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        "excerpt": "The first criterion is the legal classification of the offence under national law, the second is the intrinsic nature of the offence, and the third is the degree of severity of the penalty that the person concerned is liable to incur (see, to that effect, judgments of 5 June 2012, Bonda, C-489/10 , ",
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        "excerpt": "The first criterion is the legal classification of the offence under national law, the second is the intrinsic nature of the offence, and the third is the degree of severity of the penalty that the person concerned is liable to incur (see, to that effect, judgments of 5 June 2012, Bonda, C-489/10 , ",
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        "excerpt": "As the Court has repeatedly held, only the processing of personal data in the course of an activity of the State or of State authorities which was expressly listed in Article 3(2) of Directive 95/46 or in the course of an activity which could be classified in the same category was excluded from the ",
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        "excerpt": "Two essential criteria must be fulfilled before such a limitation can be imposed, namely that those concerned should have acted in good faith and that there should be a risk of serious difficulties (judgments of 6 March 2007, Meilicke, C-292/04 , EU:C:2007:132 , paragraphs 34 and 35 ; of 22 January ",
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        "excerpt": "In that regard, it should be pointed out that the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation throughout the European Union (judgme",
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        "excerpt": "In the present instance, it is not in dispute that the processing of personal data at issue in the main proceedings, namely the public disclosure of data relating to penalty points imposed for road traffic offences, is carried out by a public body, the CSDD, which is the controller within the meanin",
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        ],
        "excerpt": "Two essential criteria must be fulfilled before such a limitation can be imposed, namely that those concerned should have acted in good faith and that there should be a risk of serious difficulties (judgments of 6 March 2007, Meilicke, C-292/04 , EU:C:2007:132 , paragraphs 34 and 35 ; of 22 January ",
        "decided": "2021-06-22",
        "hash": "5f1fbf6edb42e0b6604f8a24ce44b8f334165c02f531a370f6b2350498785b5d"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-439-19~cites~c-432-13",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-439-19",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-432/13",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_428"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Two essential criteria must be fulfilled before such a limitation can be imposed, namely that those concerned should have acted in good faith and that there should be a risk of serious difficulties (judgments of 6 March 2007, Meilicke, C-292/04 , EU:C:2007:132 , paragraphs 34 and 35 ; of 22 January ",
        "decided": "2021-06-22",
        "hash": "0406906ace1d0388378b277a3494cfac3912522025c405472962d2cbf3b0039e"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-439-19~cites~c-673-17",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-439-19",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-673/17",
          "id": "eu:c-673-17-62017cj0673",
          "url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-673-17-62017cj0673"
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_323"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In that regard, it should be pointed out that the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation throughout the European Union (judgme",
        "decided": "2021-06-22",
        "hash": "f55cc6e751f829d77cd3f746a0f980a1bd96c5641695e3e726092fae465c136f"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-439-19~cites~c-92-09",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-439-19",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-92/09",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_388"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In the light, first, of the sensitivity of the data in question and the seriousness of that interference with the fundamental rights of data subjects to respect for private life and to the protection of personal data and, second, of the fact that, having regard to the findings in paragraph 111 above",
        "decided": "2021-06-22",
        "hash": "0726cb676e3f18fcb3faa041214a876d5659d759c27802b4948e3e63aa44729d"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-439-19~cites~c-93-09",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-439-19",
        "to": {
          "ref": "C-93/09",
          "id": null,
          "url": null
        },
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_388"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In the light, first, of the sensitivity of the data in question and the seriousness of that interference with the fundamental rights of data subjects to respect for private life and to the protection of personal data and, second, of the fact that, having regard to the findings in paragraph 111 above",
        "decided": "2021-06-22",
        "hash": "7c98c7ea8098f0714c0d61acdb8b38a4974e047fe5c7e6430e656a550f771b4c"
      }
    ],
    "incoming": [
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:62023cj0313~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:62023cj0313",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:62023cj0313",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_429",
          "para_433"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Article 2 of the GDPR sets out, in paragraphs 2 and 3 thereof, in exhaustive terms, the exceptions to the rule determining the material scope of that regulation laid down in paragraph 1 thereof; those exceptions, in particular the ones provided for in paragraph 2, must be interpreted strictly (see, "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-118-22-62022cj0118~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-118-22-62022cj0118",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-118-22-62022cj0118",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_209",
          "para_211",
          "para_213",
          "para_215"
        ],
        "excerpt": "They must apply only in so far as is strictly necessary and the legislation which entails the limitations in question must lay down clear and precise rules governing the scope and application of those limitations (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty poi"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-184-20~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-184-20",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-184-20",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_318",
          "para_324",
          "para_328",
          "para_334",
          "para_358",
          "para_364",
          "para_400"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In particular, all processing of personal data was required, before the GDPR was applicable, to comply with the principles relating to data quality and the criteria for making data processing legitimate set out in Articles 6 and 7 of that directive and, once the GDPR was applicable, to comply with t"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-188-25~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-188-25",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-188-25",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_119"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Those criteria are cumulative (judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) , C-439/19, EU:C:2021:504, paragraphs 132 and 136 and the case-law cited)."
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-200-23-62023cj0200~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-200-23-62023cj0200",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-200-23-62023cj0200",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_468",
          "para_500",
          "para_502"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Thus, in order that it may be regarded as lawful, processing must fall within one of the cases provided for in Article 6 (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points), C-439/19 , EU:C:2021:504 , paragraph 99 and the case-law cited)."
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-204-21-62021cj0204",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_518",
          "para_519",
          "para_520"
        ],
        "excerpt": "316 It should be noted that, in so far as the exception laid down in Article 2(2)(a) of the GDPR renders inapplicable the system of protection of personal data laid down by that regulation and thus deviates from the objective underlying it, namely to ensure the protection of the fundamental rights a"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-252-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-252-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-252-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_417",
          "para_454"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Second, with regard to the condition that the processing of personal data be necessary for the purposes of the legitimate interests pursued, that condition requires the referring court to ascertain that the legitimate data processing interests pursued cannot reasonably be achieved just as effectivel"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-268-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-268-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-268-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_230"
        ],
        "excerpt": "According to that data minimisation principle, personal data must be adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points), C-439/19 , EU:C:2021:504 , pa"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-300-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-300-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-300-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_120"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In that regard, it should be recalled that, according to settled case-law, the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose of determining its meaning and scope must normally be given an autonomous and uniform interpretation througho"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-306-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-306-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-306-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_170",
          "para_172",
          "para_174",
          "para_176",
          "para_178",
          "para_180"
        ],
        "excerpt": "It must be pointed out that that exception to the applicability of the GDPR must, like the other exceptions laid down in Article 2(2), be interpreted strictly (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points), C-439/19 , EU:C:2021:504 , paragraph 62 and the "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-33-22~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-33-22",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-33-22",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_147",
          "para_175",
          "para_183",
          "para_202"
        ],
        "excerpt": "The activities having the aim of safeguarding national security that are envisaged in Article 2(2)(a) of the GDPR encompass, in particular, those that are intended to protect essential State functions and the fundamental interests of society (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas R"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-352-20-62020cj0352~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-352-20-62020cj0352",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-352-20-62020cj0352",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_283"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In that connection, regarding the interpretation of the concept of ‘remuneration’, for the purposes of applying Directives 2009/65 and 2011/61, it should be borne in mind, first, that the terms of a provision of EU law which makes no express reference to the law of the Member States for the purpose "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-394-23-62023cj0394~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-394-23-62023cj0394",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-394-23-62023cj0394",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_161"
        ],
        "excerpt": "It must be stated, in that regard, that the requirement of necessity relating to the justification relied on is not met where the objective pursued by that processing of data could reasonably be achieved just as effectively by other means less restrictive of the fundamental rights of data subjects, "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-446-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-446-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-446-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_232"
        ],
        "excerpt": "As the Court has held previously, that principle gives expression to the principle of proportionality (see, to that effect, judgments of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points), C-439/19 , EU:C:2021:504 , paragraph 98 and the case-law cited, and of 30 January 2024, Direktor na Glav"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-474-24~distinguishes~c-439-19",
        "type": "distinguishes",
        "label_sv": "särskiljer",
        "from": "eu:c-474-24",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-474-24",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_182",
          "para_185",
          "para_186",
          "para_217",
          "para_218",
          "para_219",
          "para_230",
          "para_254",
          "para_255",
          "para_256",
          "para_259"
        ],
        "excerpt": "117 Unlike the case which gave rise to the judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) (C-439/19, EU:C:2021:504), in which the giving of penalty points on account of the commission of road traffic offences was based on a generally applicable provision, the national legislat"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-484-24-62024cj0484~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-484-24-62024cj0484",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-484-24-62024cj0484",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_444"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Second, Article 5(1)(c) of the GDPR, by providing that personal data undergoing processing must be adequate, relevant and limited to what is necessary in relation to the purposes for which they are processed, makes the processing of personal data subject to observance of the principle of ‘data minim"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-497-20~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-497-20",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-497-20",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_112"
        ],
        "excerpt": "52 On that point, it must be noted at the outset that, by virtue of the principle of primacy of EU law, rules of national law, even of a constitutional order, cannot be allowed to undermine the unity and effectiveness of EU law (judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) ,"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-544-23-62023cj0544~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-544-23-62023cj0544",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-544-23-62023cj0544",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_235",
          "para_237"
        ],
        "excerpt": "However, the application of Article 49 of the Charter extends, even in the case of offences which are not classified as ‘criminal’ under domestic law, to proceedings and to penalties which must be considered to have a criminal nature on the basis of the other two criteria referred to in paragraph 63"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-544-24~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-544-24",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-544-24",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_181",
          "para_187"
        ],
        "excerpt": "By contrast, a measure which merely repairs the damage caused by the offence at issue is not criminal in nature (see, to that effect, judgments of 20 March 2018, Menci, C-524/15 , EU:C:2018:197 , paragraph 31 , and of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points), C-439/19 , EU:C:2021:50"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-60-22~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-60-22",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-60-22",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_290",
          "para_292",
          "para_294"
        ],
        "excerpt": "That list of cases in which the processing of personal data may be regarded as lawful is exhaustive and restrictive, so that, in order that it can be regarded as lawful, processing must fall within one of the cases provided for in the first subparagraph of Article 6(1) of the GDPR (see, to that effe"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-659-22~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-659-22",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-659-22",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_110"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Consequently, it will be for the referring court to ascertain whether the processing introduced by the extraordinary measure, first, observes the principles relating to the processing of data laid down in Article 5 of the GDPR and, second, observes one of the principles relating to the lawfulness of"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-740-22~overrules~c-439-19",
        "type": "overrules",
        "label_sv": "frångår",
        "from": "eu:c-740-22",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-740-22",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_218",
          "para_220",
          "para_222",
          "para_224",
          "para_226",
          "para_232",
          "para_234",
          "para_236",
          "para_238",
          "para_240"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Since such data relate to behaviour that gives rise to social disapproval, the grant of access to those data is liable to stigmatise the data subject and thereby to constitute a serious interference with his or her private or professional life (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-769-22~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-769-22",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-769-22",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_1118"
        ],
        "excerpt": "571 However, it follows from the judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) (C-439/19, EU:C:2021:504, paragraph 110 and the case-law cited), that the criterion of necessity is not fulfilled where the objective of general interest can reasonably be achieved just as effectiv"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-77-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-77-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-77-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_189"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In particular, any processing of personal data must, first, comply with the principles relating to the processing of data established in Article 5 of that regulation and, second, in the light, in particular, of the principle of the lawfulness of processing, laid down in Article 5(1)(a), satisfy one "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-770-24~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-770-24",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-770-24",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_239"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Two essential criteria must be fulfilled before such a limitation can be imposed, namely that those concerned should have acted in good faith and that there should be a risk of serious difficulties, with those criteria being cumulative (judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty p"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-798-24~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-798-24",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-798-24",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_211"
        ],
        "excerpt": "Limitations may therefore be imposed, so long as, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter, they are provided for by law, respect the essence of the fundamental rights and observe the principle of proportionality (judgments of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) , C-439/"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-817-19-62019cj0817~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-817-19-62019cj0817",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-817-19-62019cj0817",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_732",
          "para_734",
          "para_746"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In particular, according to recital 11 of that directive, the GDPR applies to processing of personal data that is carried out by a ‘competent authority’ within the meaning of Article 3(7) of the said directive, but for purposes other than those of that directive (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 "
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-824-25-p~cites~c-439-19",
        "type": "cites",
        "label_sv": "hänvisar till",
        "from": "eu:c-824-25-p",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-824-25-p",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_29"
        ],
        "excerpt": "In that regard, the appellant refers to the judgment of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republikas Saeima (Penalty points) (C-439/19, EU:C:2021:504), from which it is apparent that two conditions must be satisfied before such a restriction is imposed, namely that those concerned must have acted in good faith"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:c-97-21~follows~c-439-19",
        "type": "follows",
        "label_sv": "följer",
        "from": "eu:c-97-21",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:c-97-21",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_157",
          "para_159"
        ],
        "excerpt": "The intrinsic nature of the offence in question and the degree of severity of the penalties which it is liable to entail may result in its being criminal in nature (see, to that effect, judgments of 20 March 2018, Menci, C-524/15 , EU:C:2018:197 , paragraph 30 , and of 22 June 2021, Latvijas Republi"
      },
      {
        "edge_id": "edge:eu:m-l-c-209-23~overrules~c-439-19",
        "type": "overrules",
        "label_sv": "frångår",
        "from": "eu:m-l-c-209-23",
        "from_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obj/precedent/eu:m-l-c-209-23",
        "paragraph_ids": [
          "para_750",
          "para_751",
          "para_752",
          "para_782"
        ],
        "excerpt": "349 Since the data to which Article 10 of the GDPR refers relate to behaviour that gives rise to social disapproval, the grant of access to such data is liable to stigmatise the data subject and thereby to constitute a serious interference with his or her private or professional life (judgment of 22"
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