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        "excerpt": "35 Thus, unlike the case which gave rise to the order of 24 March 2009, Nationale Loterij (C-525/06, EU:C:2009:179, paragraphs 8 to 11), which concerned a dispute decided upon by an appeal court which varied the order for reference and thus assumed responsibility for ensuring compliance with EU law,",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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        "excerpt": "30 In that regard, the Court points out that, according to settled case-law, the procedure provided for in Article 267 TFEU is an instrument of cooperation between the Court of Justice and national courts by means of which the Court provides the national courts with the points of interpretation of E",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "7f0de5fe14bdb6255347690613c9799d472b40dd8d3af90e1a489aecc6ea79b1"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "50 In that regard, according to settled case-law, use of a sign identical with, or similar to, an EU trade mark occurs ‘in the course of trade’ if it is in the context of a commercial activity intended to obtain an economic advantage and not in the private sphere (see, to that effect, judgments of 1",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-235-17-62017cj0235"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_155"
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        "excerpt": "In addition, when interpreting Article 17, it is necessary to take into consideration the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights concerning Article 1 of Protocol No 1 to the ECHR, which lays down protection of the right to property as the minimum threshold of protection (see, to that effect,",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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        "excerpt": "69 However, both recital 21 of Regulation 2017/1001 and recital 27 of Directive 2015/2436 emphasise the need to apply that regulation and that directive, respectively, in such a way as to ensure full respect for fundamental rights and freedoms, in particular freedom of expression (see, to that effec",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "56 Where a third party uses, in the course of trade, in relation to goods or services, a sign which is similar to, or identical with, a trade mark with a reputation, it is for the national court to examine whether that use has made it possible to take unfair advantage of, or has been detrimental to,",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-286-88"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "30 In that regard, the Court points out that, according to settled case-law, the procedure provided for in Article 267 TFEU is an instrument of cooperation between the Court of Justice and national courts by means of which the Court provides the national courts with the points of interpretation of E",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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        "excerpt": "Those functions include the essential function of the mark, which is to guarantee to consumers the origin of the goods or service in question, as well as, inter alia, other functions such as the function of guaranteeing the quality of the goods or service or the functions of communication, investmen",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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        "excerpt": "In that regard, the Court notes that the use of a trade mark by a not-for-profit organisation does come within the scope of the course of trade, provided, however, that that association is acting as an economic operator (see, to that effect, judgments of 9 December 2008, Verein Radetzky-Orden , C-44",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "6e9ae94a2f8444035995f329516dca4f045b65a9ce4b73b6d1aa671adaa99844"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "50 In that regard, according to settled case-law, use of a sign identical with, or similar to, an EU trade mark occurs ‘in the course of trade’ if it is in the context of a commercial activity intended to obtain an economic advantage and not in the private sphere (see, to that effect, judgments of 1",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "05ed598a297d3f317d00aaef169778b1004cf0117597757c5119cbe9fb2076db"
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        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-442/07",
          "id": "eu:c-442-07",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-442-07"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_144"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In that regard, the Court notes that the use of a trade mark by a not-for-profit organisation does come within the scope of the course of trade, provided, however, that that association is acting as an economic operator (see, to that effect, judgments of 9 December 2008, Verein Radetzky-Orden , C-44",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "8ed3f288dd1362ba32a5a67c5ae48e86fd660f8179afb7d5e0e6163ce9813ffc"
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          "id": "eu:c-487-07",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Consequently, that advantage may be unfair, even if the use of the identical or similar sign is not detrimental to the repute of the mark or, more generally, to its proprietor (see, to that effect, judgment of 18 June 2009, L’Oréal and Others , C-487/07, EU:C:2009:378, paragraphs 41, 43 and 50, and ",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "a2167f075b938444a43a1f0039169c73a9fd20ef602e16651abf5c76a862abcf"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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          "para_169",
          "para_182"
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        "excerpt": "In that regard, the Court has held previously that interferences with the rights and freedoms guaranteed by Article 11 must be limited to what is strictly necessary (see, to that effect, judgment of 4 October 2024, Real Madrid Club de Fútbol , C-633/22, EU:C:2024:843, paragraphs 47 to 49).",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
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          "ref": "C-65/12",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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          "para_136",
          "para_154",
          "para_158",
          "para_159",
          "para_160",
          "para_161",
          "para_171"
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        "excerpt": "Those functions include the essential function of the mark, which is to guarantee to consumers the origin of the goods or service in question, as well as, inter alia, other functions such as the function of guaranteeing the quality of the goods or service or the functions of communication, investmen",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "fcca42600afe79c93f7823f2cdbda9d1a62f0c30a02c14f360ab500725738695"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-298-23~follows~c-690-17",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-690/17",
          "id": "eu:c-690-17",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-690-17"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_143",
          "para_157"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Should the case arise, it can also refer to goods or services of another person on whose behalf the third party is acting (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 April 2019, ÖKO-Test Verlag , C-690/17, EU:C:2019:317, paragraph 29 and the case-law cited, and of 30 April 2020, A (Infringement by importi",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "9214cf0f291431ab9c72e74eea196c83c14d9b4bfc47d2a74e6957b1e3bfde1c"
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        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-772/18",
          "id": "eu:c-772-18",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-772-18"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_143"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Should the case arise, it can also refer to goods or services of another person on whose behalf the third party is acting (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 April 2019, ÖKO-Test Verlag , C-690/17, EU:C:2019:317, paragraph 29 and the case-law cited, and of 30 April 2020, A (Infringement by importi",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "d6a011dfcd59f47f174578746ae1d9ff32a60e4aa06a66ff50a07ce37019787e"
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        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-85/16",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
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        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_160",
          "para_185"
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        "excerpt": "66 The interests of a third party in using, in the course of trade, a sign identical with, or similar to, a trade mark with a reputation must be considered, in particular, in the light of the possibility for the user of that sign to claim ‘due cause’ (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 February 2014",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "36f3d817d7d07097ccb2199b2a9f464693c1440e1434d486d8fb7293280c72f3"
      },
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        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-86/16",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_160",
          "para_185"
        ],
        "excerpt": "66 The interests of a third party in using, in the course of trade, a sign identical with, or similar to, a trade mark with a reputation must be considered, in particular, in the light of the possibility for the user of that sign to claim ‘due cause’ (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 February 2014",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "ff1281b7cff9bbda419c35f09fb5ec725f56e40022daa254fc17a1ce268aa6ca"
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        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-210/06",
          "id": "eu:c-210-06",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-210-06"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Nevertheless, in the interests of clarity and legal certainty, the Court must abide by the decision to refer, which must have its full effect so long as it has not been revoked (judgments of 12 February 1974, Rheinmühlen-Düsseldorf , 146/73, EU:C:1974:12, paragraph 3, and of 16 December 2008, Cartes",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "0da93d8e9a5250927c94225f1f2fb812b9d7f02d2201809add68f9153611baab"
      },
      {
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        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-231/89",
          "id": "eu:c-231-89",
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_121"
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        "excerpt": "Consequently, where the questions submitted by the national court concern the interpretation of EU law, the Court is, in principle, bound to give a ruling (see judgments of 8 November 1990, Gmurzynska-Bscher , C-231/89, EU:C:1990:386, paragraph 20, and of 25 February 2025, Alphabet and Others , C-23",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "f6de72360544f748a9a3e34332a525cd0adcf4060227e4374492148a084bdda7"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-298-23~cites~c-233-23",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-233/23",
          "id": "eu:c-233-23-62023cj0233",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-233-23-62023cj0233"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_121",
          "para_122"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Consequently, where the questions submitted by the national court concern the interpretation of EU law, the Court is, in principle, bound to give a ruling (see judgments of 8 November 1990, Gmurzynska-Bscher , C-231/89, EU:C:1990:386, paragraph 20, and of 25 February 2025, Alphabet and Others , C-23",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "b328d7132146bbb59a580a021cf15719ee653cd3cb0448c06b2ca7df3cfe1d19"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-298-23~cites~c-236-08",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-298-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-236/08",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "22 Next, it states that the Court’s case-law is based on a broad interpretation of freedom of expression, which is apparent in particular from the Opinion of Advocate General Poiares Maduro in Joined Cases Google France and Google (C-236/08 to C-238/08, EU:C:2009:569, points 102 and 103) and the Opi",
        "decided": "2026-09-08",
        "hash": "03d9871fcc3751f1518eeba43c415c8008b4936ec22050a6347b025d2d45cc76"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-238/08",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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