{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-104-09","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-104-09)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-13","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:a03983","proof":"sha256:3df3231ad7b89b710d5c6219b9fe2581f3af67dd0b5c519a55e8edd8ca0f0679","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-104-09","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"Front matter","paragraphs":["para_1","para_2","para_3","para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7"],"kind":"front_matter"},{"title":"Summary of the Judgment","paragraphs":["para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32"],"kind":"summary"},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":["para_33","para_34","para_35"],"kind":"assessment"},{"title":"Legal context","paragraphs":["para_36"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"European Union legislation","paragraphs":["para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"National legislation","paragraphs":["para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":["para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69"],"kind":"facts"},{"title":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":["para_70"],"kind":"questions"},{"title":"Directive 76/207","paragraphs":["para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93"],"kind":"questions"},{"title":"Directives 2002/73 and 96/34","paragraphs":["para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98"],"kind":"questions"},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":["para_99","para_100"],"kind":"costs"},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_101","para_102","para_103","para_104"],"kind":"operative"}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"Case C-104/09","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"Pedro Manuel Roca Álvarez","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"Sesa Start España ETT SA","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling from the","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia)","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"(Social policy – Equal treatment for male and female workers – Directive 76/207/EEC – Articles 2 and 5 – Right to leave for employed mothers – Possible use by an employed mother or an employed father – Mother self‑employed – Exclusion of the right to leave for an employed father)","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"Summary of the Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"Social policy – Male and female workers – Access to employment and working conditions – Equal treatment","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"(Council Directive 76/207, Arts 2(1), (3) and (4), and 5)","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"Article 2(1), (3) and (4) and Article 5 of Directive 76/207 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for\n men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions must be interpreted\n as precluding a national measure which provides tha …","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Given that such leave may be taken by the employed father or the employed mother without distinction, implying that feeding\n and devoting time to the child can be carried out just as well by the father as by the mother, that leave seems to be accorded\n to workers in their capacity as parents of the …","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"(see paras 31, 37-39, operative part)","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"30 September 2010 ( * )","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"(Social policy – Equal treatment for male and female workers – Directive 76/207/EEC – Articles 2 and 5 – Right to leave for employed mothers – Possible use by an employed mother or an employed father – Mother self-employed – Exclusion of the right to leave for an employed father)","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"In Case C‑104/09,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"REFERENCE for a preliminary ruling under Article 234 EC from the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia (Spain), made by\n decision of 13 February 2009, received at the Court on 19 March 2009, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"Pedro Manuel Roca Álvarez","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"Sesa Start España ETT SA,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"THE COURT (Second Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"composed of J.N. Cunha Rodrigues, President of the Chamber, P. Lindh (Rapporteur), A. Rosas, U. Lõhmus and A. Ó Caoimh, Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"Advocate General: J. Kokott,","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"Registrar: R. Grass,","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"– the Spanish Government, by B. Plaza Cruz, acting as Agent,","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"– Ireland, by D. O’Hagan, acting as Agent,","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"– the Commission of the European Communities, by M. van Beek and S. Pardo Quintillán, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 6 May 2010,","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"1 This reference for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 2(1), (3) and (4) and Article 5 of Council\n Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards\n access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions (OJ 1976 L 39, p. 40).","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"2 The reference has been made in proceedings between Mr Roca Álvarez and his employer, the company Sesa Start España ETT SA,\n concerning the company’s refusal to accord him so-called ‘breastfeeding’ leave.","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"Legal context","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"European Union legislation","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"3 Article 1(1) of Directive 76/207 is worded as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"‘The purpose of this Directive is to put into effect in the Member States the principle of equal treatment for men and women\n as regards access to employment, including promotion, and to vocational training and as regards working conditions and, on\n the conditions referred to in paragraph 2, social security. This principle is hereinafter referred to as “the principle of\n equal treatment”.’","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"4 Article 2 of that directive states:","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"‘1. For the purposes of the following provisions, the principle of equal treatment shall mean that there shall be no discrimination\n whatsoever on grounds of sex either directly or indirectly by reference in particular to marital or family status.","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"3. This Directive shall be without prejudice to provisions concerning the protection of women, particularly as regards pregnancy\n and maternity.","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"4. This Directive shall be without prejudice to measures to promote equal opportunity for men and women, in particular by removing\n existing inequalities which affect women’s opportunities in the areas referred to in Article 1(1).’","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"5 Under Article 5 of that directive:","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"‘1. Application of the principle of equal treatment with regard to working conditions, including the conditions governing dismissal,\n means that men and women shall be guaranteed the same conditions without discrimination on grounds of sex.","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"2. To this end, Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that:","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"(a) any laws, regulations and administrative provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment shall be abolished;","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"(b) any provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment which are included in collective agreements, individual contracts\n of employment, internal rules of undertakings or in rules governing the independent occupations and professions shall be,\n or may be declared, null and void or may be amended;","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"(c) those laws, regulations and administrative provisions contrary to the principle of equal treatment when the concern for protection\n which originally inspired them is no longer well founded shall be revised; and that where similar provisions are included\n in collective agreements labour and management shall be requested to undertake the desired revision.’","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"6 Directive 76/207 was amended by Directive 2002/73/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 September 2002 (OJ\n 2002 L 269, p. 15) and repealed by Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the\n implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation\n (recast) (OJ 2006 L 204, p. 23).","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"National legislation","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"7 According to Article 1(1) of Law 8/1980 on the Workers Statute (Estatuto de los trabajadores) of 10 March 1980, as amended\n by Royal Legislative Decree 1/1995 of 24 March 1995 (BOE No 75 of 29 March 1995, p. 9654; ‘the Workers’ Statute’), that statute\n applies to persons who voluntarily offer their services in return for payment by another within an organisation and under\n the direction of a natural or legal person, known as the ‘employer’.","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"8 Article 1(3) of the Workers’ Statute makes clear that any activity performed outside the scope of Article 1(1) is to be excluded\n from the scope of the Workers’ Statute.","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"9 Article 37(4) of the Workers’ Statute provides for the granting of ‘breastfeeding’ leave. In the version in force on the day\n of the reference in the main proceedings it was worded as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"‘Female workers shall be entitled to take one hour off work, which they may divide into two parts, in order to breastfeed\n a child under the age of nine months. The woman may, if she wishes, replace this entitlement with a half-hour reduction in\n her working day for the same purpose. This time off work may be taken by the mother or the father without distinction, provided\n that they are both employed.’","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"10 That measure was amended by Basic Law 3/2007 on effective equality between women and men (Ley Orgánica de Igualdad efectiva\n entre mujeres y hombres) of 22 March 2007 (BOE No 71 of 23 March 2007, p. 12611), that is, after the events at issue in the\n main proceedings. It now reads as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"‘Female workers shall be entitled, for the purpose of feeding an unweaned child under nine months of age, to take an hour\n off from work, which they may divide into two parts. In the event of a multiple birth, the duration of the leave shall increase\n proportionately.","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"The woman may, if she wishes, replace this entitlement with a half-hour reduction in her working day for the same purpose\n or accumulate it into whole days on the terms laid down in the collective agreement or in the agreement which she reaches\n with the employer in accordance, as appropriate, with the terms agreed in the collective agreement.","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"This leave may be taken by the mother or the father without distinction provided that they are both employed.’","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"11 Mr Roca Álvarez has been employed by the company Sesa Start España ETT SA since July 2004. On 7 March 2005 he requested his\n employer that he be granted the right to take the leave provided for under Article 37(4) of the Workers’ Statute for the period\n from 4 January 2005 to 4 October 2005. He w …","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"12 Mr Roca Álvarez brought an action before the Juzgado de lo Social de A Coruña challenging his employer’s refusal. The court\n held that the leave in question is reserved for ‘female employees’ and so is exclusively conferred on mothers. Moreover, the\n right to take this leave is only recognised for mothers whose status is that of employee and the mother of Mr Roca Álvarez’s\n child does not fulfil that condition. Consequently, his request was refused.","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"13 Mr Roca Álvarez brought an appeal against that decision before the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia (High Court of\n Justice of Galicia).","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"14 That court finds that the national legislation has been correctly interpreted. However, it holds that the leave provided for\n by the legislation has been detached from the biological fact of breastfeeding, so that it can be considered as time purely\n devoted to the child. In addition, it points o …","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"15 The referring court wonders whether the right to leave should not be accorded to men in the same way as women and whether\n the fact of restricting it to employed women and the fathers of their children is not a discriminatory measure contrary to\n the principle of equal treatment and to Directive 76/207.","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"16 The referring court considers, furthermore, that the leave provided for under Article 37(4) of the Workers’ Statute amounts\n to ‘parental leave’ within the meaning of Council Directive 96/34/EC of 3 June 1996 on the framework agreement on parental\n leave concluded by UNICE, CEEP and the ETUC (OJ 1996 L 145, p. 4)","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"17 In those circumstances, the Tribunal Superior de Justicia de Galicia decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following\n question to the Court for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"‘Does a national law (specifically Article 37(4) of the Workers’ Statute) which recognises only employed mothers, but not\n employed fathers, as holders of the right to paid time off work for the purpose of feeding an unweaned child – time off which\n consists in a half-hour reduction in the working d …","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"Directive 76/207","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"18 By its question the referring court asks, in essence, whether Directive 76/207 must be interpreted as precluding a national\n measure such as the one at issue in the main proceedings, which provides that female workers who are mothers and whose status\n is that of an employed person are entitled, i …","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"19 Article 1(1) of Directive 76/207 states that the purpose of that directive is to put into effect in the Member States the\n principle of equal treatment for men and women as regards, in particular, working conditions.","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"20 This principle is defined in Articles 2 to 5 of the directive. Article 2(1) states that the principle of equal treatment means\n that there is to be no discrimination whatsoever on grounds of sex, either directly or indirectly, by reference in particular\n to marital or family status. Article 5(1) …","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"21 It should be noted that the measure at issue in the main proceedings provides that ‘breastfeeding’ leave specifically takes\n the form of permission to be absent during the working day or a reduction of its duration. That measure has the effect of\n changing working hours. It therefore affects ‘working conditions’ within the meaning of Article 5 of Directive 76/207 (see,\n to that effect, Case C-187/00 Kutz-Bauer [2003] ECR I-2741, paragraphs 44 and 45).","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"22 Furthermore, in principle that measure restricts the right to leave at issue in the main proceedings to mothers, the child’s\n father being entitled to this leave only on the condition that both parents are employed persons.","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"23 It follows that mothers whose status is that of an employed person are always entitled to ‘breastfeeding’ leave whilst fathers\n whose status is that of an employed person are only so entitled if the child’s mother is also an employed person. Thus, for\n men whose status is that of an employed person the fact of being a parent is not sufficient to gain entitlement to leave,\n whereas it is for women with an identical status.","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"24 However, the positions of a male and a female worker, father and mother of a young child, are comparable with regard to their\n possible need to reduce their daily working time in order to look after their child (see by analogy, in relation to the position\n of male and female workers assuming the …","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"25 It must be stated that the measure at issue in the main proceedings establishes a difference on grounds of sex, within the\n meaning of Article 2(1) of Directive 76/207, as between mothers whose status is that of an employed person and fathers with\n the same status.","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"26 As concerns justification for such a difference in treatment, Article 2(3) and (4) of Directive 76/207 states that its application\n is without prejudice to provisions concerning the protection of women, particularly as regards pregnancy and maternity, and\n to measures to promote equal opportunities for men and women, in particular by removing existing inequalities which affect\n women’s opportunities in respect of working conditions.","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"27 First of all, as regards the protection of women in connection with pregnancy and maternity, the Court has repeatedly held\n that, by reserving to Member States the right to retain or introduce provisions which are intended to ensure that protection,\n Article 2(3) of Directive 76/207 recognises th …","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"28 According to the referring court, the leave provided for in Article 37(4) of the Workers’ Statue was originally instituted\n in 1900 to facilitate breastfeeding by the mother. By no longer mentioning breastfeeding, amendments to the legislation have\n caused the leave to be detached from that purpo …","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"29 The fact that the evolution of the national legislation and its interpretation by the courts has little by little detached\n the granting of ‘breastfeeding’ leave from the biological fact of breastfeeding precludes a finding that this measure ensures\n the protection of a woman’s biological conditi …","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"30 This situation can be distinguished from that which gave rise to the judgment in Hofmann in which the national legislation at issue provided for the granting of additional maternity leave, after the expiry of the\n protective period, and reserved that leave to the mother, to the exclusion of any other person (see Hofmann , paragraph 26).","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"31 The fact that the leave at issue in the main proceedings might be taken by the employed father or the employed mother without\n distinction means that feeding and devoting time to the child can be carried out just as well by the father as by the mother.\n Therefore this leave seems to be accorded t …","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"32 Secondly, as regards the promotion of equal opportunities for men and women and the reduction of the factual inequalities\n that affect women’s opportunities in the area of working conditions, the Spanish Government submitted in its observations\n that the objective pursued in reserving for mothers …","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"33 As the Court has consistently held, Article 2(4) of Directive 76/207 is specifically and exclusively designed to authorise\n measures which, although discriminatory in appearance, are in fact intended to eliminate or reduce actual instances of inequality\n which may exist in society. That provision …","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"34 The aim of Article 2(4) is to achieve substantive, rather than formal, equality by reducing de facto inequalities which may\n arise in society and, thus, in accordance with Article 157(4) TFEU, to prevent or compensate for disadvantages in the professional\n career of the relevant persons (see, to that effect, Kalanke , paragraph 19; Case C-407/98 Abrahamsson and Anderson [2000] ECR I-5539, paragraph 48; and Case C-319/03 Briheche [2004] ECR I-8807, paragraph 25).","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"35 As stated in paragraph 21 of this judgment, the leave at issue in the main proceedings takes the form of permission to be\n absent during the working day or a reduction of its duration. Certainly, such a measure could have the effect of putting women\n at an advantage by allowing mothers whose stat …","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"36 However, to hold, as the Spanish Government submits, that only a mother whose status is that of an employed person is the\n holder of the right to qualify for the leave at issue in the main proceedings, whereas a father with the same status can only\n enjoy this right but not be the holder of it, i …","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"37 As the Advocate General points out at point 47 of her Opinion, to refuse entitlement to the leave at issue in the main proceedings\n to fathers whose status is that of an employed person, on the sole ground that the child’s mother does not have that status,\n could have as its effect that a woman, …","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"38 Consequently, a measure such as that at issue in the main proceedings cannot be considered to be a measure eliminating or\n reducing existing inequalities in society within the meaning of Article 2(4) of Directive 76/207, nor as a measure seeking\n to achieve substantive as opposed to formal equali …","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"39 It follows from all those considerations that Article 2(1), (3) and (4) and Article 5 of Directive 76/207 must be interpreted\n as precluding a national measure such as the one at issue in the main proceedings, which provides that female workers who\n are mothers and whose status is that of an empl …","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"Directives 2002/73 and 96/34","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"40 Concerning Directive 2002/73, the referring court raised the question whether that directive, which amended Directive 76/207,\n should be interpreted as precluding the measure at issue in the main proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"41 Although Directive 2002/73 came into force on the day of its publication, it had to be transposed at the latest by 5 October\n 2005, which is after the facts at issue in the main proceedings. Therefore it does not apply ratione temporis to those facts. In any event, if Directive 76/207, as amended by Directive 2002/73, were applicable ratione temporis , that would not change the interpretation given in paragraph 39 of this judgment.","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"42 It should be noted that in its observations the Commission of the European Communities submitted that the measure at issue\n in the main proceedings is contrary to Directive 96/34.","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"43 However, in the absence of details in the order for reference about the national legislation on parental leave, and in the\n absence of a specific request to that effect, there is no need to interpret Directive 96/34.","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"44 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court,\n the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs\n of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"Article 2(1), (3) and (4) and Article 5 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle\n of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and working conditions,\n must be interpreted as precluding a nat …","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"* Language of the case: Spanish.","paragraph_id":"para_104"}],"operative_part":"On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:\n\nArticle 2(1), (3) and (4) and Article 5 of Council Directive 76/207/EEC of 9 February 1976 on the implementation of the principle\n of equal treatment for men and women as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion, and …","word_count":4395,"cites":["C-187/00","C-366/99","C-476/99","C-32/93","C-394/96","C-203/03","C-450/93","C-409/95","C-158/97","C-407/98","C-319/03"],"sha256":"234b95e7a81d3214f2d4c597f7ebecd178d0d868778c12fbd17a712c5578ddf1","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62009CJ0104","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T20:24:19.121+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-104-09","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-104-09","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-104-09","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-104-09"},"hash":"sha256:3df3231ad7b89b710d5c6219b9fe2581f3af67dd0b5c519a55e8edd8ca0f0679","version":"legal-2026-10-13","expires":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-10-13+legal-2026-10-13+2026-10-13T12:55:18","content_hash":"sha256:3df3231ad7b89b710d5c6219b9fe2581f3af67dd0b5c519a55e8edd8ca0f0679","revalidate_after":"2026-10-13T14:22:16.548Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-104-09","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-104-09"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-104-09"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-104-09"},{"rel":"obligations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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