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Thus, where it is proved that the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU has been infringed, the principle of the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"020bfaaaf725844953df5955022e18c9b2a09e8f22ef8bd569a62be167847090"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-132-20","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-132/20","id":"eu:c-132-20-62020co0132","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-132-20-62020co0132"},"paragraph_ids":["para_154","para_157","para_159","para_160","para_161"],"excerpt":"Checking whether, as composed, a court constitutes such a tribunal where there is a serious doubt on that point is necessary for the confidence which the courts in a democratic society must inspire in those subject to their jurisdiction (see, to that effect, judgments of 22 February 2022, Openbaar M","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"f45d6bc9c9c5794a9757b564323388588493b1da5c8848778cc7f6b1bfc34a48"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-195-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-195/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_137"],"excerpt":"53 Thus, where it is proved that the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU has been infringed, the principle of the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"64477d4cce679351f1c67c4bfd2bbce50691e1dcfbac8ff3da3c37673ef94abb"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-204-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-204/21","id":"eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204"},"paragraph_ids":["para_130","para_132","para_133","para_134","para_155","para_156"],"excerpt":"49 That conclusion was also based, in part, on the fact that, in essence, the national rules referred to in paragraph 46 above were, because of the prohibitions and disciplinary offences they impose on judges of the Sąd Najwyższy (Supreme Court) and all the ordinary and administrative courts, such 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the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"393e7457a9ddde9b2a51c122a9734f2dd47ce88081e1b066eaad36424f069adc"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-357-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-357/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_135"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"e9c0afd55b8d8e24a1132a4c9eaff218b59c66e98fb3030a4cf85d2575c29817"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-379-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-379/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_135"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"ed6eb7a8c93d81a55bb67479888f9f65b8133a17964f4efe7389f50febe89865"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-397-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-397/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_137"],"excerpt":"53 Thus, where it is proved that the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU has been infringed, the principle of the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"3633430d0bc521c80378f2dada48d57364277579cd727c9d939fce26dea4b34b"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-404-24","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-404/24","id":"eu:c-404-24","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-404-24"},"paragraph_ids":["para_127"],"excerpt":"The Court must, accordingly, ensure that its interpretation in a specific case safeguards a level of protection which does not fall below the level of protection guaranteed by Article 6(1) ECHR, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2024, Han","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"bc4783b9d4e63d63f7e8ed62090eea246c899eded3aaff4393bceeee6b544bc8"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-430-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-430/21","id":"eu:c-430-21","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-430-21"},"paragraph_ids":["para_137","para_138"],"excerpt":"53 Thus, where it is proved that the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU has been infringed, the principle of the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"a42ffc8fa25094103a165750e67e77ddb904a0a6b412220eb232412f0046890e"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-448-23","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-448/23","id":"eu:c-448-23","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-448-23"},"paragraph_ids":["para_128","para_139","para_155","para_156","para_158","para_161","para_163"],"excerpt":"44 That said, it should be recalled that every Member State must, in accordance with the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, ensure that the bodies which are called upon, as ‘courts or tribunals’ within the meaning of EU law, to rule on questions relating to the application or interpretation o","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"949d50c33b1f3027d39eeaf268697861883c4bf49f4529f9cc6aa458d586b666"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-53-23","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-53/23","id":"eu:c-53-23","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-53-23"},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_154"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"441d9759da7d1aee9e5e6ef8d38809c8a4224c1d064a4cbc358f3a9957f7849f"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-547-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-547/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_135"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"225f223c7e70310bb7494b068bacf440e44ddcc130e87856c43e6e8a5bccec07"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-554-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-554/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_127","para_128"],"excerpt":"The Court must, accordingly, ensure that its interpretation in a specific case safeguards a level of protection which does not fall below the level of protection guaranteed by Article 6(1) ECHR, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2024, Han","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"daceaa1072a3ebc921b9e626aa32e4fb1837362346ba17d1bab5fe3ecd9275ae"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-562-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-562/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_154","para_160","para_163","para_168"],"excerpt":"Checking whether, as composed, a court constitutes such a tribunal where there is a serious doubt on that point is necessary for the confidence which the courts in a democratic society must inspire in those subject to their jurisdiction (see, to that effect, judgments of 22 February 2022, Openbaar M","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"d63a71b4888be8e4567422e4aabb9aeadbcc3dad1517f8cc43394ae25eef8b77"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-563-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-563/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_154","para_160","para_163","para_168"],"excerpt":"Checking whether, as composed, a court constitutes such a tribunal where there is a serious doubt on that point is necessary for the confidence which the courts in a democratic society must inspire in those subject to their jurisdiction (see, to that effect, judgments of 22 February 2022, Openbaar M","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"54d6c407c361c763e6429eddab27fa6951147c7ac5dfaa5fa5becea67d86396d"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-573-17","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-573/17","id":"eu:c-573-17","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-573-17"},"paragraph_ids":["para_136"],"excerpt":"52 It is settled case-law that any national court, hearing a case within its jurisdiction, has, as an organ of a Member State, the obligation to disapply any provision of national law which is contrary to a provision of EU law with direct effect in the case pending before it (judgments of 24 June 20","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"cd43ef1a3b399d5f13d7ce335e1615e2f0232eb8814559eb110b4d2d04495b44"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-622-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-622/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_127","para_128"],"excerpt":"The Court must, accordingly, ensure that its interpretation in a specific case safeguards a level of protection which does not fall below the level of protection guaranteed by Article 6(1) ECHR, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2024, Han","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"db472172cc993b3fa6723ca9aad1fba9bda0f4fbf41cb1d345bb930103406975"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-718-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-718/21","id":"eu:c-718-21","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-718-21"},"paragraph_ids":["para_157","para_160","para_169","para_171"],"excerpt":"Thus, the independence of a tribunal within the meaning of that provision may be measured, inter alia, by the way in which its members are appointed (see, to that effect, judgments of 22 February 2022, Openbaar Ministerie (Tribunal established by law in the issuing Member State) , C-562/21 PPU and C","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"990927e8d367467729b54aa11dff52a0291fc78800243baa143a7e444e919da6"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-727-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-727/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_127","para_128"],"excerpt":"The Court must, accordingly, ensure that its interpretation in a specific case safeguards a level of protection which does not fall below the level of protection guaranteed by Article 6(1) ECHR, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2024, Han","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"8d6eb7d0061881364fa9298ab69a340f5368baebca07037126bc053b387ef443"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-791-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-791/19","id":"eu:c-791-19-62019cj0791","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-791-19-62019cj0791"},"paragraph_ids":["para_167"],"excerpt":"82 As regards the KRS in its new composition, the Court held that the fact that the ongoing term of office of some of the members who had, until that point, made up the KRS, of a duration of four years as laid down in Article 187(3) of the Constitution, had been reduced and the fact that, following ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"f39bf0ebd41c691758bdf343f1e673a0b9d2d1d69f9c7893e036682a6e2a1a7e"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-811-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-811/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_135"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"92e13e3c275d34d1e2a85f16ef7d9f26a0b147e46ca2fada2dad0c4023401d5a"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-817-21","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-817/21","id":"eu:c-817-21","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-817-21"},"paragraph_ids":["para_126"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"e13506812d8404d814966d16b1f48f2d42163ec10d19906f8f6027867d02f496"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-824-18","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-824/18","id":"eu:c-824-18","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-824-18"},"paragraph_ids":["para_135","para_173","para_176"],"excerpt":"It follows that national courts which are called upon, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to apply EU law are required to ensure the full effect of the requirements of EU law and therefore of the second subparagraph of Article 19(1), if necessary by disapplying any provision of national law whic","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"0b3ab8d1bc6a10a485b5e1172be7336a04077f62ca7c7b7b201f117192de5765"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-83-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-83/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_137"],"excerpt":"53 Thus, where it is proved that the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU has been infringed, the principle of the primacy of EU law requires national courts that are called upon to apply EU law, in the exercise of their jurisdiction, to disapply, of their own motion, the provisions of national ","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"64469a7f80259ec5df3649ce3b8eaa7742504af12c5454f7f327ccf8c69586a4"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~follows~c-840-19","type":"follows","label_sv":"följer","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-840/19","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_126","para_135"],"excerpt":"42 In that regard, the principle of effective judicial protection, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 19(1) TEU, is a general principle of EU law stemming from the constitutional traditions common to the Member States, which has been enshrined in Articles 6 and 13 of the Convention fo","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"46e6511ef7d24fc22c7621977a3fd643f07ca434fe692f0ec957f4b47277926c"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~cites~c-119-23","type":"cites","label_sv":"hänvisar till","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-119/23","id":"eu:c-119-23-62023cj0119","url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-119-23-62023cj0119"},"paragraph_ids":["para_162"],"excerpt":"(Chamber of Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs of the Supreme Court - Appointment) , C-487/19, EU:C:2021:798, paragraph 130, and of 29 July 2024, Valančius , C-119/23, EU:C:2024:653, paragraph 52 and the case-law cited).","decided":"2026-03-24","hash":"22d5346f479587bd1046c3f0587663c19b96f94b867fe522f355db2294354c81"},{"edge_id":"edge:eu:c-521-21~cites~c-181-21","type":"cites","label_sv":"hänvisar till","from":"eu:c-521-21","to":{"ref":"C-181/21","id":null,"url":null},"paragraph_ids":["para_105"],"excerpt":"26 By decisions of the President of the Court of 23 March 2022 and 11 January 2024, 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