs.,", "paragraph_id": "para_93" }, { "text": "Inc. v. NLRB, 668 F.3d 758, 766–67 (D.C. Cir. 2012)", "paragraph_id": "para_94" }, { "text": "(explaining representatives may be chosen by a majority “by", "paragraph_id": "para_95" }, { "text": "means other than elections,” namely employer recognition)", "paragraph_id": "para_96" }, { "text": "(cleaned up). Elections are conducted and certified by the", "paragraph_id": "para_97" }, { "text": "Board if an employee, an employer, or a union petitions the", "paragraph_id": "para_98" }, { "text": "Board for an election and demonstrates there is “a question of", "paragraph_id": "para_99" }, { "text": "representation” to be resolved. 29 U.S.C. § 159(c)(1). After a", "paragraph_id": "para_100" }, { "text": "“valid election” has been held, the Act expressly bars a new", "paragraph_id": "para_101" }, { "text": "election for one year. Id. § 159(c)(3).", "paragraph_id": "para_102" }, { "text": "An employer that believes a union no longer represents a", "paragraph_id": "para_103" }, { "text": "majority of employees may challenge the union’s", "paragraph_id": "para_104" }, { "text": "representation status either by filing an election petition with", "paragraph_id": "para_105" }, { "text": "the Board or by withdrawing recognition of the union, refusing", "paragraph_id": "para_106" }, { "text": "to bargain, and then defending against any unfair labor practice", "paragraph_id": "para_107" }, { "text": "charges by demonstrating the union lost majority support. Pac.", "paragraph_id": "para_108" }, { "text": "Coast Supply, LLC v. NLRB, 801 F.3d 321, 326 (D.C. Cir.", "paragraph_id": "para_109" }, { "text": "2015); see also Garment Workers, 366 U.S. at 740 (similar).", "paragraph_id": "para_110" }, { "text": "B.", "paragraph_id": "para_111" }, { "text": "The Hospital challenges the lawfulness of the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_112" }, { "text": "“successor bar,” which prohibits any challenge to an incumbent", "paragraph_id": "para_113" }, { "text": "union’s representation status for up to one year after a business", "paragraph_id": "para_114" }, { "text": "changes ownership. Adopted in an adjudication by a divided", "paragraph_id": "para_115" }, { "text": "Board in 2011, the successor bar creates an irrebuttable", "paragraph_id": "para_116" }, { "text": "presumption that an incumbent union retains majority support", "paragraph_id": "para_117" }, { "text": "when a new owner assumes control of a business and retains a", "paragraph_id": "para_118" }, { "text": "5", "paragraph_id": "para_119" }, { "text": "majority of the existing employees.1 UGL-UNICCO Serv. Co.,", "paragraph_id": "para_120", "court_paragraph": 5 }, { "text": "357 NLRB 801, 802–03, 808–10 (2011). The bar “prevent[s]", "paragraph_id": "para_121" }, { "text": "any challenge to the union’s status, whether … by the", "paragraph_id": "para_122" }, { "text": "employer, by employees, or by a rival union.” Id. at 803.", "paragraph_id": "para_123" }, { "text": "Successor employers must recognize and bargain with an", "paragraph_id": "para_124" }, { "text": "incumbent union for up to one year regardless of whether the", "paragraph_id": "para_125" }, { "text": "union continues to represent a majority of employees. Id. at", "paragraph_id": "para_126" }, { "text": "808–09.", "paragraph_id": "para_127" }, { "text": "The Board justified the successor bar as a “policy choice”", "paragraph_id": "para_128" }, { "text": "necessary to “preserve … the stability of the existing", "paragraph_id": "para_129" }, { "text": "collective-bargaining relationship.” Id. at 804–07. The", "paragraph_id": "para_130" }, { "text": "dissenting member criticized the irrebuttable bar as denying", "paragraph_id": "para_131" }, { "text": "employees “an opportunity to exercise their right of free choice", "paragraph_id": "para_132" }, { "text": "on the question of collective-bargaining representation” and", "paragraph_id": "para_133" }, { "text": "enabling incumbent unions to “operate free from any electoral", "paragraph_id": "para_134" }, { "text": "challenge.” Id. at 812 (Member Hayes, dissenting).", "paragraph_id": "para_135" }, { "text": "C.", "paragraph_id": "para_136" }, { "text": "The Hospital became a successor employer in 2017. The", "paragraph_id": "para_137" }, { "text": "incumbent union, Unidad Laboral de Enfermeras (os) y", "paragraph_id": "para_138" }, { "text": "Empleados de la Salud (the “Union”), claimed to represent the", "paragraph_id": "para_139" }, { "text": "Hospital’s employees for all five collective bargaining units.", "paragraph_id": "para_140" }, { "text": "The Union had never negotiated a collective bargaining", "paragraph_id": "para_141" }, { "text": "agreement for two of the units, and the agreements it negotiated", "paragraph_id": "para_142" }, { "text": "for the other three had expired more than four years before the", "paragraph_id": "para_143" }, { "text": "change in ownership. The Hospital initially recognized the", "paragraph_id": "para_144" }, { "text": "1 The Board first imposed a successor bar in 1999 but then repudiated", "paragraph_id": "para_145" }, { "text": "it a few years later. Compare St. Elizabeth Manor, Inc., 329 NLRB", "paragraph_id": "para_146" }, { "text": "341, 344 (1999) (adopting successor bar), with MV Transp., 337", "paragraph_id": "para_147" }, { "text": "NLRB 770, 772–73 (2002) (rejecting the successor bar because it", "paragraph_id": "para_148" }, { "text": "“promotes the stability of bargaining relationships to the exclusion", "paragraph_id": "para_149" }, { "text": "of the employees’ Section 7 rights to choose their bargaining", "paragraph_id": "para_150" }, { "text": "representative”).", "paragraph_id": "para_151" }, { "text": "6", "paragraph_id": "para_152" }, { "text": "Union but later received evidence showing that in each of the", "paragraph_id": "para_153", "court_paragraph": 6 }, { "text": "five bargaining units a majority (and in one unit all) of the", "paragraph_id": "para_154" }, { "text": "employees rejected the Union as their representative. The", "paragraph_id": "para_155" }, { "text": "Hospital thereafter refused to bargain and ultimately withdrew", "paragraph_id": "para_156" }, { "text": "recognition of the Union for all units.", "paragraph_id": "para_157" }, { "text": "The Board charged the Hospital with unfair labor practices", "paragraph_id": "para_158" }, { "text": "under sections 8(a)(1) and 8(a)(5), principally alleging the", "paragraph_id": "para_159" }, { "text": "Hospital unlawfully withdrew recognition and refused to", "paragraph_id": "para_160" }, { "text": "bargain with the Union. See Hosp. Menonita de Guayama, Inc.,", "paragraph_id": "para_161" }, { "text": "371 NLRB No. 108, at *1 (June 28, 2022). An administrative", "paragraph_id": "para_162" }, { "text": "law judge (“ALJ”) ruled against the Hospital on these charges.", "paragraph_id": "para_163" }, { "text": "As relevant here, the ALJ applied the successor bar and refused", "paragraph_id": "para_164" }, { "text": "to consider the Hospital’s evidence that the Union no longer", "paragraph_id": "para_165" }, { "text": "represented a majority of the employees.", "paragraph_id": "para_166" }, { "text": "Before the Board, the Hospital argued that the successor", "paragraph_id": "para_167" }, { "text": "bar contravenes the Act, and therefore the Hospital must be", "paragraph_id": "para_168" }, { "text": "allowed to put forward evidence that the refusal to bargain was", "paragraph_id": "para_169" }, { "text": "lawful because the Union was not a majority representative. A", "paragraph_id": "para_170" }, { "text": "divided three-member Board panel adopted the ALJ’s findings", "paragraph_id": "para_171" }, { "text": "and conclusions and rejected the Hospital’s challenge to the", "paragraph_id": "para_172" }, { "text": "successor bar. See id. The Board ordered the Hospital to", "paragraph_id": "para_173" }, { "text": "“recognize and, on request, bargain in good faith with the", "paragraph_id": "para_174" }, { "text": "Union.” Id. at *7. Member Ring dissented, arguing the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_175" }, { "text": "should abandon the successor bar because it “imposes an", "paragraph_id": "para_176" }, { "text": "unwarranted restriction on employees’ Section 7 rights.”2 Id. at", "paragraph_id": "para_177" }, { "text": "*10 (Member Ring, dissenting in part).", "paragraph_id": "para_178" }, { "text": "2 Other Board members have also argued that the successor bar is", "paragraph_id": "para_179" }, { "text": "inconsistent with the requirements of the Act. See FJC Sec. Servs.", "paragraph_id": "para_180" }, { "text": "Inc., 360 NLRB 929, 929 (2014) (Member Miscimarra, concurring)", "paragraph_id": "para_181" }, { "text": "(“I believe the successor-bar rules adopted in UGL-UNICCO are", "paragraph_id": "para_182" }, { "text": "inappropriate and inconsistent with the Act in several respects.”);", "paragraph_id": "para_183" }, { "text": "Jamestown Fabricated Steel & Supply, Inc., 362 NLRB 1314, 1315–", "paragraph_id": "para_184" }, { "text": "7", "paragraph_id": "para_185" }, { "text": "The Hospital petitioned for review. It raised various", "paragraph_id": "para_186", "court_paragraph": 7 }, { "text": "challenges to the Board’s factual findings and remedies but", "paragraph_id": "para_187" }, { "text": "primarily argued that the successor bar contravenes the Act. In", "paragraph_id": "para_188" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita I, this court rejected the statutory challenge,", "paragraph_id": "para_189" }, { "text": "holding that “the Board is entitled to deference” and that the", "paragraph_id": "para_190" }, { "text": "successor bar “is within the scope of reasoned interpretation of", "paragraph_id": "para_191" }, { "text": "the NLRA.” Hosp. Menonita de Guayama, Inc. v. NLRB, 94", "paragraph_id": "para_192" }, { "text": "F.4th 1, 14–15 (D.C. Cir. 2024) (cleaned up). In reaching this", "paragraph_id": "para_193" }, { "text": "conclusion, the court explicitly adopted the First Circuit’s", "paragraph_id": "para_194" }, { "text": "reasons for upholding the successor bar, which rested on", "paragraph_id": "para_195" }, { "text": "Chevron deference to the Board and a determination that the", "paragraph_id": "para_196" }, { "text": "successor bar was a “reasonable” construction of the Act. See", "paragraph_id": "para_197" }, { "text": "NLRB v. Lily Transp. Corp., 853 F.3d 31, 35–38 (1st Cir. 2017)", "paragraph_id": "para_198" }, { "text": "(applying Chevron, U.S.A. Inc. v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc.,", "paragraph_id": "para_199" }, { "text": "467 U.S. 837 (1984)). Echoing the First Circuit, this court also", "paragraph_id": "para_200" }, { "text": "highlighted various policy considerations supporting the", "paragraph_id": "para_201" }, { "text": "successor bar’s reasonableness, including the bar’s limited", "paragraph_id": "para_202" }, { "text": "duration and the fact that a rebuttable presumption would", "paragraph_id": "para_203" }, { "text": "“increase litigation time and expense.” Hospital Menonita I, 94", "paragraph_id": "para_204" }, { "text": "F.4th at 15 (cleaned up); see Lily, 853 F.3d at 35 (same).", "paragraph_id": "para_205" }, { "text": "Soon after, the Supreme Court decided Loper Bright. The", "paragraph_id": "para_206" }, { "text": "Court “overruled” Chevron, holding that reviewing courts", "paragraph_id": "para_207" }, { "text": "should not defer to agencies when deciding questions of law.", "paragraph_id": "para_208" }, { "text": "Loper Bright, 144 S. Ct. at 2273. Instead, courts must “interpret", "paragraph_id": "para_209" }, { "text": "16 (2015) (Member Johnson, concurring) (arguing that the successor", "paragraph_id": "para_210" }, { "text": "bar “offends the Section 7 rights of employees”). And other members", "paragraph_id": "para_211" }, { "text": "have continued to register their disagreement with the successor bar.", "paragraph_id": "para_212" }, { "text": "See, e.g., Bay at N. Ridge Health & Rehab. Ctr., LLC, 2018 WL", "paragraph_id": "para_213" }, { "text": "923825, at *1 n.1 (Feb. 14, 2018) (Chairman Kaplan); Iss Action,", "paragraph_id": "para_214" }, { "text": "Inc., 2021 WL 2961491, at *1 n.1 (July 12, 2021) (Member", "paragraph_id": "para_215" }, { "text": "Emanuel); Town & Country Foods, 2026 WL 904697, at *1 n.1", "paragraph_id": "para_216" }, { "text": "(Mar. 26, 2026) (Members Murphy and Mayer).", "paragraph_id": "para_217" }, { "text": "8", "paragraph_id": "para_218" }, { "text": "statutes, no matter the context, based on the traditional tools of", "paragraph_id": "para_219", "court_paragraph": 8 }, { "text": "statutory construction.” Id. at 2268.", "paragraph_id": "para_220" }, { "text": "The Hospital petitioned for certiorari, arguing Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_221" }, { "text": "Menonita I conflicted with Loper Bright because the panel", "paragraph_id": "para_222" }, { "text": "failed to review de novo whether the successor bar violates the", "paragraph_id": "para_223" }, { "text": "Act. The Supreme Court granted certiorari, vacated the panel’s", "paragraph_id": "para_224" }, { "text": "judgment, and remanded for “further consideration in light of", "paragraph_id": "para_225" }, { "text": "Loper Bright.” Hosp. Menonita de Guayama, Inc. v. NLRB,", "paragraph_id": "para_226" }, { "text": "145 S. Ct. 982 (2024).", "paragraph_id": "para_227" }, { "text": "II.", "paragraph_id": "para_228" }, { "text": "After the Supreme Court’s vacatur and remand, we must", "paragraph_id": "para_229" }, { "text": "first consider whether Loper Bright requires us to revisit the", "paragraph_id": "para_230" }, { "text": "statutory analysis in Hospital Menonita I. See Cavazos v.", "paragraph_id": "para_231" }, { "text": "Smith, 565 U.S. 1, 9 (2011) (per curiam) (requiring the court of", "paragraph_id": "para_232" }, { "text": "appeals to “seriously confront[] the significance” of the", "paragraph_id": "para_233" }, { "text": "intervening cases cited in the Supreme Court’s vacatur and", "paragraph_id": "para_234" }, { "text": "remand order). We conclude that it does.", "paragraph_id": "para_235" }, { "text": "Loper Bright affirms that courts must independently", "paragraph_id": "para_236" }, { "text": "decide questions of law. The Supreme Court grounded this", "paragraph_id": "para_237" }, { "text": "holding in the “traditional understanding of the judicial", "paragraph_id": "para_238" }, { "text": "function, under which courts must exercise independent", "paragraph_id": "para_239" }, { "text": "judgment in determining the meaning of statutory provisions.”", "paragraph_id": "para_240" }, { "text": "Loper Bright, 144 S. Ct. at 2262. When deciding cases, courts", "paragraph_id": "para_241" }, { "text": "must ascertain the “single, best meaning” of applicable law. Id.", "paragraph_id": "para_242" }, { "text": "at 2266 (“In the business of statutory interpretation, if it is not", "paragraph_id": "para_243" }, { "text": "the best, it is not permissible.”). Challenges to agency action", "paragraph_id": "para_244" }, { "text": "are no exception to these fundamental principles. Id. The Court", "paragraph_id": "para_245" }, { "text": "overruled Chevron because courts must independently assess,", "paragraph_id": "para_246" }, { "text": "not defer to, an agency’s assertion of statutory authority for its", "paragraph_id": "para_247" }, { "text": "actions. See id. at 2266, 2272–73. The judicial duty in this", "paragraph_id": "para_248" }, { "text": "context is, “as always, to independently interpret the statute”", "paragraph_id": "para_249" }, { "text": "using the traditional tools of statutory construction. Id. at 2263;", "paragraph_id": "para_250" }, { "text": "9", "paragraph_id": "para_251" }, { "text": "see also Seven County Infrastructure Coal. v. Eagle County,", "paragraph_id": "para_252", "court_paragraph": 9 }, { "text": "145 S. Ct. 1497, 1511 (2025) (“As a general matter, when an", "paragraph_id": "para_253" }, { "text": "agency interprets a statute, judicial review of the agency’s", "paragraph_id": "para_254" }, { "text": "interpretation is de novo.”). When Congress “delegates", "paragraph_id": "para_255" }, { "text": "discretionary authority to an agency,” courts must “fix[] the", "paragraph_id": "para_256" }, { "text": "boundaries of [the] delegated authority.” Loper Bright, 144", "paragraph_id": "para_257" }, { "text": "S. Ct. at 2263 (quoting Henry P. Monaghan, Marbury and the", "paragraph_id": "para_258" }, { "text": "Administrative State, 83 Colum. L. Rev. 1, 27 (1983)).", "paragraph_id": "para_259" }, { "text": "The Hospital raised a statutory challenge to the successor", "paragraph_id": "para_260" }, { "text": "bar, namely that the bar contravenes the Act, and the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_261" }, { "text": "therefore has no statutory authority to impose it. Following", "paragraph_id": "para_262" }, { "text": "Loper Bright, we must resolve this challenge by independently", "paragraph_id": "para_263" }, { "text": "determining whether the successor bar is within the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_264" }, { "text": "statutory authority.", "paragraph_id": "para_265" }, { "text": "In deciding the Hospital’s petition, however, Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_266" }, { "text": "Menonita I deferred to the Board’s conclusion that the", "paragraph_id": "para_267" }, { "text": "successor bar was consistent with the Act. Hospital Menonita", "paragraph_id": "para_268" }, { "text": "I was explicit about its choice to defer to the Board’s “reasoned", "paragraph_id": "para_269" }, { "text": "interpretation of the NLRA.” 94 F.4th at 14 (cleaned up); cf. id.", "paragraph_id": "para_270" }, { "text": "at 17 (Katsas, J., concurring) (“Under Chevron, the Court’s", "paragraph_id": "para_271" }, { "text": "decision seems to me correct.”). And the court adopted the First", "paragraph_id": "para_272" }, { "text": "Circuit’s deferential analysis, which relied on Chevron to", "paragraph_id": "para_273" }, { "text": "uphold the lawfulness of the successor bar.3 Hospital Menonita", "paragraph_id": "para_274" }, { "text": "I, 94 F.4th at 14–15 (citing Lily eleven times). Resolving a legal", "paragraph_id": "para_275" }, { "text": "question by deferring to the Board is inconsistent with Loper", "paragraph_id": "para_276" }, { "text": "Bright’s directive for courts to “police the outer statutory", "paragraph_id": "para_277" }, { "text": "boundaries” of an agency’s delegated authority. 144 S. Ct. at", "paragraph_id": "para_278" }, { "text": "3 Hospital Menonita I did not rely on Lily as a mere “citation.”", "paragraph_id": "para_279" }, { "text": "Dissenting Op. 7–8. When rejecting the statutory challenge, the court", "paragraph_id": "para_280" }, { "text": "relied exclusively on the First Circuit’s Chevron analysis and", "paragraph_id": "para_281" }, { "text": "concluded by stating, “We can find no reason to disagree with", "paragraph_id": "para_282" }, { "text": "[Lily’s] analysis.” Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 14–15.", "paragraph_id": "para_283" }, { "text": "10", "paragraph_id": "para_284" }, { "text": "2268. Accordingly, on remand we must independently assess", "paragraph_id": "para_285", "court_paragraph": 10 }, { "text": "the Hospital’s legal claim that the successor bar contravenes", "paragraph_id": "para_286" }, { "text": "the Act.4", "paragraph_id": "para_287" }, { "text": "The Board resists this conclusion and argues we should", "paragraph_id": "para_288" }, { "text": "reaffirm the vacated decision because even after Loper Bright", "paragraph_id": "para_289" }, { "text": "this court must defer to all reasonable labor policies adopted by", "paragraph_id": "para_290" }, { "text": "the Board, including the successor bar. But the Hospital’s", "paragraph_id": "para_291" }, { "text": "challenge is not about the reasonableness of the successor bar", "paragraph_id": "para_292" }, { "text": "as a policy judgment. Rather, the Hospital has maintained that", "paragraph_id": "para_293" }, { "text": "the successor bar is inconsistent with the Act and therefore the", "paragraph_id": "para_294" }, { "text": "Board has no statutory authority to impose it.", "paragraph_id": "para_295" }, { "text": "In response to the Hospital’s challenge, our dissenting", "paragraph_id": "para_296" }, { "text": "colleague repeatedly makes the unobjectionable observation", "paragraph_id": "para_297" }, { "text": "that the Board may act within its delegated policymaking", "paragraph_id": "para_298" }, { "text": "authority. But courts must ensure that the Board’s policies are", "paragraph_id": "para_299" }, { "text": "in fact consistent with its statutory authority, as the cases cited", "paragraph_id": "para_300" }, { "text": "by the dissent confirm. See Dissenting Op. 4; Fall River", "paragraph_id": "para_301" }, { "text": "Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S. 27, 42 (1987)", "paragraph_id": "para_302" }, { "text": "(stating a Board rule will be upheld if “rational and consistent", "paragraph_id": "para_303" }, { "text": "with the Act”); NLRB v. Curtin Matheson Scientific, Inc., 494", "paragraph_id": "para_304" }, { "text": "U.S. 775, 787 (1990) (same); Allentown Mack Sales & Serv.,", "paragraph_id": "para_305" }, { "text": "Inc. v. NLRB, 522 U.S. 359, 364 (1998) (same). Because", "paragraph_id": "para_306" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita I did not independently determine whether", "paragraph_id": "para_307" }, { "text": "4 On remand, the Hospital does not reassert its challenges to the", "paragraph_id": "para_308" }, { "text": "Board’s fact finding and remedies, and we do not disturb the", "paragraph_id": "para_309" }, { "text": "conclusions of the vacated judgment on these issues, which are not", "paragraph_id": "para_310" }, { "text": "undermined by Loper Bright. See United States v. Adewani, 467 F.3d", "paragraph_id": "para_311" }, { "text": "1340, 1342 (D.C. Cir. 2006) (“When the Supreme Court vacates a", "paragraph_id": "para_312" }, { "text": "judgment of this court without addressing the merits of a particular", "paragraph_id": "para_313" }, { "text": "holding in the panel opinion, that holding continues to have", "paragraph_id": "para_314" }, { "text": "precedential weight … in the absence of contrary authority.”)", "paragraph_id": "para_315" }, { "text": "(cleaned up).", "paragraph_id": "para_316" }, { "text": "11", "paragraph_id": "para_317" }, { "text": "the successor bar is consistent with the Act, it does not comport", "paragraph_id": "para_318", "court_paragraph": 11 }, { "text": "with Loper Bright or these older cases.", "paragraph_id": "para_319" }, { "text": "The Board and amicus also stress that Loper Bright did not", "paragraph_id": "para_320" }, { "text": "“call into question prior cases that relied on the Chevron", "paragraph_id": "para_321" }, { "text": "framework.” Loper Bright, 144 S. Ct. at 2273. True, the", "paragraph_id": "para_322" }, { "text": "judgment in Loper Bright does not necessarily justify", "paragraph_id": "para_323" }, { "text": "overruling settled precedents that relied on Chevron. But", "paragraph_id": "para_324" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita I was not a settled precedent. It was this", "paragraph_id": "para_325" }, { "text": "court’s first decision on the successor bar, and the Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_326" }, { "text": "petitioned for certiorari after Loper Bright was decided. In", "paragraph_id": "para_327" }, { "text": "granting certiorari, vacating the judgment, and remanding, the", "paragraph_id": "para_328" }, { "text": "Court explicitly directed this court to reconsider our decision", "paragraph_id": "para_329" }, { "text": "in light of Loper Bright.5 Hosp. Menonita, 145 S. Ct. at 982.", "paragraph_id": "para_330" }, { "text": "The Court’s specific directive in this case takes precedence", "paragraph_id": "para_331" }, { "text": "over Loper Bright’s general rule of respecting settled", "paragraph_id": "para_332" }, { "text": "precedents.", "paragraph_id": "para_333" }, { "text": "Because Loper Bright prohibits us from deferring to the", "paragraph_id": "para_334" }, { "text": "Board’s legal conclusions, on remand we must reconsider the", "paragraph_id": "para_335" }, { "text": "Hospital’s statutory challenge and independently determine", "paragraph_id": "para_336" }, { "text": "whether the successor bar is consistent with the Act.", "paragraph_id": "para_337" }, { "text": "III.", "paragraph_id": "para_338" }, { "text": "The Board’s successor bar compels an employer who", "paragraph_id": "para_339" }, { "text": "acquires a business to recognize and bargain with an incumbent", "paragraph_id": "para_340" }, { "text": "union for up to one year, even if the union lacks majority", "paragraph_id": "para_341" }, { "text": "support. The successor bar thus contravenes the Act by", "paragraph_id": "para_342" }, { "text": "suspending two statutory protections: employees’ right to", "paragraph_id": "para_343" }, { "text": "choose whether and how to collectively bargain and their right", "paragraph_id": "para_344" }, { "text": "5 The fact that the Court provided no reasoning for its action is beside", "paragraph_id": "para_345" }, { "text": "the point. Contra Dissenting Op. 8–9. We cannot ignore the Court’s", "paragraph_id": "para_346" }, { "text": "grant, vacatur, and remand because it issued only an order.", "paragraph_id": "para_347" }, { "text": "12", "paragraph_id": "para_348" }, { "text": "to be represented by a union that has majority support.", "paragraph_id": "para_349", "court_paragraph": 12 }, { "text": "Moreover, we reject the Board’s arguments that it has", "paragraph_id": "para_350" }, { "text": "“policymaking” authority to suspend these guarantees of the", "paragraph_id": "para_351" }, { "text": "Act. We therefore grant the Hospital’s petition because the", "paragraph_id": "para_352" }, { "text": "Board acted contrary to law when it applied the successor bar,", "paragraph_id": "para_353" }, { "text": "refused to consider the Hospital’s evidence that most of its", "paragraph_id": "para_354" }, { "text": "employees rejected representation by the Union, and found the", "paragraph_id": "para_355" }, { "text": "Hospital liable for an unfair labor practice.", "paragraph_id": "para_356" }, { "text": "A.", "paragraph_id": "para_357" }, { "text": "The successor bar violates sections 7 and 9 of the Act by", "paragraph_id": "para_358" }, { "text": "requiring successor employers to recognize and bargain with", "paragraph_id": "para_359" }, { "text": "an incumbent union, regardless of whether that union enjoys", "paragraph_id": "para_360" }, { "text": "the support of a majority of employees.", "paragraph_id": "para_361" }, { "text": "The Act guarantees employees the right to choose a union", "paragraph_id": "para_362" }, { "text": "that represents their interests. Section 7 provides employees", "paragraph_id": "para_363" }, { "text": "with the unqualified right “to bargain collectively through", "paragraph_id": "para_364" }, { "text": "representatives of their own choosing” or “to refrain” from", "paragraph_id": "para_365" }, { "text": "such activity. 29 U.S.C. § 157. To effectuate employee", "paragraph_id": "para_366" }, { "text": "freedom of choice, section 9(a) conditions a union’s status as", "paragraph_id": "para_367" }, { "text": "the “exclusive” bargaining representative on having the", "paragraph_id": "para_368" }, { "text": "support of “the majority of the employees.” Id. § 159(a).", "paragraph_id": "para_369" }, { "text": "Employers must recognize and bargain with the exclusive", "paragraph_id": "para_370" }, { "text": "representative chosen by a majority of employees. On the flip", "paragraph_id": "para_371" }, { "text": "side, however, employers cannot recognize and bargain with a", "paragraph_id": "para_372" }, { "text": "union that lacks majority support because that would", "paragraph_id": "para_373" }, { "text": "unlawfully “impress[] that [union] upon the nonconsenting", "paragraph_id": "para_374" }, { "text": "majority.” Garment Workers, 366 U.S. at 737.", "paragraph_id": "para_375" }, { "text": "The successor bar nullifies these statutory protections for", "paragraph_id": "para_376" }, { "text": "up to a year after a successor employer assumes control of a", "paragraph_id": "para_377" }, { "text": "business. The bar prevents any claim—by an employer,", "paragraph_id": "para_378" }, { "text": "employees, or a rival union—that the incumbent union lacks", "paragraph_id": "para_379" }, { "text": "the majority support required by the Act. See UGL-UNICCO,", "paragraph_id": "para_380" }, { "text": "13", "paragraph_id": "para_381" }, { "text": "357 NLRB at 803 (explaining the successor bar “prevent[s] any", "paragraph_id": "para_382", "court_paragraph": 13 }, { "text": "challenge to the union’s status”). Incumbent unions are thus", "paragraph_id": "para_383" }, { "text": "deemed majority representatives by Board decree. Given an", "paragraph_id": "para_384" }, { "text": "employer’s statutory duty to recognize and to bargain with their", "paragraph_id": "para_385" }, { "text": "employees’ representative, the bar effectively compels", "paragraph_id": "para_386" }, { "text": "employers to bargain with an incumbent union, even if the", "paragraph_id": "para_387" }, { "text": "union indisputably lacks majority support. By entrenching", "paragraph_id": "para_388" }, { "text": "incumbent unions, irrespective of whether they enjoy majority", "paragraph_id": "para_389" }, { "text": "support, the successor bar is inconsistent with section 7’s", "paragraph_id": "para_390" }, { "text": "unqualified employee right to freedom of choice and section", "paragraph_id": "para_391" }, { "text": "9’s requirement of majority rule.", "paragraph_id": "para_392" }, { "text": "Congress’s provision of only one time bar against", "paragraph_id": "para_393" }, { "text": "challenges to a union’s majority status underscores the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_394" }, { "text": "lack of authority to adopt the successor bar. The Act generally", "paragraph_id": "para_395" }, { "text": "requires majority representation, and it allows employees,", "paragraph_id": "para_396" }, { "text": "employers, and other unions to test whether a union has", "paragraph_id": "para_397" }, { "text": "majority support by petitioning the Board for an election. See", "paragraph_id": "para_398" }, { "text": "29 U.S.C. § 159(a), (c)(1). The Act, however, prohibits the", "paragraph_id": "para_399" }, { "text": "Board from holding an election if “in the preceding twelve-", "paragraph_id": "para_400" }, { "text": "month period, a valid election” has been held. Id. § 159(c)(3).", "paragraph_id": "para_401" }, { "text": "The Board enforces this one-year time bar “from the date of", "paragraph_id": "para_402" }, { "text": "certification rather than the date of election.” Brooks v. NLRB,", "paragraph_id": "para_403" }, { "text": "348 U.S. 96, 99, 101–02, 104 (1954) (upholding the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_404" }, { "text": "rule because it applies “only to the period during which a", "paragraph_id": "para_405" }, { "text": "second election is impossible” under section 9(c)(3)).", "paragraph_id": "para_406" }, { "text": "When Congress establishes a legal requirement and", "paragraph_id": "para_407" }, { "text": "provides a single exception, the most natural interpretation is", "paragraph_id": "para_408" }, { "text": "that an agency cannot create additional exceptions to the", "paragraph_id": "para_409" }, { "text": "statutory rule. See Beverly Health & Rehab. Servs., Inc. v.", "paragraph_id": "para_410" }, { "text": "NLRB, 317 F.3d 316, 321 (D.C. Cir. 2003) (holding the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_411" }, { "text": "may not recognize a union’s unilateral extension of a notice to", "paragraph_id": "para_412" }, { "text": "strike because “Congress carved out but a single express", "paragraph_id": "para_413" }, { "text": "exception” to the Act’s notice requirement, which demands the", "paragraph_id": "para_414" }, { "text": "14", "paragraph_id": "para_415" }, { "text": "consent of both parties). Here, the Act protects employees’", "paragraph_id": "para_416", "court_paragraph": 14 }, { "text": "freedom of choice through representation by majority rule, and", "paragraph_id": "para_417" }, { "text": "the only circumstance in which a union’s majority", "paragraph_id": "para_418" }, { "text": "representation status cannot be challenged is for a limited time", "paragraph_id": "para_419" }, { "text": "after a certified election.6 See 29 U.S.C. §§ 157,", "paragraph_id": "para_420" }, { "text": "159(a) & (c)(3); Brooks, 348 U.S. at 104. The text and structure", "paragraph_id": "para_421" }, { "text": "of these provisions are best read to foreclose the successor bar,", "paragraph_id": "para_422" }, { "text": "which erects an additional limitation on the rule of majority", "paragraph_id": "para_423" }, { "text": "representation unmoored from the Act’s provisions regarding", "paragraph_id": "para_424" }, { "text": "the timing of elections and union certification.", "paragraph_id": "para_425" }, { "text": "The Board’s enforcement action against the Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_426" }, { "text": "further demonstrates how application of the successor bar", "paragraph_id": "para_427" }, { "text": "contravenes the Act. The Board’s central charge is that the", "paragraph_id": "para_428" }, { "text": "Hospital violated section 8(a)(5) by withdrawing recognition", "paragraph_id": "para_429" }, { "text": "and refusing to bargain with the Union. But an employer has a", "paragraph_id": "para_430" }, { "text": "duty to bargain with a union only if the union represents a", "paragraph_id": "para_431" }, { "text": "majority of its employees. 29 U.S.C. §§ 158(a)(5), 159(a); see", "paragraph_id": "para_432" }, { "text": "also NLRB v. Loc. Union No. 103, Int’l Ass’n of Bridge,", "paragraph_id": "para_433" }, { "text": "Structural & Ornamental Iron Workers, AFL-CIO, 434 U.S.", "paragraph_id": "para_434" }, { "text": "335, 346 (1978) (holding that section 8(a)(5)’s cross-reference", "paragraph_id": "para_435" }, { "text": "to section 9(a) limits an employer’s bargaining obligation to “a", "paragraph_id": "para_436" }, { "text": "majority representative”). Ordinarily, the Hospital would be", "paragraph_id": "para_437" }, { "text": "allowed to defend against the Board’s charge by demonstrating", "paragraph_id": "para_438" }, { "text": "the Union lacks majority support. See, e.g., Pac. Coast Supply,", "paragraph_id": "para_439" }, { "text": "801 F.3d at 325–26 (explaining an employer may “withdraw", "paragraph_id": "para_440" }, { "text": "6 The Board argues the Hospital “is jurisdictionally barred” from", "paragraph_id": "para_441" }, { "text": "relying on section 9(c)(3) of the Act because the Hospital did not cite", "paragraph_id": "para_442" }, { "text": "that provision before the Board. See 29 U.S.C. § 160(e) (barring", "paragraph_id": "para_443" }, { "text": "courts from considering an “objection that has not been urged before", "paragraph_id": "para_444" }, { "text": "the Board, its member, agent, or agency”). There is no dispute,", "paragraph_id": "para_445" }, { "text": "however, that in the Board proceedings the Hospital raised its", "paragraph_id": "para_446" }, { "text": "statutory objection to the successor bar. To properly address that", "paragraph_id": "para_447" }, { "text": "preserved legal challenge, we must consider all relevant provisions", "paragraph_id": "para_448" }, { "text": "of the Act.", "paragraph_id": "para_449" }, { "text": "15", "paragraph_id": "para_450" }, { "text": "recognition unilaterally” if it “can prove that [the] incumbent", "paragraph_id": "para_451", "court_paragraph": 15 }, { "text": "union has, in fact, lost majority support”) (cleaned up).", "paragraph_id": "para_452" }, { "text": "In the proceedings before the Board, the Hospital provided", "paragraph_id": "para_453" }, { "text": "evidence that most of its employees rejected the Union and that", "paragraph_id": "para_454" }, { "text": "the employees of one bargaining unit unanimously denounced", "paragraph_id": "para_455" }, { "text": "the Union as their representative. The Board, however, refused", "paragraph_id": "para_456" }, { "text": "to even consider the Hospital’s evidence because under the", "paragraph_id": "para_457" }, { "text": "successor bar an incumbent union’s representation may not be", "paragraph_id": "para_458" }, { "text": "challenged for up to one year. But if the Union in fact lacked", "paragraph_id": "para_459" }, { "text": "majority support, the Hospital’s refusal to bargain would have", "paragraph_id": "para_460" }, { "text": "been lawful. The successor bar compelled the finding of an", "paragraph_id": "para_461" }, { "text": "unfair labor practice, even when the Hospital’s evidence may", "paragraph_id": "para_462" }, { "text": "have established that it had no obligation under the Act to", "paragraph_id": "para_463" }, { "text": "recognize and bargain with the Union.", "paragraph_id": "para_464" }, { "text": "Under the successor bar, when a new employer acquires a", "paragraph_id": "para_465" }, { "text": "business, an incumbent union is protected from any", "paragraph_id": "para_466" }, { "text": "representation challenge for up to one year. The bar thus", "paragraph_id": "para_467" }, { "text": "compels the successor employer to recognize and bargain with", "paragraph_id": "para_468" }, { "text": "the incumbent union, even if it lacks majority support. That rule", "paragraph_id": "para_469" }, { "text": "is inconsistent with the Act’s protection of employee freedom", "paragraph_id": "para_470" }, { "text": "of choice and representation by majority rule. The Board", "paragraph_id": "para_471" }, { "text": "therefore contravened the Act when it refused to consider the", "paragraph_id": "para_472" }, { "text": "Hospital’s evidence challenging the Union’s majority status", "paragraph_id": "para_473" }, { "text": "and ordered the Hospital to collectively bargain with the Union.", "paragraph_id": "para_474" }, { "text": "B.", "paragraph_id": "para_475" }, { "text": "The Board attempts to justify the successor bar as", "paragraph_id": "para_476" }, { "text": "consistent with its policymaking authority and the purposes of", "paragraph_id": "para_477" }, { "text": "the Act. But these arguments cannot overcome the specific", "paragraph_id": "para_478" }, { "text": "requirements of the Act.", "paragraph_id": "para_479" }, { "text": "First, the Board argues that the successor bar falls within", "paragraph_id": "para_480" }, { "text": "“its authority to create national labor policy.” NLRB Suppl. Br.", "paragraph_id": "para_481" }, { "text": "16", "paragraph_id": "para_482" }, { "text": "8. The Board, however, cites no statutory provision to support", "paragraph_id": "para_483", "court_paragraph": 16 }, { "text": "this claim. When pressed at oral argument, the Board relied on", "paragraph_id": "para_484" }, { "text": "its general authority to prevent unfair labor practices under", "paragraph_id": "para_485" }, { "text": "sections 8 and 10 of the Act. But as already explained, these", "paragraph_id": "para_486" }, { "text": "provisions are expressly qualified by sections 7 and 9, which", "paragraph_id": "para_487" }, { "text": "guarantee employees both freedom of choice and", "paragraph_id": "para_488" }, { "text": "representation by a union with majority support. 29 U.S.C.", "paragraph_id": "para_489" }, { "text": "§§ 160(a), 158(a)(1) & (5); see id. §§ 157, 159(a). Those", "paragraph_id": "para_490" }, { "text": "guarantees mean that employers have no obligation to bargain", "paragraph_id": "para_491" }, { "text": "with a union that has lost majority support. The Board’s general", "paragraph_id": "para_492" }, { "text": "authority to enforce unfair labor practices cannot justify", "paragraph_id": "para_493" }, { "text": "suspending statutory protections in the collective bargaining", "paragraph_id": "para_494" }, { "text": "relationship.", "paragraph_id": "para_495" }, { "text": "The Board also attempts to rely on Supreme Court", "paragraph_id": "para_496" }, { "text": "precedent upholding other Board policies as reasonable. See,", "paragraph_id": "para_497" }, { "text": "e.g., Fall River, 482 U.S. at 42; Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB, 441", "paragraph_id": "para_498" }, { "text": "U.S. 488, 495 (1979). These cases, however, stand for the", "paragraph_id": "para_499" }, { "text": "unremarkable proposition, recognized by Loper Bright, that", "paragraph_id": "para_500" }, { "text": "within the boundaries of the Board’s delegated authority, its", "paragraph_id": "para_501" }, { "text": "policy decisions are reviewed for reasonableness. 144 S. Ct. at", "paragraph_id": "para_502" }, { "text": "2263. But the successor bar’s reasonableness as a policy has", "paragraph_id": "para_503" }, { "text": "nothing to do with whether the Act delegates discretionary", "paragraph_id": "para_504" }, { "text": "authority to the Board to suspend sections 7 and 9 when one", "paragraph_id": "para_505" }, { "text": "business takes over another.", "paragraph_id": "para_506" }, { "text": "As to the scope of the Board’s delegated authority, the", "paragraph_id": "para_507" }, { "text": "Supreme Court has long maintained that “the Board must", "paragraph_id": "para_508" }, { "text": "conform” to the Act and that “all questions” of the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_509" }, { "text": "“statutory authority[] are open to examination by the court[s].”", "paragraph_id": "para_510" }, { "text": "NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., 301 U.S. 1, 47 (1937);", "paragraph_id": "para_511" }, { "text": "see also NLRB v. Fin. Inst. Emps. of Am., Loc. 1182, AFL-CIO", "paragraph_id": "para_512" }, { "text": "(“Financial Institution”), 475 U.S. 192, 201–02 (1986)", "paragraph_id": "para_513" }, { "text": "(similar). The cases cited by the Board likewise acknowledge", "paragraph_id": "para_514" }, { "text": "that its rules must be “consistent with the Act.” Fall River, 482", "paragraph_id": "para_515" }, { "text": "17", "paragraph_id": "para_516" }, { "text": "U.S. at 42; see also Ford Motor, 441 U.S. at 497 (similar). The", "paragraph_id": "para_517", "court_paragraph": 17 }, { "text": "fact that other Board policies have been found both lawful and", "paragraph_id": "para_518" }, { "text": "reasonable tells us nothing about whether the Board has legal", "paragraph_id": "para_519" }, { "text": "authority to impose the successor bar.", "paragraph_id": "para_520" }, { "text": "Second, the Board maintains that the successor bar", "paragraph_id": "para_521" }, { "text": "promotes the Act’s general purposes of “industrial peace and", "paragraph_id": "para_522" }, { "text": "stability” by giving bargaining relationships between successor", "paragraph_id": "para_523" }, { "text": "employers and incumbent unions “a fair chance to succeed.”", "paragraph_id": "para_524" }, { "text": "NLRB Suppl. Br. 6–11, 13–14 (cleaned up). While promoting", "paragraph_id": "para_525" }, { "text": "labor stability is one of several stated purposes, the Act", "paragraph_id": "para_526" }, { "text": "mitigates industrial strife through specific provisions,", "paragraph_id": "para_527" }, { "text": "including those that “protect[] the exercise by workers of full", "paragraph_id": "para_528" }, { "text": "freedom of association, self-organization, and designation of", "paragraph_id": "para_529" }, { "text": "representatives of their own choosing.” 29 U.S.C. § 151; see", "paragraph_id": "para_530" }, { "text": "also Loc. Lodge No. 1424, Int’l Ass’n of Machinists, AFL-CIO", "paragraph_id": "para_531" }, { "text": "v. NLRB, 362 U.S. 411, 428–29 (1960) (rejecting the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_532" }, { "text": "attempt to justify a rule as a reasonable balancing of “employee", "paragraph_id": "para_533" }, { "text": "freedom of choice” against “industrial peace” because “the", "paragraph_id": "para_534" }, { "text": "accommodation between these competing factors has already", "paragraph_id": "para_535" }, { "text": "been made by Congress”) (cleaned up); Financial Institution,", "paragraph_id": "para_536" }, { "text": "475 U.S. at 202–04 (similar).", "paragraph_id": "para_537" }, { "text": "In conflict with these purposes and the directives of", "paragraph_id": "para_538" }, { "text": "sections 7 and 9, the successor bar entrenches incumbent", "paragraph_id": "para_539" }, { "text": "unions for up to one year. Even if an incumbent union lacks", "paragraph_id": "para_540" }, { "text": "majority support, an employer must recognize and bargain with", "paragraph_id": "para_541" }, { "text": "that union on pain of liability for an unfair labor practice. But", "paragraph_id": "para_542" }, { "text": "the Board has no authority to favor incumbent unions at the", "paragraph_id": "para_543" }, { "text": "expense of the statutory protections for employees, because the", "paragraph_id": "para_544" }, { "text": "Act “confers rights only on employees, not on unions.”", "paragraph_id": "para_545" }, { "text": "Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, 502 U.S. 527, 532 (1992). General", "paragraph_id": "para_546" }, { "text": "concerns for industrial stability cannot save the lawfulness of", "paragraph_id": "para_547" }, { "text": "the successor bar, which is really a rule of union stability that", "paragraph_id": "para_548" }, { "text": "18", "paragraph_id": "para_549" }, { "text": "comes at the expense of employee freedom of association and", "paragraph_id": "para_550", "court_paragraph": 18 }, { "text": "self-organization.", "paragraph_id": "para_551" }, { "text": "Third, the Board relies on Auciello Iron Works, Inc. v.", "paragraph_id": "para_552" }, { "text": "NLRB, 517 U.S. 781 (1996), for the proposition that it has", "paragraph_id": "para_553" }, { "text": "broad authority to impose irrebuttable presumptions “limiting", "paragraph_id": "para_554" }, { "text": "an employer’s ability to withdraw” recognition from a union.", "paragraph_id": "para_555" }, { "text": "NLRB Suppl. Br. 6–7. Auciello affirmed a Board decision that", "paragraph_id": "para_556" }, { "text": "relied on its so-called “contract bar,” under which the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_557" }, { "text": "presumes that a union maintains majority support during and", "paragraph_id": "para_558" }, { "text": "after the term of a collective bargaining agreement. 517 U.S. at", "paragraph_id": "para_559" }, { "text": "786. But the Court addressed only the contract bar’s application", "paragraph_id": "para_560" }, { "text": "as a presumption that allowed employees to challenge a union’s", "paragraph_id": "para_561" }, { "text": "representation status through an election petition and that could", "paragraph_id": "para_562" }, { "text": "be overcome by employers in multiple ways, including through", "paragraph_id": "para_563" }, { "text": "evidence demonstrating the union “in fact lacked majority", "paragraph_id": "para_564" }, { "text": "support” when the collective bargaining agreement was", "paragraph_id": "para_565" }, { "text": "executed. Id. at 784 n.2, 790; see also id. at 789 n.6. By", "paragraph_id": "para_566" }, { "text": "contrast, the successor bar is never rebuttable, and as the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_567" }, { "text": "has stressed, it protects incumbent unions from “any challenge”", "paragraph_id": "para_568" }, { "text": "for up to one year. UGL-UNICCO, 357 NLRB at 803", "paragraph_id": "para_569" }, { "text": "(emphasis added). The Court’s narrow decision in Auciello", "paragraph_id": "para_570" }, { "text": "does not recognize the broad authority asserted by the Board,", "paragraph_id": "para_571" }, { "text": "and therefore it cannot save the successor bar, which", "paragraph_id": "para_572" }, { "text": "categorically suspends the Act’s protections.", "paragraph_id": "para_573" }, { "text": "Finally, the Board reiterates the argument adopted by", "paragraph_id": "para_574" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita I that the successor bar saves “litigation", "paragraph_id": "para_575" }, { "text": "time and expense” because it is irrebuttable. NLRB Suppl. Br.", "paragraph_id": "para_576" }, { "text": "11 (quoting 94 F.4th at 15). But as the Supreme Court has", "paragraph_id": "para_577" }, { "text": "admonished, the Act’s protection of “[i]ndividual and", "paragraph_id": "para_578" }, { "text": "collective employee rights may not be trampled upon merely", "paragraph_id": "para_579" }, { "text": "because it is inconvenient to avoid doing so.” Garment", "paragraph_id": "para_580" }, { "text": "Workers, 366 U.S. at 740. Efficiency concerns cannot create", "paragraph_id": "para_581" }, { "text": "regulatory authority for the Board.", "paragraph_id": "para_582" }, { "text": "19", "paragraph_id": "para_583" }, { "text": "* * *", "paragraph_id": "para_584", "court_paragraph": 19 }, { "text": "On remand after Loper Bright, this court must", "paragraph_id": "para_585" }, { "text": "independently evaluate whether the Board has statutory", "paragraph_id": "para_586" }, { "text": "authority to impose the successor bar. We conclude the bar", "paragraph_id": "para_587" }, { "text": "suspends the Act’s guarantees of employee freedom and", "paragraph_id": "para_588" }, { "text": "majority rule in collective bargaining, and the Board lacks", "paragraph_id": "para_589" }, { "text": "authority to impose such a rule. Moreover, the Board’s general", "paragraph_id": "para_590" }, { "text": "policy goals, however “reasonable,” cannot overcome its lack", "paragraph_id": "para_591" }, { "text": "of statutory authority.", "paragraph_id": "para_592" }, { "text": "When defending against unfair labor practice charges, the", "paragraph_id": "para_593" }, { "text": "Hospital was entitled to put forward evidence that the Union", "paragraph_id": "para_594" }, { "text": "did not have the support of a majority of the Hospital’s", "paragraph_id": "para_595" }, { "text": "employees. Accordingly, we grant the Hospital’s petition for", "paragraph_id": "para_596" }, { "text": "review, deny the Board’s cross-petition for enforcement, and", "paragraph_id": "para_597" }, { "text": "remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.", "paragraph_id": "para_598" }, { "text": "So ordered.", "paragraph_id": "para_599" }, { "text": "RANDOLPH, Senior Circuit Judge, dissenting:", "paragraph_id": "para_600" }, { "text": "The Supreme Court vacated the original panel’s judgment", "paragraph_id": "para_601" }, { "text": "and remanded the case for “further consideration in light of", "paragraph_id": "para_602" }, { "text": "Loper Bright Enterprises v. Raimondo, 603 U.S. 369 (2024).”", "paragraph_id": "para_603" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita de Guayama, Inc. v. NLRB, 145 S. Ct. 982", "paragraph_id": "para_604" }, { "text": "(2024).1", "paragraph_id": "para_605" }, { "text": "Loper Bright overruled Chevron U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural", "paragraph_id": "para_606" }, { "text": "Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984).2", "paragraph_id": "para_607" }, { "text": "When the case returned to our court, it was heard by a1", "paragraph_id": "para_608" }, { "text": "different panel. It should have instead been retained by the original", "paragraph_id": "para_609" }, { "text": "panel—Senior Judge Edwards, who wrote the opinion, Judge", "paragraph_id": "para_610" }, { "text": "Henderson, and Judge Katsas. See D.C. Cir. Handbook of Practice", "paragraph_id": "para_611" }, { "text": "& Internal Procedures 49 (2025) (“When the Supreme Court", "paragraph_id": "para_612" }, { "text": "remands a case to this Court for further proceedings, the case is", "paragraph_id": "para_613" }, { "text": "assigned to the same panel that previously considered it.”).", "paragraph_id": "para_614" }, { "text": "Compliance with our rule is especially appropriate in this case.", "paragraph_id": "para_615" }, { "text": "Resolution of the Supreme Court’s remand order turns on whether", "paragraph_id": "para_616" }, { "text": "Loper Bright affected the original panel’s decision. Needless to say,", "paragraph_id": "para_617" }, { "text": "the original panel would best know the answer to that question.", "paragraph_id": "para_618" }, { "text": "There is an error in the Supreme Court’s analysis in Loper2", "paragraph_id": "para_619" }, { "text": "Bright. Much of the Court’s reasoning (and a part of Justice", "paragraph_id": "para_620" }, { "text": "Gorsuch’s concurrence) is devoted to criticizing the Chevron opinion", "paragraph_id": "para_621" }, { "text": "for ignoring section 706 of the Administrative Procedure Act, 5", "paragraph_id": "para_622" }, { "text": "U.S.C. § 706. See, e.g., 603 U.S. at 397-400, 411-12; id. at 428", "paragraph_id": "para_623" }, { "text": "(Gorsuch, J., concurring). The Court’s critique is unfounded. It is", "paragraph_id": "para_624" }, { "text": "unfounded because section 706 of the APA did not apply to judicial", "paragraph_id": "para_625" }, { "text": "review of the EPA rule at issue in Chevron. Section 706 did not apply", "paragraph_id": "para_626" }, { "text": "because Chevron was not an APA review case. The Clean Air Act", "paragraph_id": "para_627" }, { "text": "superseded the APA: “The provisions of section 553 through 557 and", "paragraph_id": "para_628" }, { "text": "section 706 of Title 5 [the APA] shall not, except as expressly", "paragraph_id": "para_629" }, { "text": "provided in this subsection, apply to actions to which this subsection", "paragraph_id": "para_630" }, { "text": "applies.” 42 U.S.C. § 7607(d)(1). The problem the Court identified", "paragraph_id": "para_631" }, { "text": "in Loper Bright was not with Chevron itself, but with courts,", "paragraph_id": "para_632" }, { "text": "including the Supreme Court, indiscriminately adopting the Chevron", "paragraph_id": "para_633" }, { "text": "formula in later cases in which section 706 of the APA did apply.", "paragraph_id": "para_634" }, { "text": "2", "paragraph_id": "para_635" }, { "text": "Compliance with the Supreme Court’s order necessarily", "paragraph_id": "para_636", "court_paragraph": 2 }, { "text": "requires our court to be precise about the basis for the", "paragraph_id": "para_637" }, { "text": "Court’s overruling of Chevron. An accurate description is that", "paragraph_id": "para_638" }, { "text": "Loper Bright rejected the view that courts may treat statutory", "paragraph_id": "para_639" }, { "text": "ambiguity as an implicit delegation of discretionary", "paragraph_id": "para_640" }, { "text": "interpretive authority to an agency. 603 U.S. at 399-400; see", "paragraph_id": "para_641" }, { "text": "Thomas W. Merrill, The Demise of Deference—and the Rise", "paragraph_id": "para_642" }, { "text": "of Delegation to Interpret?, 138 HARV. L. REV. 227, 265", "paragraph_id": "para_643" }, { "text": "(2024).", "paragraph_id": "para_644" }, { "text": "It follows that we must determine whether the original", "paragraph_id": "para_645" }, { "text": "panel relied on statutory ambiguity as conferring discretionary", "paragraph_id": "para_646" }, { "text": "interpretive authority on the NLRB—that is, whether it", "paragraph_id": "para_647" }, { "text": "upheld the Board’s successor-bar rule by applying the", "paragraph_id": "para_648" }, { "text": "Chevron framework. The answer to that question is obvious:3", "paragraph_id": "para_649" }, { "text": "Although the successor-bar rule has gone through several3", "paragraph_id": "para_650" }, { "text": "iterations, see ROBERT A. GORMAN & MATTHEW W. FINKIN, BASIC", "paragraph_id": "para_651" }, { "text": "TEXT ON LABOR LAW: UNIONIZATION AND COLLECTIVE", "paragraph_id": "para_652" }, { "text": "BARGAINING 794-95 (2d ed. 2004), its current form has been in", "paragraph_id": "para_653" }, { "text": "effect for a decade and a half. It has also been sustained by the", "paragraph_id": "para_654" }, { "text": "First Circuit, the only other court of appeals to pass on its", "paragraph_id": "para_655" }, { "text": "validity. See NLRB v. Lily Transportation Corp., 853 F.3d 31 (1st", "paragraph_id": "para_656" }, { "text": "Cir. 2017). Congressional acquiescence to a circuit-level", "paragraph_id": "para_657" }, { "text": "construction is, of course, an imperfect indicator of legislative", "paragraph_id": "para_658" }, { "text": "approval. See William N. Eskridge, Jr., Overriding Supreme Court", "paragraph_id": "para_659" }, { "text": "Statutory Interpretation Decisions, 101 YALE L.J. 331, 416 (1991)", "paragraph_id": "para_660" }, { "text": "(observing that although Congress showed “impressive”", "paragraph_id": "para_661" }, { "text": "engagement with Supreme Court decisions, it showed", "paragraph_id": "para_662" }, { "text": "“unimpressive knowledge of and response to the far more", "paragraph_id": "para_663" }, { "text": "numerous lower federal court statutory interpretation decisions”).", "paragraph_id": "para_664" }, { "text": "But the inference is stronger when, as here, committees in both", "paragraph_id": "para_665" }, { "text": "Houses have examined the very rule at issue and Congress has", "paragraph_id": "para_666" }, { "text": "declined to alter it. See Culture of Union Favoritism: Recent", "paragraph_id": "para_667" }, { "text": "Actions of the National Labor Relations Board Hearing Before the", "paragraph_id": "para_668" }, { "text": "H. Comm. on Education and the Workforce, 112th Cong. 24", "paragraph_id": "para_669" }, { "text": "3", "paragraph_id": "para_670" }, { "text": "the original panel did no such thing. Yet the majority neither", "paragraph_id": "para_671", "court_paragraph": 3 }, { "text": "asks nor answers this essential question.", "paragraph_id": "para_672" }, { "text": "The majority seems to assume that, in the period between", "paragraph_id": "para_673" }, { "text": "Chevron in 1984 and Loper Bright in 2024, any court that", "paragraph_id": "para_674" }, { "text": "deferred to a substantive NLRB rule must have done so in", "paragraph_id": "para_675" }, { "text": "reliance on Chevron, even if the court—like the original panel", "paragraph_id": "para_676" }, { "text": "here—neither cited Chevron nor invoked its two-step formula.", "paragraph_id": "para_677" }, { "text": "That premise is mistaken. Chevron supplied one theory of", "paragraph_id": "para_678" }, { "text": "agency deference: a presumption that statutory ambiguity", "paragraph_id": "para_679" }, { "text": "implicitly delegated interpretive authority to an agency. But", "paragraph_id": "para_680" }, { "text": "it did not displace, much less create, the distinct principle that", "paragraph_id": "para_681" }, { "text": "the NLRA itself entrusts the Board with substantial discretion", "paragraph_id": "para_682" }, { "text": "to develop and implement national labor policy.", "paragraph_id": "para_683" }, { "text": "Three post-Chevron decisions of the Supreme Court", "paragraph_id": "para_684" }, { "text": "involving the NLRB illustrate the majority’s analytical error.", "paragraph_id": "para_685" }, { "text": "In Fall River Dyeing & Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S.", "paragraph_id": "para_686" }, { "text": "27, 42 (1987), NLRB v. Curtin Matheson Sci., Inc., 494 U.S.", "paragraph_id": "para_687" }, { "text": "775 (1990), and Allentown Mack Sales & Service, Inc. v.", "paragraph_id": "para_688" }, { "text": "NLRB, 522 U.S. 359 (1998), the Court addressed substantive", "paragraph_id": "para_689" }, { "text": "Board rules after Chevron had been decided. Yet those", "paragraph_id": "para_690" }, { "text": "opinions neither cited Chevron nor applied its deference", "paragraph_id": "para_691" }, { "text": "formula. Instead, they rested on the NLRA-specific", "paragraph_id": "para_692" }, { "text": "(2011); Examining Proposals to Strengthen the National Labor", "paragraph_id": "para_693" }, { "text": "Relations Act Hearing Before the H. Subcomm. on Health,", "paragraph_id": "para_694" }, { "text": "Employment, Labor, and Pensions of the H. Comm. on Education", "paragraph_id": "para_695" }, { "text": "and the Workforce, 112th Cong. 16 (2012); Protecting Workers’", "paragraph_id": "para_696" }, { "text": "Right to Organize: The Need for Labor Law Reform Hearing", "paragraph_id": "para_697" }, { "text": "Before the H. Subcomm. on Health, Employment, Labor, and", "paragraph_id": "para_698" }, { "text": "Pensions of the H. Comm. on Education and Labor, 116th Cong.", "paragraph_id": "para_699" }, { "text": "19 (2019); Defending the Right of Workers to Organize Unions", "paragraph_id": "para_700" }, { "text": "Free from Illegal Corporate Union-Busting Hearing Before the S.", "paragraph_id": "para_701" }, { "text": "Comm. on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions, 118th Cong.", "paragraph_id": "para_702" }, { "text": "43 (2023).", "paragraph_id": "para_703" }, { "text": "4", "paragraph_id": "para_704" }, { "text": "understanding that Congress gave the Board primary", "paragraph_id": "para_705", "court_paragraph": 4 }, { "text": "responsibility for making the policy judgments necessary to", "paragraph_id": "para_706" }, { "text": "administer the Act.", "paragraph_id": "para_707" }, { "text": "In Fall River, the Court succinctly stated the governing", "paragraph_id": "para_708" }, { "text": "principle: “If the Board adopts a rule that is rational and", "paragraph_id": "para_709" }, { "text": "consistent with the Act, . . . then the rule is entitled to", "paragraph_id": "para_710" }, { "text": "deference from the courts.” 482 U.S. at 42. The original", "paragraph_id": "para_711" }, { "text": "panel faithfully implemented that principle. See Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_712" }, { "text": "Menonita de Guayama v. NLRB, 94 F.4th 1, 13-14 (D.C. Cir.", "paragraph_id": "para_713" }, { "text": "2024) (Hospital Menonita I). The majority ignores it.", "paragraph_id": "para_714" }, { "text": "Curtin Matheson, which the original panel also quoted", "paragraph_id": "para_715" }, { "text": "and relied upon, see Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 5,", "paragraph_id": "para_716" }, { "text": "confirms the same point. The Court there explained that it", "paragraph_id": "para_717" }, { "text": "“ha[d] emphasized often that the NLRB has the primary", "paragraph_id": "para_718" }, { "text": "responsibility for developing and applying national labor", "paragraph_id": "para_719" }, { "text": "policy.” Curtin Matheson, 494 U.S. at 786. To that end, the", "paragraph_id": "para_720" }, { "text": "Court directed reviewing courts to “uphold a Board rule as", "paragraph_id": "para_721" }, { "text": "long as it is rational and consistent with the [NLRA], even if", "paragraph_id": "para_722" }, { "text": "[the court] would have formulated a different rule had [it] sat", "paragraph_id": "para_723" }, { "text": "on the Board.” Id. at 787. The majority opinion defies that", "paragraph_id": "para_724" }, { "text": "Supreme Court directive.", "paragraph_id": "para_725" }, { "text": "Allentown Mack is equally telling. In an opinion cited in", "paragraph_id": "para_726" }, { "text": "Loper Bright itself, 603 U.S. at 395, Justice Scalia wrote for", "paragraph_id": "para_727" }, { "text": "the Court that “[t]he Board can, of course, forthrightly and", "paragraph_id": "para_728" }, { "text": "explicitly adopt counterfactual evidentiary presumptions", "paragraph_id": "para_729" }, { "text": "(which are in effect substantive rules of law) as a way of", "paragraph_id": "para_730" }, { "text": "furthering particular legal or policy goals—for example, the", "paragraph_id": "para_731" }, { "text": "Board’s irrebuttable presumption of majority support for the", "paragraph_id": "para_732" }, { "text": "union during the year following certification.” 522 U.S. at", "paragraph_id": "para_733" }, { "text": "378. The “of course” is notable and inconsistent with the", "paragraph_id": "para_734" }, { "text": "majority’s opinion in this case.", "paragraph_id": "para_735" }, { "text": "5", "paragraph_id": "para_736" }, { "text": "Loper Bright made crystal clear that, in overruling", "paragraph_id": "para_737", "court_paragraph": 5 }, { "text": "Chevron, the Court was not sweeping away these preexisting", "paragraph_id": "para_738" }, { "text": "grounds for recognizing agency discretion. See 603 U.S. at", "paragraph_id": "para_739" }, { "text": "394-395, 404. To the contrary, the Court took pains to", "paragraph_id": "para_740" }, { "text": "distinguish Chevron’s broad presumption from circumstances", "paragraph_id": "para_741" }, { "text": "in which Congress has actually conferred discretion on an", "paragraph_id": "para_742" }, { "text": "agency. As relevant here, Loper Bright reaffirmed that", "paragraph_id": "para_743" }, { "text": "Congress may confer such authority by “empower[ing] an", "paragraph_id": "para_744" }, { "text": "agency to prescribe rules to ‘fill up the details’ of a statutory", "paragraph_id": "para_745" }, { "text": "scheme . . ..” Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Wayman v.", "paragraph_id": "para_746" }, { "text": "Southard, 23 U.S. (10 Wheat.) 1, 43 (1825)). The following", "paragraph_id": "para_747" }, { "text": "Term, the Court reiterated that “when an agency exercises", "paragraph_id": "para_748" }, { "text": "discretion granted by a statute . . . a court asks not whether", "paragraph_id": "para_749" }, { "text": "it agrees with the agency decision, but rather only whether", "paragraph_id": "para_750" }, { "text": "the agency action was reasonable and reasonably explained.”", "paragraph_id": "para_751" }, { "text": "Seven Cnty. Infrastructure Coal. v. Eagle County, 605 U.S.", "paragraph_id": "para_752" }, { "text": "168, 179-80 (2025).", "paragraph_id": "para_753" }, { "text": "This distinction has deep roots. A decade before Chevron,", "paragraph_id": "para_754" }, { "text": "Judge Friendly recognized that when Congress entrusts an", "paragraph_id": "para_755" }, { "text": "agency with the responsibility to formulate and implement", "paragraph_id": "para_756" }, { "text": "national policy, courts may reasonably infer a congressional", "paragraph_id": "para_757" }, { "text": "intent to afford that agency discretion in executing that", "paragraph_id": "para_758" }, { "text": "charge. Pittston Stevedoring Corp. v. Dellaventura, 544 F.2d", "paragraph_id": "para_759" }, { "text": "35, 49 (2d Cir. 1976). That inference depended on the", "paragraph_id": "para_760" }, { "text": "particular statutory context. See id. at 49-50. When the statute", "paragraph_id": "para_761" }, { "text": "conferred such latitude, courts gave effect to that choice.", "paragraph_id": "para_762" }, { "text": "Process Gas Consumers Grp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Agric., 694", "paragraph_id": "para_763" }, { "text": "F.2d 778, 791 (D.C. Cir. 1982) (en banc). Chevron, however,", "paragraph_id": "para_764" }, { "text": "collapsed that disciplined, “statute-by-statute evaluation” into", "paragraph_id": "para_765" }, { "text": "what Justice Scalia described as “an across-the-board", "paragraph_id": "para_766" }, { "text": "presumption.” Antonin Scalia, Judicial Deference to", "paragraph_id": "para_767" }, { "text": "Administrative Interpretations of Law, 1989 Duke L.J. 511,", "paragraph_id": "para_768" }, { "text": "516.", "paragraph_id": "para_769" }, { "text": "6", "paragraph_id": "para_770" }, { "text": "In a later reflection on Judge Friendly’s jurisprudence, I", "paragraph_id": "para_771", "court_paragraph": 6 }, { "text": "suggested that he would have resisted the reflexive deference", "paragraph_id": "para_772" }, { "text": "that emerged in Chevron. See A. Raymond Randolph,", "paragraph_id": "para_773" }, { "text": "Administrative Law and the Legacy of Henry J. Friendly, 74", "paragraph_id": "para_774" }, { "text": "N.Y.U. L. REV. 1, 16 (1999). I anticipated that the Supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_775" }, { "text": "Court might one day correct course by reaffirming Judge", "paragraph_id": "para_776" }, { "text": "Friendly’s more disciplined conception in which any", "paragraph_id": "para_777" }, { "text": "discretionary latitude afforded an agency must derive from a", "paragraph_id": "para_778" }, { "text": "statute-specific inquiry. Id.", "paragraph_id": "para_779" }, { "text": "Loper Bright marks that correction. The Court rejected", "paragraph_id": "para_780" }, { "text": "Chevron’s across-the-board presumption, under which", "paragraph_id": "para_781" }, { "text": "ambiguity itself served as a proxy for delegation. Loper", "paragraph_id": "para_782" }, { "text": "Bright, 603 U.S. at 399-400. But it preserved the distinct", "paragraph_id": "para_783" }, { "text": "principle that Congress may confer discretionary authority on", "paragraph_id": "para_784" }, { "text": "agencies in particular statutory schemes. Id. at 394-96. The", "paragraph_id": "para_785" }, { "text": "proper inquiry is not whether the statute is ambiguous, but", "paragraph_id": "para_786" }, { "text": "whether “the best reading of a statute is that it delegates", "paragraph_id": "para_787" }, { "text": "discretionary authority to an agency.” Id. at 395.", "paragraph_id": "para_788" }, { "text": "The NLRA exemplifies that distinction. By entrusting the", "paragraph_id": "para_789" }, { "text": "Board with “the primary responsibility for developing and", "paragraph_id": "para_790" }, { "text": "applying national labor policy,” the statute assigns the Board", "paragraph_id": "para_791" }, { "text": "a broad measure of policymaking discretion that long predates", "paragraph_id": "para_792" }, { "text": "Chevron and survives Chevron’s repudiation. See, e.g., Curtin", "paragraph_id": "para_793" }, { "text": "Matheson, 494 U.S. at 786. The majority misses that point in", "paragraph_id": "para_794" }, { "text": "its reading of the original panel’s opinion. It seizes on the", "paragraph_id": "para_795" }, { "text": "original panel’s statement that it would “bow to reasoned", "paragraph_id": "para_796" }, { "text": "Board decisionmaking” as a confession that Chevron supplied", "paragraph_id": "para_797" }, { "text": "the basis for decision. Maj. Op. at 9 (quoting Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_798" }, { "text": "Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 15). But that only begs the question", "paragraph_id": "para_799" }, { "text": "why the panel gave weight to the Board’s judgment. Did it do", "paragraph_id": "para_800" }, { "text": "so because it treated statutory ambiguity as an implicit", "paragraph_id": "para_801" }, { "text": "delegation of interpretive authority to the Board—the now-", "paragraph_id": "para_802" }, { "text": "7", "paragraph_id": "para_803" }, { "text": "discarded Chevron view? Or because it recognized that the", "paragraph_id": "para_804", "court_paragraph": 7 }, { "text": "NLRA itself entrusts this category of judgment to the Board?", "paragraph_id": "para_805" }, { "text": "The original panel’s opinion points unmistakably to the", "paragraph_id": "para_806" }, { "text": "latter. The panel did not invoke the framework developed in", "paragraph_id": "para_807" }, { "text": "Chevron’s wake. Indeed, it did not so much as cite Chevron.", "paragraph_id": "para_808" }, { "text": "The only reference to Chevron appeared not in the majority", "paragraph_id": "para_809" }, { "text": "opinion, but in Judge Katsas’s concurring opinion. See", "paragraph_id": "para_810" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 17 (Katsas, J., concurring).", "paragraph_id": "para_811" }, { "text": "The majority now presses that separate reference into service", "paragraph_id": "para_812" }, { "text": "as a basis for recharacterizing the majority opinion. See Maj.", "paragraph_id": "para_813" }, { "text": "Op. at 9 (citing Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 17 (Katsas,", "paragraph_id": "para_814" }, { "text": "J., concurring)). But it goes without saying that “the meaning", "paragraph_id": "para_815" }, { "text": "of a majority opinion is to be found within the opinion", "paragraph_id": "para_816" }, { "text": "itself,” not “the gloss that an individual [judge] chooses to", "paragraph_id": "para_817" }, { "text": "place upon it.” McKoy v. North Carolina, 494 U.S. 433, 448", "paragraph_id": "para_818" }, { "text": "(1990) (Blackmun, J., concurring). Moreover, Judge", "paragraph_id": "para_819" }, { "text": "K a t s a s — citing the original decision in this", "paragraph_id": "para_820" }, { "text": "case—acknowledged that “it would blink reality to suppose", "paragraph_id": "para_821" }, { "text": "that Loper Bright will eliminate the NLRB’s ability to", "paragraph_id": "para_822" }, { "text": "conduct policymaking through adjudication under Chenery II.”", "paragraph_id": "para_823" }, { "text": "Harris v. Bessent, 160 F.4th 1235, 1252 (D.C. Cir. 2025).", "paragraph_id": "para_824" }, { "text": "Rather than Chevron’s two-step formula for resolving", "paragraph_id": "para_825" }, { "text": "statutory ambiguity, the original panel relied on the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_826" }, { "text": "discretionary authority under the NLRA. The panel put it this", "paragraph_id": "para_827" }, { "text": "way: “Because ‘the NLRB has the primary responsibility for", "paragraph_id": "para_828" }, { "text": "developing and applying national labor policy,’ the Supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_829" }, { "text": "Court has required that reviewing courts ‘accord[] Board rules", "paragraph_id": "para_830" }, { "text": "considerable deference.’” Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 14", "paragraph_id": "para_831" }, { "text": "(alteration in original) (quoting Curtin Matheson, 494 U.S. at", "paragraph_id": "para_832" }, { "text": "786).", "paragraph_id": "para_833" }, { "text": "The majority resists this reading by focusing on the", "paragraph_id": "para_834" }, { "text": "original panel’s citation to NLRB v. Lily Transportation", "paragraph_id": "para_835" }, { "text": "8", "paragraph_id": "para_836" }, { "text": "Corp., 853 F.3d 31 (1st Cir. 2017)—the only other court of", "paragraph_id": "para_837", "court_paragraph": 8 }, { "text": "appeals decision to consider the merits of the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_838" }, { "text": "successor-bar rule and one that expressly applied the Chevron", "paragraph_id": "para_839" }, { "text": "framework in sustaining it. See Maj. Op. at 8-9. From this,", "paragraph_id": "para_840" }, { "text": "the majority concludes that the panel incorporated Lily", "paragraph_id": "para_841" }, { "text": "Transportation wholesale and thereby necessarily grounded its", "paragraph_id": "para_842" }, { "text": "analysis in Chevron. Id. That conclusion is not correct. The", "paragraph_id": "para_843" }, { "text": "original panel independently determined—without referring", "paragraph_id": "para_844" }, { "text": "either to Lily Transportation or Chevron—that the NLRA", "paragraph_id": "para_845" }, { "text": "confers policymaking authority on the Board. Hospital", "paragraph_id": "para_846" }, { "text": "Menonita I, 94 F.4th at 5.", "paragraph_id": "para_847" }, { "text": "The panel turned to Lily Transportation only afterward,", "paragraph_id": "para_848" }, { "text": "and only for the more limited proposition that the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_849" }, { "text": "successor-bar rule fell “within the scope of reasoned", "paragraph_id": "para_850" }, { "text": "interpretation [of the NLRA].” Hospital Menonita I, 94 F.4th", "paragraph_id": "para_851" }, { "text": "at 14 (quoting Lily Transportation, 853 F.3d at 38). Thus,", "paragraph_id": "para_852" }, { "text": "although the First Circuit in Lily Transportation framed its", "paragraph_id": "para_853" }, { "text": "analysis in terms of Chevron, the panel here followed the", "paragraph_id": "para_854" }, { "text": "Supreme Court’s analysis set forth in Fall River Dyeing &", "paragraph_id": "para_855" }, { "text": "Finishing Corp. v. NLRB, 482 U.S. at 42, and other Supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_856" }, { "text": "Court post-Chevron NLRB decisions, none of which relied", "paragraph_id": "para_857" }, { "text": "upon or even cited Chevron.", "paragraph_id": "para_858" }, { "text": "It follows that the original panel’s decision should be", "paragraph_id": "para_859" }, { "text": "reinstated. Our court has long recognized that “[w]hen the", "paragraph_id": "para_860" }, { "text": "Supreme Court vacates a judgment of this court without", "paragraph_id": "para_861" }, { "text": "addressing the merits of a particular holding in the panel", "paragraph_id": "para_862" }, { "text": "opinion, that holding ‘continue[s] to have precedential weight,", "paragraph_id": "para_863" }, { "text": "and in the absence of contrary authority, we do not disturb’", "paragraph_id": "para_864" }, { "text": "it.” United States v. Adewani, 467 F.3d 1340, 1342 (D.C. Cir.", "paragraph_id": "para_865" }, { "text": "2006) (last alteration in original) (quoting Action Alliance of", "paragraph_id": "para_866" }, { "text": "Senior Citizens of Greater Philadelphia v. Sullivan, 930 F.2d", "paragraph_id": "para_867" }, { "text": "77, 83 (D.C. Cir. 1991)); see also Hopkins v. Price", "paragraph_id": "para_868" }, { "text": "Waterhouse, 920 F.2d 967, 975 & n.5 (D.C. Cir. 1990). The", "paragraph_id": "para_869" }, { "text": "9", "paragraph_id": "para_870" }, { "text": "Supreme Court did not reject, criticize, or even discuss the", "paragraph_id": "para_871", "court_paragraph": 9 }, { "text": "reasoning of Hospital Menonita I. It simply directed us to", "paragraph_id": "para_872" }, { "text": "give the case “further consideration in light of Loper Bright.”", "paragraph_id": "para_873" }, { "text": "Hospital Menonita, 145 S. Ct. at 982. As should be clear,", "paragraph_id": "para_874" }, { "text": "Loper Bright provides no authority for my colleagues to", "paragraph_id": "para_875" }, { "text": "revisit and overrule the original panel’s decision.", "paragraph_id": "para_876" } ], "word_count": 7613, "cites": [ "366 U.S. 731", "467 U.S. 837", "565 U.S. 1", "482 U.S. 27", "494\nU.S. 775", "522 U.S. 359", "348 U.S. 96", "434 U.S.\n335", "441\nU.S. 488", "301 U.S. 1", "475 U.S. 192", "362 U.S. 411", "502 U.S. 527", "517 U.S. 781", "603 U.S. 369", "482 U.S.\n27", "494 U.S.\n775", "605 U.S.\n168", "494 U.S. 433", "891 F.3d 1031", "668 F.3d 758", "801 F.3d 321", "94\nF.4th 1", "853 F.3d 31", "467 F.3d\n1340", "317 F.3d 316", "94 F.4th 1", "544 F.2d\n35", "694\nF.2d 778", "160 F.4th 1235", "467 F.3d 1340", "930 F.2d\n77", "920 F.2d 967" ], "cited_by": [], "sha256": "53bbd5dfc0077d4e34c49ff4b87c49005645d3d0b34ca0f09a322b2d900a236c", "source_url": "https://media.cadc.uscourts.gov/opinions/docs/2026/07/22-1163-2184163.pdf", "fetched_at": "2026-10-01T14:44:26.579+00:00", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21", "risk_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21", "relations_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21", "changes": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes", "agent": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21" }, "hash": "sha256:06f26a343db49cdf655c690b5fc2cf9155db79a500b5c89e7d663fb5d6c0d9f1", "version": "legal-2026-10-09", "expires": "2026-10-11T00:00:00.000Z", "dependency": { "index_version": "legal-2026-10-09+legal-2026-10-09+2026-10-09T21:48:48", "content_hash": "sha256:06f26a343db49cdf655c690b5fc2cf9155db79a500b5c89e7d663fb5d6c0d9f1", "revalidate_after": "2026-10-10T05:37:07.370Z", "max_copy_age_seconds": 3600, "policy": "revalidate-required; attribution-preferred", "changelog": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency", "verify": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify", "stale_copy_invalid": true }, "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21", "follow": [ { "rel": "risk", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21" }, { "rel": "relations", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21" }, { "rel": "agent", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:cadc-22-1163-2026-07-21" }, { "rel": "obligations", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain" }, { "rel": "changes", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=us" } ], "disclaimer": "Source reference with official identifier. 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