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        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_351"
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        "excerpt": "They require that controller to take appropriate steps to prevent any infringements of the rules laid down in the GDPR in order to ensure the right to the protection of data (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 October 2022, Proximus (Public electronic directories), C-129/21 , EU:C:2022:833 , paragr",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "adb4d269108ff1740802c53cbfee730bfafa3c35451a52d8da876467b4f9bc3e"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Under Article 1(2) of the GDPR, read in the light of recitals 4 and 10 thereof, that regulation has the objective in particular of ensuring a high level of protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons with respect to the processing of personal data; that right to such protect",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "e397bf94a52c4f03803a93483437964527b2a344e87debbdbc5c37233cbc346a"
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        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
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          "ref": "C-21/23",
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          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-21-23-62023cj0021"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "As expressly stated in recital 51 of the GDPR, personal data which are, by their nature, particularly sensitive in relation to fundamental rights and freedoms merit specific protection as the context of their processing could create significant risks to those fundamental rights and freedoms (see, to",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "4b91b7892c52f8516b9fcd82967bbf32331d5fc991ff821b60f68dd88cad6ab4"
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        "excerpt": "Indeed, the Court has already held, in essence, that a natural or legal person who exerts a decisive influence over the collection and transmission of personal data, or even a person who has an influence, by means of his or her activity of defining parameters - depending on his or her objectives of ",
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        "excerpt": "On the contrary, those operators may be involved at different stages of that processing and to different degrees, so that the level of responsibility of each of them must be assessed with regard to all the relevant circumstances of the particular case (see, to that effect, judgments of 10 July 2018,",
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        "excerpt": "Thus, in accordance with the judgment of 12 July 2011, L’Oréal and Others ( C-324/09 , EU:C:2011:474 ), an operator of online services cannot rely on the exemption from liability provided for in Article 14(1) of Directive 2000/31 if it was aware of facts or circumstances on the basis of which a dili",
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        "excerpt": "The appropriateness of such measures must be assessed in a concrete manner, by assessing whether those measures were implemented by that controller taking into account the various criteria referred to in those articles and the data protection needs specifically inherent in the processing concerned a",
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        "excerpt": "Processing must thus fall within one of the cases provided for in that provision (see, to that effect, judgment of 9 January 2025, Mousse, C-394/23 , EU:C:2025:2 , paragraph 25 and the case-law cited).",
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        "excerpt": "Furthermore, since, as Article 4(7) of the GDPR expressly provides, the concept of ‘controller’ relates to the entity which ‘alone or jointly with others’ determines the purposes and means of the processing of personal data, that concept does not necessarily refer to a single entity and may concern ",
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        "excerpt": "The same is true in the case of a search engine, where its activity plays a decisive role in the overall dissemination of personal data in that that activity renders those data publicly accessible online in an organised and aggregated manner (see, to that effect, judgment of 8 December 2022, Google ",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
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        "label_sv": "följer",
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          "ref": "C-667/21",
          "id": "eu:c-667-21",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-667-21"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_276",
          "para_341",
          "para_363",
          "para_420"
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        "excerpt": "In addition to those principles and conditions, there are specific requirements for sensitive data as defined in Article 9(1) of the GDPR, the processing of which is, in principle, prohibited (see, to that effect, judgment of 21 December 2023, Krankenversicherung Nordrhein, C-667/21 , EU:C:2023:1022",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
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          "para_296",
          "para_298",
          "para_300",
          "para_402"
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        "excerpt": "The objective of that broad definition consists, in accordance with the objective pursued by the GDPR, in ensuring effective protection of the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in ensuring a high level of protection of the right of every person to the protection of personal data",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "19b2305dc3bd09d35680618f32feef00a0af5459804cf0868fdd5b44a3b3cf08"
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        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-687/21",
          "id": "eu:c-687-21",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-687-21"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "That principle of accountability of the controller is given expression in particular in Article 24 of the GDPR (see, to that effect, judgment of 25 January 2024, MediaMarktSaturn, C-687/21 , EU:C:2024:72 , paragraph 43 and the case-law cited).",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~follows~c-88-99",
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        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-88/99",
          "id": "eu:c-88-99",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-88-99"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "It is for the Court to extract from all the information provided by the national court, in particular from the grounds of the order for reference, the points of EU law which require interpretation, having regard to the subject matter of the dispute (see, to that effect, judgments of 29 November 1978",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "6cb17666613f57e3b8981247fb5439146cc51d1aacd85ed3cd487749b033b66f"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-204-21",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-204/21",
          "id": "eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_278"
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        "excerpt": "Thus, the Court has held that Article 9(1) of the GDPR applies to processing not only of inherently sensitive data to which that provision relates, but also of data revealing information of that nature indirectly, following an intellectual operation involving deduction or cross-referencing (judgment",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "5ad0d948b803d0e09c2e2b30e34371ac8219581cf075cdcbb688194dc7eab210"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-291-13",
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        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-291/13",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Similarly, it is apparent from the judgment of 11 September 2014, Papasavvas ( C-291/13 , EU:C:2014:2209 ), that the limitations of civil liability specified in Articles 12 to 14 of Directive 2000/31 do not apply to the case of a company which operates a website on which the online version of a news",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "88e97b40dec396283d645615cdf368a1454de36bea6b34abe513dfd5b67dc7dd"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-511-18",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-511/18",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "That provision has been interpreted by the Court as meaning that questions related to the protection of the confidentiality of communications and personal data must be assessed on the basis of the GDPR and Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning ",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-512-18",
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        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
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          "ref": "C-512/18",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "That provision has been interpreted by the Court as meaning that questions related to the protection of the confidentiality of communications and personal data must be assessed on the basis of the GDPR and Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning ",
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        "hash": "354f88a858feb2af51981e5e341f068953f12defb4f8cccd9049b7b37b8311ba"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-520-18",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-520/18",
          "id": null,
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        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_443"
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        "excerpt": "That provision has been interpreted by the Court as meaning that questions related to the protection of the confidentiality of communications and personal data must be assessed on the basis of the GDPR and Directive 2002/58/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2002 concerning ",
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        "hash": "657fb0396c0f86d2484df19061a04bf2925ebf3a48f9d0a4562ae72be753ca57"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-60-22",
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        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-60/22",
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        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Under Article 5(2) of the GDPR, the controller is responsible for compliance with paragraph 1 of that article and must be able to demonstrate its compliance with each of the principles set out in paragraph 1 of that article, the burden of such proof thus being placed on it (judgment of 4 May 2023, B",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "b9a1bd04c817d08fdac1d97fe23400194fccb73c086fedcb23054c38abb35394"
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        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-492-23~cites~c-670-22",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-492-23",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-670/22",
          "id": "eu:c-670-22-62022cj0670",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-670-22-62022cj0670"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_260"
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        "excerpt": "(EncroChat), C-670/22 , EU:C:2024:372 , paragraph 78 ).",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "ef0a9ac6924047b3c8253f99b017de7665855ceb7a8e366101d713a2ac40b791"
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        "to": {
          "ref": "C-710/23",
          "id": "eu:c-710-23-62023cj0710",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-710-23-62023cj0710"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "Information relates to an identified or identifiable natural person where, by reason of its content, purpose or effect, it is linked to an identifiable person (judgment of 3 April 2025, Ministerstvo zdravotnictví (Data concerning the representative of a legal person), C-710/23 , EU:C:2025:231 , para",
        "decided": "2025-12-02",
        "hash": "1c6f1dc1ba59d84269794825a8eae78a6e8499a0f65997dffd584d3eb83952ee"
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        "paragraph_ids": [
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        "excerpt": "It is for the Court to extract from all the information provided by the national court, in particular from the grounds of the order for reference, the points of EU law which require interpretation, having regard to the subject matter of the dispute (see judgments of 29 November 1978, Redmond, 83/78 "
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        "excerpt": "It is for the Court to extract from all the information provided by the national court, in particular from the grounds of the order for reference, the points of EU law which require interpretation, having regard to the subject matter of the dispute (judgments of 29 November 1978, Redmond, 83/78 , EU"
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