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        "excerpt": "At the time it is brought, such an action must be manifestly unfounded or artificial, or devoid of any real interest to the claimant (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 July 2006, Reisch Montage, C-103/05 , EU:C:2006:471 , paragraphs 31 and 32 ).",
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        "excerpt": "That requirement is satisfied where it was foreseeable for the defendants that they might be sued in the Member State in which at least one of them is domiciled (see, to that effect, judgment of 1 December 2011, Painer, C-145/10 , EU:C:2011:798 , paragraph 81 and the case-law cited).",
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        "excerpt": "Whilst that rule on jurisdiction constitutes, in accordance with recital 15 thereof, a rule of principle, that regulation provides for a number of exceptions (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 February 2025, BSH Hausgeräte, C-339/22 , EU:C:2025:108 , paragraphs 29 and 30 ).",
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        "excerpt": "In that regard, it should be noted, in the first place, that the condition relating to the existence of the same factual and legal situation is satisfied, in particular, where several undertakings that have participated in a single and continuous infringement of the competition rules of EU law, as e",
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        "excerpt": "The Court held that the reference to the ‘courts for the place’ where a party is domiciled must be understood, first, as designating the Member State whose courts have jurisdiction and, second, as conferring directly and immediately both international and territorial jurisdiction on the court of the",
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        "excerpt": "In the third place, as regards the question of whether the likelihood of success of the claim against the anchor defendant may be taken into account, as an indicator, in assessing whether the claimant intended to circumvent the rule on jurisdiction laid down in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/201",
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        "excerpt": "However, the mere fact that the person to whom the subsidiary’s conduct is attributed takes the form of a holding company does not preclude such attribution (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2013, Commission v Stichting Administratiekantoor Portielje, C-440/11 P , EU:C:2013:514 , paragraph ",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "However, the mere fact that the person to whom the subsidiary’s conduct is attributed takes the form of a holding company does not preclude such attribution (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2013, Commission v Stichting Administratiekantoor Portielje, C-440/11 P , EU:C:2013:514 , paragraph ",
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        "excerpt": "It is settled case-law that the provisions of that regulation must be interpreted independently, by reference to its scheme and purpose (see, to that effect, judgment of 8 June 2023, BNP Paribas, C-567/21 , EU:C:2023:452 , paragraph 43 ).",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "The purpose of that regulation is not to harmonise the internal procedural rules of the Member States, but to allocate jurisdiction for the resolution of civil and commercial disputes in relations between Member States (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 October 2021, TOTO and Vianini Lavori, C-581/",
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "The Court held that the reference to the ‘courts for the place’ where a party is domiciled must be understood, first, as designating the Member State whose courts have jurisdiction and, second, as conferring directly and immediately both international and territorial jurisdiction on the court of the",
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        "excerpt": "By order of the President of the Court of 18 January 2024, Cases C-672/23 and C-673/23 were joined for the purposes of the oral proceedings and the decision closing the proceedings, in accordance with Article 54 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court.",
        "decided": "2026-04-16",
        "hash": "acf8e88bcbdafc52daa644de557eb8b6e5902686f570a12d8d62c4d5596f6454"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-68/93",
          "id": "eu:c-68-93",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-68-93"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "It is also settled case-law that, as regards procedural rules, reference must be made to the national procedural rules applicable before the court seised, provided that their application does not undermine the effectiveness of Regulation No 1215/2012 (see, to that effect, judgment of 7 March 1995, S",
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        "hash": "cb56187eb2196c5015c299c27618d4063da0b6bbe98a96f52ab8b70f07b7b39c"
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        "to": {
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "In that regard, it should be noted that, according to settled case-law, the justification for making a request for a preliminary ruling is not for advisory opinions to be delivered on general or hypothetical questions, but rather that it is necessary for the effective resolution of a dispute concern",
        "decided": "2026-04-16",
        "hash": "aeda836b09207761b687528d12d686813af32f436d2e328485955293cc5c91c8"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-724/17",
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          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-724-17-62017cj0724"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Subsequent restructuring, disposals or other legal or organisational changes are, in that regard, irrelevant (see, to that effect, judgments of 14 March 2019, Skanska Industrial Solutions and Others, C-724/17 , EU:C:2019:204 , paragraph 46 , and of 6 October 2021, Sumal, C-882/19 , EU:C:2021:800 , p",
        "decided": "2026-04-16",
        "hash": "22a6863fbf3b81eddeda773abe579db51bb52fb790b48423e76944a1b3ce7917"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-774/22",
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          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-774-22-62022cj0774"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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          "para_399",
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        "excerpt": "The predictability sought in this way serves the objective of legal certainty, which consists in strengthening the legal protection of persons established in the European Union (see, to that effect, judgment of 29 July 2024, FTI Touristik (International element), C-774/22 , EU:C:2024:646 , paragraph",
        "decided": "2026-04-16",
        "hash": "123d3e58633975dd1fbf545406b5396b85b13fa3cdcf0cc910c768cbef73c253"
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        "from": "eu:c-672-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-832/21",
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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          "para_329",
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        "excerpt": "The rule on special jurisdiction set out in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 is intended, as is apparent from recitals 16 and 21 of that regulation, to promote the proper administration of justice, to minimise the risk of parallel proceedings and to prevent the adoption of irreconcilable deci",
        "decided": "2026-04-16",
        "hash": "f7fc04ce6a278762b3effc4957b59d26f3cf4c38a61493d67d6152d6be48213b"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-882/19",
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        "excerpt": "However, that subsidiary can be held liable only if the victim proves, either by relying on a decision previously adopted by the Commission or the national competition authority, or by any other means, first, that that subsidiary did not determine autonomously, at the time the infringement was commi",
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