{ "attribution": { "source": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-437-25", "cite_as": "NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-437-25)", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision", "version": "legal-2026-10-04", "fingerprint": "ewai:se:c066df", "proof": "sha256:0a15f146de357782d6ff222b294e896c5c389c3800308f1e5b8ea75a2c63e02e", "jurisdiction": "se", "lang": "en" }, "brand_source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "brand": { "product": "NovaCopilot", "platform": "ExploreWorldAI", "infrastructure": "ExploreWorld Legal", "infrastructure_url": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "legal_entity": "Valkiv Ventures AB", "permanent_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot", "source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "powered_by": "Powered by NovaCopilot", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor", "contact": "stig@valkiv.com" }, "object_type": "precedent", "object_id": "precedent:eu:c-437-25", "schema_version": "1", "schema": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/schemas/precedent", "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-437-25", "judgment": { "id": "eu:c-437-25", "text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-437-25" }, "siblings": { "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/risk/eu:c-437-25", "relation": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/relation/eu:c-437-25", "change": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/change/eu:c-437-25", "agent": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/agent/eu:c-437-25", "provenance": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/provenance/eu:c-437-25", "status": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/status/eu:c-437-25", "edge": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/edge/eu:c-437-25", "element": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/element/eu:c-437-25", "decision": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/decision/eu:c-437-25", "obligation": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/obligation/eu:c-437-25", "sanction": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/sanction/eu:c-437-25", "weight": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/weight/eu:c-437-25" }, "source": "NovaCopilot", "precedent_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/precedent-graph/eu:c-437-25", "item": { "judgment": "eu:c-437-25", "issue": "Reference for a preliminary ruling – Transport – Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 – Articles 27 and 41 – Use of a driver card belonging to another person – Penalty – Flat-rate fine – No possibility of individualisation – Principle of proportionality.", "court": "CJ", "decided": "2026-09-17", "binding": "binding", "status": "final", "holdings": [ { "n": 1, "paragraph_id": "para_117", "text": "The principle of proportionality, as given concrete expression in Article 41 of Regulation (EU) No 165/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 February 2014 on tachographs in road transport, repealing Council Regulation (EEC) No 3821/85 on recording equipment in road transport and amending Regulation (EC) No 561/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the harmonisation of certain social legislation relating to road transport,", "kind": "operative_part", "precedent_id": "precedent:eu:c-437-25#1" }, { "n": 2, "paragraph_id": "para_118", "text": "must be interpreted as precluding national legislation under which a very high fine is imposed on a driver of a vehicle who has breached the prohibition laid down in Article 27 of Regulation (EU) No 165/2014, by fitting a driver card belonging to another person into the tachograph of his or her vehicle, without there being any possibility of reducing that fine in view of the particular circumstances of the case.", "kind": "operative_part", "precedent_id": "precedent:eu:c-437-25#2" } ], "text_sha256": "ed3aa6776b8381d03f785328cd0c935563a22fa199b8b1612b3f58197c1cd3d2", "method": "Domslutet efter 'On those grounds' i domens egen text.", "limits": [], "hash": "34cb58d439297f5020bbfc08255162e2fd641a85ef8af817475e34b3432c49e5" }, "watch": { "changes": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/changes", "whats_new": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu", "conditional": "Send If-None-Match with the ETag; unchanged objects return 304 without body.", "recheck_after_seconds": 86400 }, "hash": "sha256:0a15f146de357782d6ff222b294e896c5c389c3800308f1e5b8ea75a2c63e02e", "version": "legal-2026-10-04", "expires": "2026-10-06T00:00:00.000Z", "dependency": { "index_version": "legal-2026-10-04+legal-2026-10-04+2026-10-04T20:33:33", "content_hash": "sha256:0a15f146de357782d6ff222b294e896c5c389c3800308f1e5b8ea75a2c63e02e", "revalidate_after": "2026-10-05T02:42:07.557Z", "max_copy_age_seconds": 3600, "policy": "revalidate-required; attribution-preferred", "changelog": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency", "verify": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify", "stale_copy_invalid": true }, "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-437-25", "disclaimer": "Source reference with official identifier. Not legal advice and not a compliance decision.", "content_notice": { "legal_advice": false, "nature": "Source register. Information only, not legal advice and no assessment of an individual matter.", "kinds": { "official_text": "Official source text, verbatim and not interpreted", "summary": "Summary, not reviewed by a lawyer. Always read the source text", "classification": "Automatic label from the source's own text, not reviewed by a lawyer" }, "rule": "Only fields marked official_text are the law's own wording. Everything else points to it.", "report_error": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/corrections", "ai_act_declaration": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/ai-act-declaration" }, "usageInfo": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/citering" }