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          "ref": "211 F.2d 100",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "to": {
          "ref": "212 F.2d 313",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Stayback, 212 F.2d 313, 317 (3d Cir. 1954);",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "231 F.2d 928",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "States, 231 F.2d 928, 933 (9th Cir. 1956).",
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Tierney, 266 F.3d 37, 40 (1st Cir. 2001)",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "3 F.4th 484",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Frey, 3 F.4th 484, 490 (1st",
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "317 U.S. 492",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_1701"
        ],
        "excerpt": "United States, 317 U.S. 492, 499 (1943))",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "342 F.3d 6",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "342 F.3d 6, 14 (1st Cir. 2003) (\"We are mindful that the jury's",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "cb7b959e2052f10a0a29373fa477e52e2fcb0d3f334332f11b7bd1f2c8664a8d"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "377 F.2d 469",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "United States, 377 F.2d 469, 473 (1st Cir. 1967); see also United",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "433 F.3d 95",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Lavoie, 433 F.3d 95, 97 (1st Cir.",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "44 F.4th 1",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "44 F.4th 1, 7 (1st Cir. 2022).",
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        "hash": "0c584a9ce4e906c6189ae234f0643aecb20af68b4e22994b2f88eb26559a7bbb"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "478 U.S. 833",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Schor, 478 U.S. 833, 845-46 (1986) (citation omitted)",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "51 F.4th 1059",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Sec., 51 F.4th 1059, 1060-61 (11th Cir. 2022)",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "513 F.2d 835",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Weinberger, 513 F.2d 835, 837 n.2 (1st Cir. 1975); see also",
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          "ref": "517 F.2d 899",
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        "excerpt": "Greenlee, 517 F.2d 899, 903",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "524 F.3d 71",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "524 F.3d 71, 79 (1st Cir. 2008))).",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "529 U.S. 120",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "& Williamson Tobacco Corp., 529 U.S. 120, 159 (2000)). \"In the",
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        "excerpt": "Anthony, 545 F.3d 60, 64,",
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          "id": "us:ca1-21-1823p-2022-11-28",
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      {
        "edge_id": "edge:us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29~cites~552-u-s-214",
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        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "552 U.S. 214",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
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        "excerpt": "Bureau of Prisons, 552 U.S. 214, 222 (2008).",
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      },
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "559 U.S. 573",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "McNellie, Rini, Kramer & Ulrich LPA, 559 U.S. 573, 592 (2010)",
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        "hash": "ece65e0917c58f8e58c126f9f18ed73fe5463dfd5c092651e945fff800bf8942"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "562 U.S. 223",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Wyeth LLC, 562 U.S. 223, 242 (2011) (\"Post-enactment",
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        "hash": "703ce016d53613df4ba0fd1fc679da2f4308e76cbaaa8c0867cf2c395cf53b5f"
      },
      {
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "564 F.3d 59",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_1577"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Azubike, 564 F.3d 59, 64 (1st Cir. 2009) (citations",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "bc7ad44b84d1eb8fbbe97a4da5b865e5d51fda9829ea6cbedf51f3819de3bd5f"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29~cites~573-u-s-302",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "573 U.S. 302",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "EPA, 573 U.S. 302 (2014).",
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        "hash": "209673ff373b3376a03e81ab63d88309fc9dd96ac0214e8cbfad92330511e890"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29~cites~576-u-s-519",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "576 U.S. 519",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_975"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Inclusive Communities Project, Inc., 576 U.S. 519, 537-38",
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        "hash": "58e9b9d8c905a689025b9c8b5b2d95a9712f251ba798ad68fe7c12ab0f966ad5"
      },
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        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "58 F.4th 18",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Bishoff, 58 F.4th 18, 26 (1st Cir. 2023)",
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        "hash": "34c40d427b2309ee71fd97a535d12c72af1763bf49491837866cfdada722a2cf"
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      {
        "edge_id": "edge:us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29~cites~581-f-2d-1199",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "581 F.2d 1199",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Hiett, 581 F.2d 1199, 1202 (5th Cir. 1978);",
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        "hash": "0a072d75c7c45d71977317456beda0bd8020bcb07a9b2d4e6e5263882d39b0d0"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "588 F.2d 1330",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Application of Sarkar, 588 F.2d 1330, 1333",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "590 U.S. 644",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_416"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Clayton County, 590 U.S. 644, 654 (2020)), cert. denied, 145 S.",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "bd700d5d9bb2283f7a0cdee5885a9718b197470b46a09b9994fbbafbbd6e13be"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29~cites~594-u-s-758",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "594 U.S. 758",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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          "para_1133"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Servs., 594 U.S. 758,",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "595 U.S. 109",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "595 U.S. 109, 117-18 (2022) (explaining that a \"broad public health",
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        "hash": "0555e2cf53910ddd0cb8e405b3a812a93a20d64287442e77361dc5d5bd01b0b0"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "595 U.S. 87",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Missouri, 595 U.S. 87, 90-91, 94 (2022) (holding that Secretary of",
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        "hash": "35c12482500026f44f882b6a01756603ead821245a4a577b4f83446088522228"
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        "type": "cites",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "600 U.S. 477",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Nebraska, 600 U.S. 477 (2023);",
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        "type": "cites",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "666 F.3d 1322",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "68 F.4th 1",
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Abdelaziz, 68 F.4th 1,",
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "740 F.3d 22",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Floyd, 740 F.3d 22, 39 (1st Cir. 2014) (describing",
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        "hash": "f87bb71a52ccc37b04724d8ff10650abece1b1c167dd4e8bb336bb914cbea2d1"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "747 F.2d 1172",
          "id": null,
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        ],
        "excerpt": "747 F.2d 1172, 1174 (7th Cir. 1984)).",
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        "hash": "9963bfa303872226087846a69f87e4ff65b1a10a2873448614f3a12cc5583b0f"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "76 F.4th 291",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Gaston LLC, 76 F.4th 291, 296-301 (4th Cir. 2023)",
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        "hash": "b2c878a90e765b22b99f7544338de65b3af4202c839cd384b6d902f51b4b462f"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "761 F.3d 42",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_1886"
        ],
        "excerpt": "George, 761 F.3d 42,",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "feaa5ed8f30acd4ed408f663ccea1a0be92ca54cd94e423115d3ec18ad710296"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "77 F.4th 787",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_959"
        ],
        "excerpt": "United States, 77 F.4th 787, 801 n.16 (D.C.",
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        "hash": "e16750e7536be2e911b86a7c2efe4d9b4fb093c0bb151661d5b5029372e877ec"
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "78 F.4th 1",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "McGlashan, 78 F.4th 1, 6 (1st Cir.",
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        "hash": "1b172b1b5b1965ed9606400c4f90d8661d70cfaf4be0ef81bb1ea663f68bb6ec"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "786 F.3d 92",
          "id": null,
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        "excerpt": "786 F.3d 92, 99 (1st Cir. 2015).",
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        "hash": "2319bcfa18c0649a874e853d2b7d29c55042ecc4d36ea289f79bbf20bb44d2e0"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "824 F.2d 1511",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Davenport, 824 F.2d 1511, 1516-17 (7th Cir. 1987) (\"It",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "fb22b4db43559286b3fd27512b1929451aed6c91ef7a6aa88473669556f3f8a0"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "842 F.3d 8",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Demers, 842 F.3d 8, 15 (1st Cir. 2016));",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "0d098e5c3a4418b27df0b1e5647504bbe803a789fb28fbab4ad43e4dde816ed1"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "861 F.2d 312",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "861 F.2d 312, 315 (1st Cir. 1988) (citing United States v.",
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        "type": "cites",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "897 F.3d 12",
          "id": null,
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Tosi, 897 F.3d 12, 15 (1st Cir. 2018) (\"[A]rguments available at",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "26761812c8f72618a4a09db770e184d1744dc8e7aa385e269e94794484eb7d4b"
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        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "906 F.3d 196",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Romero, 906 F.3d 196, 211 (1st Cir. 2018).",
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        "hash": "fea87ddeefad99580e34015772cf44ce2681082248beffed40fc363222d814aa"
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "91 F.4th 550",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "De La Cruz, 91 F.4th 550, 552-53, 555 (1st",
        "decided": "2025-07-29",
        "hash": "932cff95f3d9074677beecd718978292d7de6b46c5066ef583b04c969a865878"
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        "type": "cites",
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        "from": "us:ca1-23-1839-2025-07-29",
        "to": {
          "ref": "946 F.3d 8",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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