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    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "62016CJ0018",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "14 September 2017 (\n *1\n )",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_4",
          "para_5",
          "para_6",
          "para_7",
          "para_8",
          "para_9",
          "para_10",
          "para_11",
          "para_12",
          "para_13",
          "para_14",
          "para_15",
          "para_16",
          "para_17",
          "para_18",
          "para_19",
          "para_20",
          "para_21",
          "para_22",
          "para_23",
          "para_24",
          "para_25",
          "para_26",
          "para_27",
          "para_28",
          "para_29",
          "para_30",
          "para_31"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Judgment",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "1",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_34"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "2",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_36"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Legal context",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "The ECHR",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "3",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_40",
          "para_41",
          "para_42"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(f)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_44"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "European Union law",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "The Charter",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "4",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_48",
          "para_49"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "5",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_51",
          "para_52",
          "para_53",
          "para_54",
          "para_55",
          "para_56"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Directive 2011/95/EU",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "6",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_59",
          "para_60",
          "para_61",
          "para_62"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Directive 2013/32/EU",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "7",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_65",
          "para_66",
          "para_67"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(c)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_69",
          "para_70"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(p)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_72",
          "para_73"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "8",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_75",
          "para_76"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "9",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_78",
          "para_79"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Directive 2013/33",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "10",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Directive 2013/33 states, in recitals 2, 12, 15, 17, 20 and 35:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_83",
          "para_84",
          "para_85"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(12)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_87",
          "para_88"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(15)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_90",
          "para_91"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(17)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_93",
          "para_94"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(20)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_96",
          "para_97"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(35)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_99"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "11",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Under Article 2 of Directive 2013/33, entitled ‘Definitions’:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_102",
          "para_103"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(b)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_105",
          "para_106"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(h)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_108",
          "para_109"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "12",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Article 8 of that directive, entitled ‘Detention’, states:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_112",
          "para_113"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(3)   An applicant may be detained only:",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "(a)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_116"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(b)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_118",
          "para_119"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(e)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_121",
          "para_122",
          "para_123",
          "para_124"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "13",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Under Article 9 of Directive 2013/33, entitled ‘Guarantees for detained applicants’:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_127",
          "para_128",
          "para_129",
          "para_130",
          "para_131",
          "para_132",
          "para_133",
          "para_134"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Netherlands law",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "14",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_137",
          "para_138",
          "para_139"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(f)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_141",
          "para_142"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(h)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_144",
          "para_145"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "15",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Article 28 of the Law on Foreign Nationals provides:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_148",
          "para_149",
          "para_150"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "16",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Article 59b of the Law on Foreign Nationals provides:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_153"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(a)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_155"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(b)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_157",
          "para_158",
          "para_159",
          "para_160"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "17",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_163"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "18",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_165"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "19",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_167"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "20",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_169"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "21",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_171"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "22",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_173"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "23",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_175"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "24",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_177"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "25",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_179"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "26",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_181"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "27",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_183"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "28",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_185",
          "para_186"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(1)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_188"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(2)",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_190"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "29",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_192"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Procedure before the Court",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "30",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_195"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Consideration of the question referred",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "31",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_198"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "32",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_200"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "33",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_202"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "34",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_204"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "35",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_206"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "36",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_208"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "37",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_210"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "38",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_212"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "39",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_214"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "40",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_216"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "41",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_218"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "42",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_220"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "43",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_222"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "44",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_224"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "45",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_226"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "46",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_228"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "47",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_230"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "48",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_232"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "49",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_234"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "50",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_236"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "51",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_238"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "52",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_240"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "53",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_242"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "54",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_244"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Costs",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "55",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_247"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_249",
          "para_250",
          "para_251"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "text": "62016CJ0018",
        "paragraph_id": "para_1"
      },
      {
        "text": "JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fourth Chamber)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_2"
      },
      {
        "text": "14 September 2017 (\n *1\n )",
        "paragraph_id": "para_3"
      },
      {
        "text": "(Reference for a preliminary ruling — Standards for the reception of applicants for international protection — Directive 2013/32/EU — Article 9 — Right to remain in a Member State during the examination of the application — Directive 2013/33/EU — First subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) — Deten …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_4"
      },
      {
        "text": "In Case C‑18/16,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_5"
      },
      {
        "text": "REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the rechtbank Den Haag zittingsplaats Haarlem (District Court, The Hague, sitting in Haarlem, Netherlands), made by decision of 13 January 2016, received at the Court on 13 January 2016, in the proceedings",
        "paragraph_id": "para_6"
      },
      {
        "text": "K.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_7"
      },
      {
        "text": "v",
        "paragraph_id": "para_8"
      },
      {
        "text": "Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_9"
      },
      {
        "text": "THE COURT (Fourth Chamber),",
        "paragraph_id": "para_10"
      },
      {
        "text": "composed of T. von Danwitz (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, E. Juhász, C. Vajda, K. Jürimäe and C. Lycourgos, Judges,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_11"
      },
      {
        "text": "Advocate General: E. Sharpston,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_12"
      },
      {
        "text": "Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_13"
      },
      {
        "text": "having regard to the written procedure,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_14"
      },
      {
        "text": "after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_15"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_16"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Netherlands Government, by M. Bulterman and M. Noort, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_17"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_18"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Belgian Government, by M. Jacobs and C. Pochet, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_19"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_20"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Estonian Government, by K. Kraavi-Käerdi, acting as Agent,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_21"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_22"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ireland, by E. Creedon and L. Williams and by A. Joyce, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_23"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_24"
      },
      {
        "text": "the European Parliament, by T. Lukácsi and R. van de Westelaken, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_25"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_26"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Council of the European Union, by M. Chavrier F. Naert and K. Pleśniak, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_27"
      },
      {
        "text": "–",
        "paragraph_id": "para_28"
      },
      {
        "text": "the European Commission, by M. Condou-Durande and by H. Krämer and G. Wils, acting as Agents,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_29"
      },
      {
        "text": "after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 4 May 2017,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_30"
      },
      {
        "text": "gives the following",
        "paragraph_id": "para_31"
      },
      {
        "text": "Judgment",
        "paragraph_id": "para_32"
      },
      {
        "text": "1",
        "paragraph_id": "para_33"
      },
      {
        "text": "This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the validity of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection ( OJ 2013 L 180, p. 96 ).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_34"
      },
      {
        "text": "2",
        "paragraph_id": "para_35"
      },
      {
        "text": "The request has been made in proceedings between Mr K. and the Staatssecretaris van Veiligheid en Justitie (State Secretary for Security and Justice, Netherlands) concerning his detention.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_36"
      },
      {
        "text": "Legal context",
        "paragraph_id": "para_37"
      },
      {
        "text": "The ECHR",
        "paragraph_id": "para_38"
      },
      {
        "text": "3",
        "paragraph_id": "para_39"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under the heading ‘Right to liberty and security’, Article 5 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, signed in Rome on 4 November 1950 (‘the ECHR’) provides, in paragraph 1:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_40"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_41"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_42"
      },
      {
        "text": "(f)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_43"
      },
      {
        "text": "the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country or of a person against whom action is being taken with a view to deportation or extradition.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_44"
      },
      {
        "text": "European Union law",
        "paragraph_id": "para_45"
      },
      {
        "text": "The Charter",
        "paragraph_id": "para_46"
      },
      {
        "text": "4",
        "paragraph_id": "para_47"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 6 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’), entitled ‘Right to liberty and security’, provides:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_48"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_49"
      },
      {
        "text": "5",
        "paragraph_id": "para_50"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under Article 52 of the Charter, entitled ‘Scope and interpretation of rights and principles’:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_51"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(1)   Any limitation on the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by this Charter must be provided for by law and respect the essence of those rights and freedoms. Subject to the principle of proportionality, limitations may be made only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union or the need to protect the rights and freedoms of others.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_52"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_53"
      },
      {
        "text": "(3)   In so far as this Charter contains rights which correspond to rights guaranteed by the [ECHR], the meaning and scope of those rights shall be the same as those laid down by the said Convention. This provision shall not prevent Union law providing more extensive protection.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_54"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_55"
      },
      {
        "text": "(7)   The explanations drawn up as a way of providing guidance in the interpretation of this Charter shall be given due regard by the courts of the Union and of the Member States.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_56"
      },
      {
        "text": "Directive 2011/95/EU",
        "paragraph_id": "para_57"
      },
      {
        "text": "6",
        "paragraph_id": "para_58"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under the heading ‘Assessment of facts and circumstances’, Article 4 of Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of the protection granted ( OJ 2011 L 337, p. 9 ), is worded as follows:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_59"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(1)   Member States may consider it the duty of the applicant to submit as soon as possible all the elements needed to substantiate the application for international protection. In cooperation with the applicant, it is the duty of the Member State to assess the relevant elements of the application.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_60"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2)   The elements referred to in paragraph 1 consist of the applicant’s statements and all the documentation at the applicant’s disposal regarding the applicant’s age, background, including that of relevant relatives, identity, nationality(ies), country(ies) and place(s) of previous residence, previous asylum applications, travel routes, travel documents and the reasons for applying for international protection.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_61"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_62"
      },
      {
        "text": "Directive 2013/32/EU",
        "paragraph_id": "para_63"
      },
      {
        "text": "7",
        "paragraph_id": "para_64"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under the heading ‘Definitions’, Article 2 of Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection ( OJ 2013 L 180, p. 60 ), provides:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_65"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘For the purposes of this Directive:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_66"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_67"
      },
      {
        "text": "(c)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_68"
      },
      {
        "text": "“applicant” means a third-country national or stateless person who has made an application for international protection in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_69"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_70"
      },
      {
        "text": "(p)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_71"
      },
      {
        "text": "“remain in the Member State” means to remain in the territory, including at the border or in transit zones, of the Member State in which the application for international protection has been made or is being examined;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_72"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_73"
      },
      {
        "text": "8",
        "paragraph_id": "para_74"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 9 of that directive, entitled ‘Right to remain in the Member State pending the examination of the application’, provides in paragraph 1:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_75"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘Applicants shall be allowed to remain in the Member State, for the sole purpose of the procedure, until the determining authority has made a decision in accordance with the procedures at first instance set out in Chapter III. That right to remain shall not constitute an entitlement to a residence permit.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_76"
      },
      {
        "text": "9",
        "paragraph_id": "para_77"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 13 of that directive, entitled ‘Obligations of the applicants’, provides in paragraph 1:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_78"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘Member States shall impose upon applicants the obligation to cooperate with the competent authorities with a view to establishing their identity and other elements referred to in Article 4(2) of Directive 2011/95/EU. …’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_79"
      },
      {
        "text": "Directive 2013/33",
        "paragraph_id": "para_80"
      },
      {
        "text": "10",
        "paragraph_id": "para_81"
      },
      {
        "text": "Directive 2013/33 states, in recitals 2, 12, 15, 17, 20 and 35:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_82"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(2)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_83"
      },
      {
        "text": "A common policy on asylum, including a Common European Asylum System, is a constituent part of the European Union’s objective of progressively establishing an area of freedom, security and justice open to those who, forced by circumstances, legitimately seek protection in the Union.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_84"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_85"
      },
      {
        "text": "(12)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_86"
      },
      {
        "text": "The harmonisation of conditions for the reception of applicants should help to limit the secondary movements of applicants influenced by the variety of conditions for their reception.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_87"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_88"
      },
      {
        "text": "(15)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_89"
      },
      {
        "text": "The detention of applicants should be applied in accordance with the underlying principle that a person should not be held in detention for the sole reason that he or she is seeking international protection, particularly in accordance with the international legal obligations of the Member States and …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_90"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_91"
      },
      {
        "text": "(17)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_92"
      },
      {
        "text": "The grounds for detention set out in this Directive are without prejudice to other grounds for detention, including detention grounds within the framework of criminal proceedings, which are applicable under national law, unrelated to the third country national’s or stateless person’s application for international protection.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_93"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_94"
      },
      {
        "text": "(20)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_95"
      },
      {
        "text": "In order to better ensure the physical and psychological integrity of the applicants, detention should be a measure of last resort and may only be applied after all non-custodial alternative measures to detention have been duly examined. Any alternative measure to detention must respect the fundamental human rights of applicants.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_96"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_97"
      },
      {
        "text": "(35)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_98"
      },
      {
        "text": "This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the Charter … In particular, this Directive seeks to ensure full respect for human dignity and to promote the application of Articles 1, 4, 6, 7, 18, 21, 24 and 47 of the Charter and has to be implemented accordingly.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_99"
      },
      {
        "text": "11",
        "paragraph_id": "para_100"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under Article 2 of Directive 2013/33, entitled ‘Definitions’:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_101"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘For the purposes of this Directive:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_102"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_103"
      },
      {
        "text": "(b)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_104"
      },
      {
        "text": "“applicant” means a third-country national or a stateless person who has made an application for international protection in respect of which a final decision has not yet been taken;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_105"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_106"
      },
      {
        "text": "(h)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_107"
      },
      {
        "text": "“detention” means confinement of an applicant by a Member State within a particular place, where the applicant is deprived of his or her freedom of movement;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_108"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_109"
      },
      {
        "text": "12",
        "paragraph_id": "para_110"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 8 of that directive, entitled ‘Detention’, states:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_111"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(1)   Member States shall not hold a person in detention for the sole reason that he or she is an applicant in accordance with Directive 2013/32 …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_112"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2)   When it proves necessary and on the basis of an individual assessment of each case, Member States may detain an applicant, if other less coercive alternative measures cannot be applied effectively.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_113"
      },
      {
        "text": "(3)   An applicant may be detained only:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_114"
      },
      {
        "text": "(a)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_115"
      },
      {
        "text": "in order to determine or verify his or her identity or nationality;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_116"
      },
      {
        "text": "(b)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_117"
      },
      {
        "text": "in order to determine those elements on which the application for international protection is based which could not be obtained in the absence of detention, in particular when there is a risk of absconding of the applicant;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_118"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_119"
      },
      {
        "text": "(e)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_120"
      },
      {
        "text": "when protection of national security or public order so requires;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_121"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_122"
      },
      {
        "text": "The grounds for detention shall be laid down in national law.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_123"
      },
      {
        "text": "(4)   Member States shall ensure that the rules concerning alternatives to detention, such as regular reporting to the authorities, the deposit of a financial guarantee, or an obligation to stay at an assigned place, are laid down in national law.’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_124"
      },
      {
        "text": "13",
        "paragraph_id": "para_125"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under Article 9 of Directive 2013/33, entitled ‘Guarantees for detained applicants’:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_126"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(1)   An applicant shall be detained only for as short a period as possible and shall be kept in detention only for as long as the grounds set out in Article 8(3) are applicable.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_127"
      },
      {
        "text": "Administrative procedures relevant to the grounds for detention set out in Article 8(3) shall be executed with due diligence. Delays in administrative procedures that cannot be attributed to the applicant shall not justify a continuation of detention.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_128"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2)   Detention of applicants shall be ordered in writing by judicial or administrative authorities. The detention order shall state the reasons in fact and in law on which it is based.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_129"
      },
      {
        "text": "(3)   Where detention is ordered by administrative authorities, Member States shall provide for a speedy judicial review of the lawfulness of detention to be conducted ex officio and/or at the request of the applicant. When conducted ex officio, such review shall be decided on as speedily as possibl …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_130"
      },
      {
        "text": "Where, as a result of the judicial review, detention is held to be unlawful, the applicant concerned shall be released immediately.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_131"
      },
      {
        "text": "(4)   Detained applicants shall immediately be informed in writing, in a language which they understand or are reasonably supposed to understand, of the reasons for detention and the procedures laid down in national law for challenging the detention order, as well as of the possibility to request free legal assistance and representation.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_132"
      },
      {
        "text": "(5)   Detention shall be reviewed by a judicial authority at reasonable intervals of time, ex officio and/or at the request of the applicant concerned, in particular whenever it is of a prolonged duration, relevant circumstances arise or new information becomes available which may affect the lawfulness of detention.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_133"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_134"
      },
      {
        "text": "Netherlands law",
        "paragraph_id": "para_135"
      },
      {
        "text": "14",
        "paragraph_id": "para_136"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 8 of the Vreemdelingenwet 2000 (Law on Foreign Nationals 2000, ‘the Law on Foreign Nationals’) provides:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_137"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘A foreign national is lawfully resident in the Netherlands only:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_138"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_139"
      },
      {
        "text": "(f)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_140"
      },
      {
        "text": "pending a decision on an application for the issue of a [residence permit of limited duration issued to persons granted asylum], where, pursuant to this Law or a provision adopted under this Law or pursuant to a judicial decision, deportation of the applicant is not to take place until a decision has been taken on the application;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_141"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_142"
      },
      {
        "text": "(h)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_143"
      },
      {
        "text": "if, pending the decision on an objection or appeal, a provision adopted on the basis of that application or a court order provides that the deportation of the applicant should be deferred until a decision has been taken on the objection or the appeal;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_144"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_145"
      },
      {
        "text": "15",
        "paragraph_id": "para_146"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 28 of the Law on Foreign Nationals provides:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_147"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘The Minister shall be authorised:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_148"
      },
      {
        "text": "… to approve applications for the grant of residence permits of limited duration, …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_149"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_150"
      },
      {
        "text": "16",
        "paragraph_id": "para_151"
      },
      {
        "text": "Article 59b of the Law on Foreign Nationals provides:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_152"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘(1)   A foreign national who is lawfully resident on the basis of Article 8(f) …, may, in so far as an application for the issue of a residence permit [on grounds of asylum for a fixed period] is concerned …, be detained by the Minister, if:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_153"
      },
      {
        "text": "(a)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_154"
      },
      {
        "text": "detention is necessary in order to determine the identity or nationality of the foreign national;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_155"
      },
      {
        "text": "(b)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_156"
      },
      {
        "text": "the detention is necessary to collect information needed for assessing an application for a residence permit for a fixed period, as referred to in Article 28, in particular if there is a risk of the foreign national absconding;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_157"
      },
      {
        "text": "…",
        "paragraph_id": "para_158"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2)   The detention under paragraph 1(a), (b) or (c) shall not last longer than four weeks, unless Article 39 of the Law on Foreign Nationals is applied. In that case the detention shall not last longer than six weeks.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_159"
      },
      {
        "text": "…’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_160"
      },
      {
        "text": "The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling",
        "paragraph_id": "para_161"
      },
      {
        "text": "17",
        "paragraph_id": "para_162"
      },
      {
        "text": "The applicant in the main proceedings, a third-country national, arrived at Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam (Netherlands), on 30 November 2015 on a flight from Vienna (Austria). His intention was to fly to Edinburgh (United Kingdom) on the same day.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_163"
      },
      {
        "text": "18",
        "paragraph_id": "para_164"
      },
      {
        "text": "During a control of documents carried out before boarding the Edinburgh flight, he was suspected of using a false passport and he was, accordingly, detained.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_165"
      },
      {
        "text": "19",
        "paragraph_id": "para_166"
      },
      {
        "text": "On 15 December 2015, the criminal court declared the action brought by the criminal prosecution against the applicant in the main proceedings to be inadmissible. By means of an ‘immediate release’ order dated 16 December 2015, his release from detention was ordered.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_167"
      },
      {
        "text": "20",
        "paragraph_id": "para_168"
      },
      {
        "text": "On 17 December 2015, the applicant in the main proceedings made an application for asylum. By decision of that day, he was detained, in accordance with Article 59b(1)(a) and (b) of the Law on Foreign Nationals, adopted in transposition of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directiv …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_169"
      },
      {
        "text": "21",
        "paragraph_id": "para_170"
      },
      {
        "text": "On 17 December 2015, the applicant in the main proceedings lodged an appeal against the decision ordering his detention and applied for compensation.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_171"
      },
      {
        "text": "22",
        "paragraph_id": "para_172"
      },
      {
        "text": "At the time of the hearing before the referring court, on 28 December 2015, K. had been heard once in relation to his application for asylum without a decision having been taken on that application. Therefore, at the time the order for reference was made, no return decision had been adopted in relation to him.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_173"
      },
      {
        "text": "23",
        "paragraph_id": "para_174"
      },
      {
        "text": "In the main proceedings, K. claims that the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33 is contrary to Article 5 of the ECHR and, therefore, to Article 6 of the Charter.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_175"
      },
      {
        "text": "24",
        "paragraph_id": "para_176"
      },
      {
        "text": "The referring court points out the similarity between the main proceedings and the case giving rise to the judgment of 15 February 2016, N. ( C‑601/15 PPU , EU:C:2016:84 ), which concerned the validity of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(e) of that directive.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_177"
      },
      {
        "text": "25",
        "paragraph_id": "para_178"
      },
      {
        "text": "Endorsing, mutatis mutandis , the issues raised by the Raad van State (Council of State, Netherlands) in the case giving rise to that judgment, in the main proceedings, the referring court questions the validity of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of that directive in the light of Article 6 of the Charter.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_179"
      },
      {
        "text": "26",
        "paragraph_id": "para_180"
      },
      {
        "text": "Like the Raad van State (Council of State), the rechtbank Den Haag zittingsplaats Haarlem (District Court, The Hague, sitting in Haarlem, Netherlands) states, first, that according to the Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights ( OJ 2007 C 303, p. 17 ), the rights provided for in …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_181"
      },
      {
        "text": "27",
        "paragraph_id": "para_182"
      },
      {
        "text": "The referring court invokes, secondly, paragraph 29 of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights of 22 September 2015, Nabil and Others v. Hungary (CE:ECHR:2015:0922JUD006211612), according to which any deprivation of liberty under the second limb of Article 5(1)(f) of the ECHR is justified …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_183"
      },
      {
        "text": "28",
        "paragraph_id": "para_184"
      },
      {
        "text": "In those circumstances, the rechtbank Den Haag zittingsplaats Haarlem (District Court, The Hague, sitting in Haarlem) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_185"
      },
      {
        "text": "‘Is the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33 valid in the light of Article 6 of the Charter:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_186"
      },
      {
        "text": "(1)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_187"
      },
      {
        "text": "in a situation where a third-country national is detained under the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of that directive and, under Article 9 of Directive 2013/32, has the right to remain in a Member State until a decision on his asylum application has been made at first instance, and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_188"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_189"
      },
      {
        "text": "given the Explanation relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights that the limitations which may legitimately be imposed on the rights in Article 6 of the Charter may not exceed those permitted by the ECHR in the wording of Article 5(1)(f), and the interpretation by the European Court of Human Rig …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_190"
      },
      {
        "text": "29",
        "paragraph_id": "para_191"
      },
      {
        "text": "On 1 February 2016, the referring court informed the Court that, by a judgment of 25 January 2016, it declared the action brought by applicant in the main proceedings against the detention measure then in force to be well founded and ordered that measure to be lifted as from the latter date.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_192"
      },
      {
        "text": "Procedure before the Court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_193"
      },
      {
        "text": "30",
        "paragraph_id": "para_194"
      },
      {
        "text": "At the request of the referring court, the designated Chamber examined the need to deal with the present case under the urgent preliminary ruling procedure provided for in Article 107 of the Court’s Rules of Procedure. On 1 February 2016, after hearing the Advocate General, the Chamber decided not to accede to that request.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_195"
      },
      {
        "text": "Consideration of the question referred",
        "paragraph_id": "para_196"
      },
      {
        "text": "31",
        "paragraph_id": "para_197"
      },
      {
        "text": "By its question, the referring court asks, in essence, the Court to consider the validity of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33 in the light of Article 6 of the Charter.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_198"
      },
      {
        "text": "32",
        "paragraph_id": "para_199"
      },
      {
        "text": "First of all, it should be noted that whilst, as Article 6(3) TEU confirms, fundamental rights recognised by the ECHR constitute general principles of EU law and whilst Article 52(3) of the Charter provides that the rights contained in the Charter which correspond to rights guaranteed by the ECHR ar …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_200"
      },
      {
        "text": "33",
        "paragraph_id": "para_201"
      },
      {
        "text": "It must be noted, in that regard, that the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of that directive allows an applicant for international protection to be detained in order to determine or verify his identity or nationality, or to determine the elements on which his application is based which …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_202"
      },
      {
        "text": "34",
        "paragraph_id": "para_203"
      },
      {
        "text": "Under Article 52(1) of the Charter, any limitation on the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter must be provided for by law and respect the essence of those rights and freedoms. In observance of the principle of proportionality, limitations may be imposed on the exercise of t …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_204"
      },
      {
        "text": "35",
        "paragraph_id": "para_205"
      },
      {
        "text": "In that regard, it should be noted that the limitation on the exercise of the right to liberty resulting from the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33 is provided for by EU legislation and that it does not affect the essence of the right to liberty laid down in Article …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_206"
      },
      {
        "text": "36",
        "paragraph_id": "para_207"
      },
      {
        "text": "As was stated by the Advocate General in points 56 and 58 of her Opinion, it is apparent from Article 78 TFEU that the proper functioning of the Common European Asylum System, based on the application of criteria common to the Member States, is an objective of general interest recognised by the Euro …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_208"
      },
      {
        "text": "37",
        "paragraph_id": "para_209"
      },
      {
        "text": "As regards the proportionality of the interference with the right to liberty that has been found to exist, it should be recalled that the principle of proportionality requires, according to the settled case-law of the Court, that measures adopted by the EU institutions do not exceed the limits of wh …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_210"
      },
      {
        "text": "38",
        "paragraph_id": "para_211"
      },
      {
        "text": "In the assessment of the proportionality of that interference, it is necessary to take account, in accordance with Article 13(1) of Directive 2013/33, of the fact that applicants for international protection are obliged to cooperate with the competent authorities, in particular for the purpose of de …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_212"
      },
      {
        "text": "39",
        "paragraph_id": "para_213"
      },
      {
        "text": "In those circumstances, the detention of an applicant in order to determine or verify his identity or nationality, or in order to determine the elements on which the application for international protection is based which could not be obtained without that detention, in particular where there is a r …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_214"
      },
      {
        "text": "40",
        "paragraph_id": "para_215"
      },
      {
        "text": "As regards the power which that provision confers on Member States to detain an applicant, the Court stresses that, in view of the importance of the right to liberty enshrined in Article 6 of the Charter and the gravity of the interference with that right which detention represents, limitations on the exercise of the right must apply only in so far as is strictly necessary (judgment of 15 February 2016, N., C‑601/15 PPU , EU:C:2016:84 , paragraph  56 and the case-law cited).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_216"
      },
      {
        "text": "41",
        "paragraph_id": "para_217"
      },
      {
        "text": "In that regard, it is apparent both from the wording and context of Article 8 of Directive 2013/33 and from its legislative history that that power is subject to compliance with a series of conditions whose aim is to create a strictly circumscribed framework in which such a measure may be used.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_218"
      },
      {
        "text": "42",
        "paragraph_id": "para_219"
      },
      {
        "text": "First, the first subparagraph of Article 8(3) of Directive 2013/33 lists exhaustively the various grounds which may justify recourse to detention and each of those grounds meets a specific need and is self-standing (see, to that effect, judgment of 15 February 2016, N., C‑601/15 PPU , EU:C:2016:84 , …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_220"
      },
      {
        "text": "43",
        "paragraph_id": "para_221"
      },
      {
        "text": "The second subparagraph of Article 8(3) of Directive 2013/33 provides, in addition, that the grounds for detention are to be laid down in national law. It should be recalled in that regard that, when a directive allows the Member States discretion to define transposition measures adapted to the vari …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_222"
      },
      {
        "text": "44",
        "paragraph_id": "para_223"
      },
      {
        "text": "Secondly, the Court has already held that the other paragraphs of Article 8 of Directive 2013/33 place significant limitations on the Member States’ power to detain a person. Article 8(1) of the directive makes clear that Member States may not hold a person in detention for the sole reason that he h …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_224"
      },
      {
        "text": "45",
        "paragraph_id": "para_225"
      },
      {
        "text": "Similarly, Article 9(1) of Directive 2013/33 provides that an applicant is to be detained only for as short a period as possible and may be kept in detention only for as long as the grounds set out in Article 8(3) of that directive are applicable. Moreover, in accordance with Article 9(2) to (5) of …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_226"
      },
      {
        "text": "46",
        "paragraph_id": "para_227"
      },
      {
        "text": "Thirdly, the Court has also held that the grounds for detention provided for in the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) to (c) of Directive 2013/33 are based on the Recommendation of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe on measures of detention of asylum seekers of 16 April 2003 and …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_228"
      },
      {
        "text": "47",
        "paragraph_id": "para_229"
      },
      {
        "text": "The limitations on the exercise of the right conferred by Article 6 of the Charter contained in the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of that directive are also not disproportionate to the aims pursued. In that regard, it should be noted that the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_230"
      },
      {
        "text": "48",
        "paragraph_id": "para_231"
      },
      {
        "text": "Although the proper functioning of the Common European Asylum System requires, in practice, that the competent national authorities have at their disposal reliable information relating to the identity or nationality of the applicant for international protection and to the elements on which his appli …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_232"
      },
      {
        "text": "49",
        "paragraph_id": "para_233"
      },
      {
        "text": "In the light of the above, it must be concluded that, in adopting the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33, the EU legislature struck a fair balance between, on the one hand, the applicant’s right to liberty and, on the other, the requirements relating to the identifica …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_234"
      },
      {
        "text": "50",
        "paragraph_id": "para_235"
      },
      {
        "text": "Finally, it should be noted that, in so far as the Charter contains rights corresponding to the rights guaranteed by the ECHR, Article 52(3) of the Charter seeks to ensure the necessary consistency between the rights contained in it and the corresponding rights guaranteed by the ECHR, without thereb …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_236"
      },
      {
        "text": "51",
        "paragraph_id": "para_237"
      },
      {
        "text": "In this case, although it is apparent from the request for a preliminary ruling that the referring court enquires about the influence of the second limb of Article 5(1)(f) of the ECHR on the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of that directive, that request does not, however, contain elem …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_238"
      },
      {
        "text": "52",
        "paragraph_id": "para_239"
      },
      {
        "text": "As regards the guarantee enshrined in the first limb of Article 5(1)(f) of the ECHR, in accordance with which no one is to be deprived of his liberty, except in the case of the lawful arrest or detention of a person to prevent his effecting an unauthorised entry into the country, as interpreted by t …",
        "paragraph_id": "para_240"
      },
      {
        "text": "53",
        "paragraph_id": "para_241"
      },
      {
        "text": "As is apparent from the reasoning set out in connection with the examination of the validity, in the light of Article 52(1) of the Charter, of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33, that provision, whose scope is strictly circumscribed, satisfies those requirements.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_242"
      },
      {
        "text": "54",
        "paragraph_id": "para_243"
      },
      {
        "text": "It follows from all the foregoing considerations that the answer to the question referred is that the examination of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33 has disclosed nothing capable of affecting the validity of that provision in the light of Articles 6 and 52(1) and (3) of the Charter.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_244"
      },
      {
        "text": "Costs",
        "paragraph_id": "para_245"
      },
      {
        "text": "55",
        "paragraph_id": "para_246"
      },
      {
        "text": "Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_247"
      },
      {
        "text": "On those grounds, the Court (Fourth Chamber) hereby rules:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_248"
      },
      {
        "text": "The examination of the first subparagraph of Article 8(3)(a) and (b) of Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection has disclosed nothing capable of affecting the validity of that provision in the light of Articles 6 and 52(1) and (3) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_249"
      },
      {
        "text": "[Signatures]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_250"
      },
      {
        "text": "(\n *1\n ) Language of the case: Dutch.",
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