{ "attribution": { "source": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "cite_as": "NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24)", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision", "version": "legal-2026-10-25", "fingerprint": "ewai:us:f678ac", "proof": "sha256:4af10e8db2b2a48536608056d8ac3bbf0a65272f8d7367cbc02288e4499e19ed", "jurisdiction": "us", "lang": "en", "publisher": "NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal", "terms": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om" }, "brand_source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "item": { "schema_version": "1.0.0", "id": "us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "jurisdiction": "us", "lang": "en", "brand_source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "brand": { "product": "NovaCopilot", "platform": "ExploreWorldAI", "infrastructure": "ExploreWorld Legal", "infrastructure_url": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "legal_entity": "Valkiv Ventures AB", "permanent_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot", "source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "powered_by": "Powered by NovaCopilot", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor" }, "sections": [ { "title": "Front matter", "paragraphs": [ "para_1", "para_2", "para_3", "para_4", "para_5", "para_6", "para_7", "para_8", "para_9", "para_10", "para_11", "para_12", "para_13", "para_14", "para_15", "para_16", "para_17", "para_18", "para_19", "para_20", "para_21", "para_22", "para_23", "para_24", "para_25", "para_26", "para_27", "para_28", "para_29", "para_30", "para_31", "para_32", "para_33", "para_34", "para_35", "para_36", "para_37", "para_38", "para_39", "para_40", "para_41", "para_42", "para_43", "para_44", "para_45", "para_46", "para_47", "para_48", "para_49", "para_50", "para_51", "para_52", "para_53", "para_54", "para_55", "para_56", "para_57", "para_58", "para_59", "para_60", "para_61", "para_62", "para_63", "para_64", "para_65", "para_66", "para_67", "para_68", "para_69", "para_70", "para_71", "para_72", "para_73", "para_74", "para_75", "para_76", "para_77", "para_78", "para_79", "para_80", "para_81", "para_82", "para_83", "para_84", "para_85", "para_86", "para_87", "para_88", "para_89", "para_90", "para_91", "para_92", "para_93", "para_94", "para_95", "para_96", "para_97", "para_98", "para_99", "para_100", "para_101", "para_102", "para_103", "para_104", "para_105", "para_106", "para_107", "para_108", "para_109", "para_110", "para_111", "para_112", "para_113", "para_114", "para_115", "para_116", "para_117", "para_118", "para_119", "para_120", "para_121", "para_122", "para_123", "para_124", "para_125", "para_126", "para_127", "para_128", "para_129", "para_130", "para_131", "para_132", "para_133", "para_134", "para_135", "para_136", "para_137", "para_138", "para_139", "para_140", "para_141", "para_142", "para_143", "para_144", "para_145", "para_146", "para_147", "para_148", "para_149", "para_150", "para_151", "para_152", "para_153", "para_154", "para_155", "para_156", "para_157", "para_158", "para_159", "para_160", "para_161", "para_162", "para_163", "para_164", "para_165", "para_166", "para_167", "para_168", "para_169", "para_170", "para_171", "para_172", "para_173", "para_174", "para_175", "para_176", "para_177", "para_178", "para_179", "para_180", "para_181", "para_182", "para_183", "para_184", "para_185", "para_186", "para_187", "para_188", "para_189", "para_190", "para_191", "para_192", "para_193", "para_194", "para_195", "para_196", "para_197", "para_198", "para_199", "para_200", "para_201", "para_202", "para_203", "para_204", "para_205", "para_206", "para_207", "para_208", "para_209", "para_210", "para_211", "para_212", "para_213", "para_214", "para_215", "para_216", "para_217", "para_218", "para_219", "para_220", "para_221", "para_222", "para_223", "para_224", "para_225", "para_226", "para_227", "para_228", "para_229", "para_230", "para_231", "para_232", "para_233", "para_234", "para_235", "para_236", "para_237", "para_238", "para_239", "para_240", "para_241", "para_242", "para_243", "para_244", "para_245", "para_246", "para_247", "para_248", "para_249", "para_250", "para_251", "para_252", "para_253", "para_254", "para_255", "para_256", "para_257", "para_258", "para_259", "para_260", "para_261", "para_262", "para_263", "para_264", "para_265", "para_266", "para_267", "para_268", "para_269", "para_270", "para_271", "para_272", "para_273", "para_274", "para_275", "para_276", "para_277", "para_278", "para_279", "para_280", "para_281", "para_282", "para_283", "para_284", "para_285", "para_286", "para_287", "para_288", "para_289", "para_290", "para_291", "para_292", "para_293", "para_294", "para_295", "para_296", "para_297", "para_298", "para_299", "para_300", "para_301", "para_302", "para_303", "para_304", "para_305", "para_306", "para_307", "para_308", "para_309", "para_310", "para_311", "para_312", "para_313", "para_314", "para_315", "para_316", "para_317", "para_318", "para_319", "para_320", "para_321", "para_322", "para_323", "para_324", "para_325", "para_326", "para_327", "para_328", "para_329", "para_330", "para_331", "para_332", "para_333", "para_334", "para_335", "para_336", "para_337", "para_338", "para_339", "para_340", "para_341", "para_342", "para_343", "para_344", "para_345", "para_346", "para_347", "para_348", "para_349", "para_350", "para_351", "para_352", "para_353", "para_354", "para_355", "para_356", "para_357", "para_358", "para_359", "para_360", "para_361", "para_362", "para_363", "para_364", "para_365", "para_366", "para_367", "para_368", "para_369", "para_370", "para_371", "para_372", "para_373", "para_374", "para_375", "para_376", "para_377", "para_378", "para_379", "para_380", "para_381", "para_382", "para_383", "para_384", "para_385", "para_386", "para_387", "para_388", "para_389", "para_390", "para_391", "para_392", "para_393", "para_394", "para_395", "para_396", "para_397", "para_398", "para_399", "para_400", "para_401", "para_402", "para_403", "para_404", "para_405", "para_406", "para_407", "para_408", "para_409", "para_410", "para_411", "para_412", "para_413", "para_414", "para_415", "para_416", "para_417", "para_418", "para_419", "para_420", "para_421", "para_422", "para_423", "para_424", "para_425", "para_426", "para_427", "para_428", "para_429", "para_430", "para_431", "para_432", "para_433", "para_434", "para_435", "para_436", "para_437", "para_438", "para_439", "para_440", "para_441", "para_442", "para_443", "para_444", "para_445", "para_446", "para_447", "para_448", "para_449", "para_450", "para_451", "para_452", "para_453", "para_454", "para_455", "para_456", "para_457", "para_458", "para_459", "para_460", "para_461", "para_462", "para_463", "para_464", "para_465", "para_466", "para_467", "para_468", "para_469", "para_470", "para_471", "para_472", "para_473", "para_474", "para_475", "para_476", "para_477", "para_478", "para_479", "para_480", "para_481", "para_482", "para_483", "para_484", "para_485", "para_486", "para_487", "para_488", "para_489", "para_490", "para_491", "para_492", "para_493", "para_494", "para_495", "para_496", "para_497", "para_498", "para_499", "para_500", "para_501", "para_502", "para_503", "para_504", "para_505", "para_506", "para_507", "para_508", "para_509", "para_510", "para_511", "para_512", "para_513", "para_514", "para_515", "para_516", "para_517", "para_518", "para_519", "para_520", "para_521", "para_522", "para_523", "para_524", "para_525", "para_526", "para_527", "para_528", "para_529", "para_530", "para_531", "para_532", "para_533", "para_534", "para_535", "para_536", "para_537", "para_538", "para_539", "para_540", "para_541", "para_542", "para_543", "para_544", "para_545", "para_546", "para_547", "para_548", "para_549", "para_550", "para_551", "para_552", "para_553", "para_554", "para_555", "para_556", "para_557", "para_558", "para_559", "para_560", "para_561", "para_562", "para_563", "para_564", "para_565", "para_566", "para_567", "para_568", "para_569", "para_570", "para_571", "para_572", "para_573", "para_574", "para_575", "para_576", "para_577", "para_578", "para_579", "para_580", "para_581", "para_582", "para_583", "para_584", "para_585", "para_586", "para_587", "para_588", "para_589", "para_590", "para_591", "para_592", "para_593", "para_594", "para_595", "para_596", "para_597", "para_598", "para_599", "para_600", "para_601", "para_602", "para_603", "para_604", "para_605", "para_606", "para_607", "para_608", "para_609", "para_610", "para_611", "para_612", "para_613", "para_614", "para_615", "para_616", "para_617", "para_618", "para_619", "para_620", "para_621", "para_622", "para_623", "para_624", "para_625", "para_626", "para_627", "para_628", "para_629", "para_630", "para_631", "para_632", "para_633", "para_634", "para_635", "para_636", "para_637", "para_638", "para_639", "para_640", "para_641", "para_642", "para_643", "para_644", "para_645", "para_646", "para_647", "para_648", "para_649", "para_650", "para_651", "para_652", "para_653", "para_654", "para_655", "para_656", "para_657", "para_658", "para_659", "para_660", "para_661", "para_662", "para_663", "para_664", "para_665", "para_666", "para_667", "para_668", "para_669", "para_670", "para_671", "para_672", "para_673", "para_674", "para_675", "para_676", "para_677", "para_678", "para_679", "para_680", "para_681", "para_682", "para_683", "para_684", "para_685", "para_686", "para_687", "para_688", "para_689", "para_690", "para_691", "para_692", "para_693", "para_694", "para_695", "para_696", "para_697", "para_698", "para_699", "para_700", "para_701", "para_702", "para_703", "para_704", "para_705", "para_706", "para_707", "para_708", "para_709", "para_710", "para_711", "para_712", "para_713", "para_714", "para_715", "para_716", "para_717", "para_718", "para_719", "para_720", "para_721", "para_722", "para_723", "para_724", "para_725", "para_726", "para_727", "para_728", "para_729", "para_730", "para_731", "para_732", "para_733", "para_734", "para_735", "para_736", "para_737", "para_738", "para_739", "para_740", "para_741", "para_742", "para_743", "para_744", "para_745", "para_746", "para_747", "para_748", "para_749", "para_750", "para_751", "para_752", "para_753", "para_754", "para_755", "para_756", "para_757", "para_758", "para_759", "para_760", "para_761", "para_762", "para_763", "para_764", "para_765", "para_766", "para_767", "para_768", "para_769", "para_770", "para_771", "para_772", "para_773", "para_774", "para_775", "para_776", "para_777", "para_778", "para_779", "para_780", "para_781", "para_782", "para_783", "para_784", "para_785", "para_786", "para_787", "para_788", "para_789", "para_790", "para_791", "para_792", "para_793", "para_794", "para_795", "para_796", "para_797", "para_798", "para_799", "para_800", "para_801", "para_802", "para_803", "para_804", "para_805", "para_806", "para_807", "para_808", "para_809", "para_810", "para_811", "para_812", "para_813", "para_814", "para_815", "para_816", "para_817", "para_818", "para_819", "para_820", "para_821", "para_822", "para_823", "para_824", "para_825", "para_826", "para_827", "para_828", "para_829", "para_830", "para_831", "para_832", "para_833", "para_834", "para_835", "para_836", "para_837", "para_838", "para_839", "para_840", "para_841", "para_842", "para_843", "para_844", "para_845", "para_846", "para_847", "para_848", "para_849", "para_850", "para_851", "para_852", "para_853", "para_854", "para_855", "para_856", "para_857", "para_858", "para_859", "para_860", "para_861", "para_862", "para_863", "para_864", "para_865", "para_866", "para_867", "para_868", "para_869", "para_870", "para_871", "para_872", "para_873", "para_874", "para_875", "para_876", "para_877", "para_878", "para_879", "para_880", "para_881", "para_882", "para_883", "para_884", "para_885", "para_886", "para_887", "para_888", "para_889", "para_890", "para_891", "para_892", "para_893", "para_894", "para_895", "para_896", "para_897", "para_898", "para_899", "para_900", "para_901", "para_902", "para_903", "para_904", "para_905", "para_906", "para_907", "para_908", "para_909", "para_910", "para_911", "para_912", "para_913", "para_914", "para_915", "para_916", "para_917", "para_918", "para_919", "para_920", "para_921", "para_922", "para_923", "para_924", "para_925", "para_926", "para_927", "para_928", "para_929", "para_930", "para_931", "para_932", "para_933", "para_934", "para_935", "para_936", "para_937", "para_938", "para_939", "para_940", "para_941", "para_942", "para_943", "para_944", "para_945", "para_946", "para_947", "para_948", "para_949", "para_950", "para_951", "para_952", "para_953", "para_954", "para_955", "para_956", "para_957", "para_958", "para_959", "para_960", "para_961", "para_962", "para_963", "para_964", "para_965", "para_966", "para_967", "para_968", "para_969", "para_970", "para_971", "para_972", "para_973", "para_974", "para_975", "para_976", "para_977", "para_978", "para_979", "para_980", "para_981", "para_982", "para_983", "para_984", "para_985", "para_986", "para_987", "para_988", "para_989", "para_990", "para_991", "para_992", "para_993", "para_994", "para_995", "para_996", "para_997", "para_998", "para_999", "para_1000", "para_1001", "para_1002", "para_1003", "para_1004", "para_1005", "para_1006", "para_1007", "para_1008", "para_1009", "para_1010", "para_1011", "para_1012", "para_1013", "para_1014", "para_1015", "para_1016", "para_1017", "para_1018", "para_1019", "para_1020", "para_1021", "para_1022", "para_1023", "para_1024", "para_1025", "para_1026", "para_1027", "para_1028", "para_1029", "para_1030", "para_1031", "para_1032", "para_1033", "para_1034", "para_1035", "para_1036", "para_1037", "para_1038", "para_1039", "para_1040", "para_1041", "para_1042", "para_1043", "para_1044", "para_1045", "para_1046", "para_1047", "para_1048", "para_1049", "para_1050", "para_1051", "para_1052", "para_1053", "para_1054", "para_1055", "para_1056", "para_1057", "para_1058", "para_1059", "para_1060", "para_1061", "para_1062", "para_1063", "para_1064", "para_1065", "para_1066", "para_1067", "para_1068", "para_1069", "para_1070", "para_1071", "para_1072", "para_1073", "para_1074", "para_1075", "para_1076", "para_1077", "para_1078", "para_1079", "para_1080", "para_1081", "para_1082", "para_1083", "para_1084", "para_1085", "para_1086", "para_1087", "para_1088", "para_1089", "para_1090", "para_1091", "para_1092", "para_1093", "para_1094", "para_1095", "para_1096", "para_1097", "para_1098", "para_1099", "para_1100", "para_1101", "para_1102", "para_1103", "para_1104", "para_1105", "para_1106", "para_1107", "para_1108", "para_1109", "para_1110", "para_1111", "para_1112" ], "kind": "front_matter" } ], "paragraphs": [ { "text": "FIRST DIVISION", "paragraph_id": "para_1" }, { "text": "FILED: January 24, 2011", "paragraph_id": "para_2" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_3" }, { "text": "WALTER P. MAKSYM and THOMAS L.", "paragraph_id": "para_4" }, { "text": "McMAHON,", "paragraph_id": "para_5" }, { "text": "Petitioners-Appellants,", "paragraph_id": "para_6" }, { "text": "v.", "paragraph_id": "para_7" }, { "text": "THE BOARD OF ELECTION", "paragraph_id": "para_8" }, { "text": "COMMISSIONERS OF THE CITY OF", "paragraph_id": "para_9" }, { "text": "CHICAGO, et al.,", "paragraph_id": "para_10" }, { "text": "(RAHM EMANUEL,", "paragraph_id": "para_11" }, { "text": "Respondent-Appellee).", "paragraph_id": "para_12" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_13" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_14" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_15" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_16" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_17" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_18" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_19" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_20" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_21" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_22" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_23" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_24" }, { "text": ")", "paragraph_id": "para_25" }, { "text": "APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT", "paragraph_id": "para_26" }, { "text": "COURT OF COOK COUNTY", "paragraph_id": "para_27" }, { "text": "No. 2010 COEL 020", "paragraph_id": "para_28" }, { "text": "HONORABLE", "paragraph_id": "para_29" }, { "text": "MARK J. BALLARD,", "paragraph_id": "para_30" }, { "text": "JUDGE PRESIDING.", "paragraph_id": "para_31" }, { "text": "_________________________________________________________________", "paragraph_id": "para_32" }, { "text": "JUSTICE HOFFMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with", "paragraph_id": "para_33" }, { "text": "opinion.", "paragraph_id": "para_34" }, { "text": "Presiding Justice Hall concurred in the judgment and opinion.", "paragraph_id": "para_35" }, { "text": "Justice Lampkin dissented, with opinion.", "paragraph_id": "para_36" }, { "text": "OPINION", "paragraph_id": "para_37" }, { "text": "The petitioners, Walter P. Maksym, Jr., and Thomas L. McMahon,", "paragraph_id": "para_38" }, { "text": "filed written objections to the candidacy of the respondent, Rahm", "paragraph_id": "para_39" }, { "text": "Emanuel (the candidate), who seeks to be a candidate for Mayor of", "paragraph_id": "para_40" }, { "text": "the City of Chicago in the Municipal General Election to be held on", "paragraph_id": "para_41" }, { "text": "February 22, 2011. After an evidentiary hearing, the Board of", "paragraph_id": "para_42" }, { "text": "Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago (the Board) dismissed", "paragraph_id": "para_43" }, { "text": "the objections and ruled that the candidate was entitled to have", "paragraph_id": "para_44" }, { "text": "his name included on the ballot as a mayoral candidate. The", "paragraph_id": "para_45" }, { "text": "petitioners sought judicial review in the circuit court of Cook", "paragraph_id": "para_46" }, { "text": "County, which confirmed the decision of the Board. The petitioners", "paragraph_id": "para_47" }, { "text": "now appeal. For the reasons that follow, we reverse the circuit", "paragraph_id": "para_48" }, { "text": "court’s judgment, set aside the Board’s decision, and order that", "paragraph_id": "para_49" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_50" }, { "text": "2", "paragraph_id": "para_51" }, { "text": "the candidate’s name be excluded (or, if necessary, removed) from", "paragraph_id": "para_52", "court_paragraph": 2 }, { "text": "the ballot for Chicago’s February 22, 2011, mayoral election.", "paragraph_id": "para_53" }, { "text": "Although the parties engaged in an extensive evidentiary", "paragraph_id": "para_54" }, { "text": "hearing prior to the Board’s decision, the pertinent facts are", "paragraph_id": "para_55" }, { "text": "largely undisputed on appeal. It suffices for our purposes to", "paragraph_id": "para_56" }, { "text": "summarize and adopt the hearing officer’s factual findings, which", "paragraph_id": "para_57" }, { "text": "the Board adopted and which we hereinafter refer to as the Board’s", "paragraph_id": "para_58" }, { "text": "findings. In so doing, we conclude that those findings were not", "paragraph_id": "para_59" }, { "text": "against the manifest weight of the evidence. See Cinkus v. Village", "paragraph_id": "para_60" }, { "text": "of Stickney Municipal Officers Electoral Board, 228 Ill. 2d 200,", "paragraph_id": "para_61" }, { "text": "210, 886 N.E.2d 1011 (2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_62" }, { "text": "The candidate was born in Chicago and, in December 1998,", "paragraph_id": "para_63" }, { "text": "purchased a Chicago home (the Hermitage house), which he still", "paragraph_id": "para_64" }, { "text": "owns. The candidate lived with his family in that home from 1998", "paragraph_id": "para_65" }, { "text": "through January 2009. On January 2, 2009, the candidate, who had", "paragraph_id": "para_66" }, { "text": "up to then served as a member of the United States House of", "paragraph_id": "para_67" }, { "text": "Representatives elected from the district that included the", "paragraph_id": "para_68" }, { "text": "Hermitage house, resigned his office in order to serve in", "paragraph_id": "para_69" }, { "text": "Washington, D.C., as Chief of Staff to the President of the United", "paragraph_id": "para_70" }, { "text": "States. After traveling to Washington, D.C., he and his spouse", "paragraph_id": "para_71" }, { "text": "purchased additional land adjoining their Chicago property.", "paragraph_id": "para_72" }, { "text": "From January through May 2009, the candidate lived in an \"in-", "paragraph_id": "para_73" }, { "text": "law apartment\" in Washington, D.C., while his family remained in", "paragraph_id": "para_74" }, { "text": "the Hermitage house. From June 2009 until October 1, 2010, the", "paragraph_id": "para_75" }, { "text": "candidate, and his family, lived in a Washington, D.C., house (the", "paragraph_id": "para_76" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_77" }, { "text": "3", "paragraph_id": "para_78" }, { "text": "Woodley House) that was leased for the term spanning June 1, 2009,", "paragraph_id": "para_79", "court_paragraph": 3 }, { "text": "through June 30, 2011. The family received their mail at the", "paragraph_id": "para_80" }, { "text": "Woodley house and moved most of their clothes and personal", "paragraph_id": "para_81" }, { "text": "belongings to Washington, D.C. They did, however, leave behind at", "paragraph_id": "para_82" }, { "text": "the Hermitage house several larger household items, including", "paragraph_id": "para_83" }, { "text": "televisions, a piano, and a bed, as well as several personal", "paragraph_id": "para_84" }, { "text": "possessions such as family heirlooms and books. The candidate’s", "paragraph_id": "para_85" }, { "text": "Hermitage house was leased to another family for the term of", "paragraph_id": "para_86" }, { "text": "September 1, 2009, through June 30, 2011.", "paragraph_id": "para_87" }, { "text": "At all relevant times, including the time he was in", "paragraph_id": "para_88" }, { "text": "Washington, D.C., the candidate continued to pay property taxes for", "paragraph_id": "para_89" }, { "text": "the Hermitage house, continued to hold an Illinois driver’s license", "paragraph_id": "para_90" }, { "text": "listing the Hermitage house as his address, continued to list the", "paragraph_id": "para_91" }, { "text": "Hermitage house address on his personal checks, and continued to", "paragraph_id": "para_92" }, { "text": "vote with the Hermitage house as his registered voting address. He", "paragraph_id": "para_93" }, { "text": "did, however, pay income tax in 2009 and 2010 to both Washington,", "paragraph_id": "para_94" }, { "text": "D.C., and Illinois.", "paragraph_id": "para_95" }, { "text": "On October 1, 2010, the candidate resigned his position of", "paragraph_id": "para_96" }, { "text": "Chief of Staff to the President of the United States and entered", "paragraph_id": "para_97" }, { "text": "into a lease to live in an apartment located on Milwaukee Avenue in", "paragraph_id": "para_98" }, { "text": "Chicago from October 1, 2010, through June 30, 2011. He has lived", "paragraph_id": "para_99" }, { "text": "in that apartment since October 1, 2010. In his testimony, the", "paragraph_id": "para_100" }, { "text": "candidate explained that he had always expected to serve as Chief", "paragraph_id": "para_101" }, { "text": "of Staff to the President for approximately 18 to 24 months before", "paragraph_id": "para_102" }, { "text": "returning to live in the Hermitage house.", "paragraph_id": "para_103" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_104" }, { "text": "4", "paragraph_id": "para_105" }, { "text": "From these facts, the Election Board concluded that the", "paragraph_id": "para_106", "court_paragraph": 4 }, { "text": "candidate met the qualification for candidacy, contained in", "paragraph_id": "para_107" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(a) of the Illinois Municipal Code (Municipal", "paragraph_id": "para_108" }, { "text": "Code) (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008)), mandating that he have", "paragraph_id": "para_109" }, { "text": "\"resided in\" Chicago for the one year preceding the February 22,", "paragraph_id": "para_110" }, { "text": "2011 mayoral election. The Board based this conclusion on the", "paragraph_id": "para_111" }, { "text": "evidence that the candidate maintained significant contacts with", "paragraph_id": "para_112" }, { "text": "Chicago, intended to return to Chicago and to the Hermitage house,", "paragraph_id": "para_113" }, { "text": "and had lived in Washington, D.C., solely for the purpose of", "paragraph_id": "para_114" }, { "text": "working for the President. The petitioners filed a petition for", "paragraph_id": "para_115" }, { "text": "judicial review in the circuit court, and, following the circuit", "paragraph_id": "para_116" }, { "text": "court’s confirmation of the Board’s decision, they now appeal.", "paragraph_id": "para_117" }, { "text": "The standards for our review of an electoral board decision", "paragraph_id": "para_118" }, { "text": "mirror those applicable to review of an administrative agency", "paragraph_id": "para_119" }, { "text": "decision. Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 209-10. Thus, for any given", "paragraph_id": "para_120" }, { "text": "issue, our standard of review, which embodies the level of", "paragraph_id": "para_121" }, { "text": "deference we afford the agency on that issue, depends on whether", "paragraph_id": "para_122" }, { "text": "the issue is one of law, one of fact, or a mixed question of law", "paragraph_id": "para_123" }, { "text": "and fact. AFM Messenger Service, Inc. v. Department of Employment", "paragraph_id": "para_124" }, { "text": "Security, 198 Ill. 2d 380, 390, 763 N.E.2d 272 (2001). An", "paragraph_id": "para_125" }, { "text": "electoral board's decisions on questions of law are not binding on", "paragraph_id": "para_126" }, { "text": "a reviewing court, which will review such questions under the", "paragraph_id": "para_127" }, { "text": "nondeferential de novo standard. Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 210-11.", "paragraph_id": "para_128" }, { "text": "An electoral board's findings of fact, however, are deemed prima", "paragraph_id": "para_129" }, { "text": "facie true and correct and will not be overturned on appeal unless", "paragraph_id": "para_130" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_131" }, { "text": "5", "paragraph_id": "para_132" }, { "text": "they are against the manifest weight of the evidence. Cinkus, 228", "paragraph_id": "para_133", "court_paragraph": 5 }, { "text": "Ill. 2d at 210; 735 ILCS 5/3-110 (West 2008). An electoral board's", "paragraph_id": "para_134" }, { "text": "rulings on mixed questions of law and fact--questions on which the", "paragraph_id": "para_135" }, { "text": "historical facts are admitted, the rule of law is undisputed, and", "paragraph_id": "para_136" }, { "text": "the only remaining issue is whether the facts satisfy a statutory", "paragraph_id": "para_137" }, { "text": "standard with which the Board has expertise--will not be disturbed", "paragraph_id": "para_138" }, { "text": "on review unless clearly erroneous. Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 211.", "paragraph_id": "para_139" }, { "text": "The issues in this appeal distill essentially to two: whether", "paragraph_id": "para_140" }, { "text": "the candidate meets the Municipal Code’s requirement that he have", "paragraph_id": "para_141" }, { "text": "\"resided in the municipality at least one year next preceding the", "paragraph_id": "para_142" }, { "text": "election\" (65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008)), and, if not, whether", "paragraph_id": "para_143" }, { "text": "he is exempt from that requirement under the Election Code", "paragraph_id": "para_144" }, { "text": "provision stating that \"no elector *** shall be deemed to have lost", "paragraph_id": "para_145" }, { "text": "his or her residence *** by reason of his or her absence on", "paragraph_id": "para_146" }, { "text": "business of the United States\" (10 ILCS 5/3-2 (West 2008)). Each", "paragraph_id": "para_147" }, { "text": "of these issues presents, first, a legal question requiring", "paragraph_id": "para_148" }, { "text": "construction of the relevant statutory provisions, and, second,", "paragraph_id": "para_149" }, { "text": "assuming the Board applied the correct standard (see Du Page County", "paragraph_id": "para_150" }, { "text": "Airport Authority v. Department of Revenue, 358 Ill. App. 3d 476,", "paragraph_id": "para_151" }, { "text": "498 n.4, 831 N.E.2d 30 (2005)), a mixed question of law and fact", "paragraph_id": "para_152" }, { "text": "regarding the Board’s application of that standard. We review the", "paragraph_id": "para_153" }, { "text": "legal questions de novo and any mixed questions under the clearly", "paragraph_id": "para_154" }, { "text": "erroneous standard.", "paragraph_id": "para_155" }, { "text": "We begin by analyzing the statutory requirements to be a", "paragraph_id": "para_156" }, { "text": "candidate for municipal office, which are located in subsection", "paragraph_id": "para_157" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_158" }, { "text": "6", "paragraph_id": "para_159" }, { "text": "3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code:", "paragraph_id": "para_160", "court_paragraph": 6 }, { "text": "\"A person is not eligible for an elective municipal", "paragraph_id": "para_161" }, { "text": "office unless that person is a qualified elector of the", "paragraph_id": "para_162" }, { "text": "municipality and has resided in the municipality at least one", "paragraph_id": "para_163" }, { "text": "year next preceding the election or appointment ***.\" 65 ILCS", "paragraph_id": "para_164" }, { "text": "5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_165" }, { "text": "In its decision, to determine whether the candidate met the", "paragraph_id": "para_166" }, { "text": "Municipal Code’s requirement that he have \"resided in\" the", "paragraph_id": "para_167" }, { "text": "municipality for one year, the Board applied the test for residency", "paragraph_id": "para_168" }, { "text": "that has been used for voter qualification under the Election Code.", "paragraph_id": "para_169" }, { "text": "This approach is supported by several appellate court decisions", "paragraph_id": "para_170" }, { "text": "that, without discussion, equate residency requirements imposed on", "paragraph_id": "para_171" }, { "text": "voters with requirements that a candidate \"resided in\" his or her", "paragraph_id": "para_172" }, { "text": "political unit. See e.g., People ex rel. Madigan v. Baumgartner,", "paragraph_id": "para_173" }, { "text": "355 Ill. App. 3d 842, 847-48, 823 N.E.2d 1144 (2005) (stating only", "paragraph_id": "para_174" }, { "text": "that it would treat the terms as synonymous \"because eligibility to", "paragraph_id": "para_175" }, { "text": "run for office is closely linked to the ability to vote within a", "paragraph_id": "para_176" }, { "text": "particular jurisdiction\"); Walsh v. County Officers Electoral Board", "paragraph_id": "para_177" }, { "text": "of Cook County, 267 Ill. App. 3d 972, 976, 642 N.E.2d 843 (1994)", "paragraph_id": "para_178" }, { "text": "(assuming implicitly that the terms were synonymous); Delk v. Board", "paragraph_id": "para_179" }, { "text": "of Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago, 112 Ill. App. 3d", "paragraph_id": "para_180" }, { "text": "735, 738, 445 N.E.2d 1232 (1983).", "paragraph_id": "para_181" }, { "text": "Neither the Board nor the parties have, however, referred us", "paragraph_id": "para_182" }, { "text": "to any supreme court opinion ratifying, adopting, or directly", "paragraph_id": "para_183" }, { "text": "addressing this approach. The only cited supreme court case to", "paragraph_id": "para_184" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_185" }, { "text": "7", "paragraph_id": "para_186" }, { "text": "approach the issue is Smith v. People ex rel. Frisbie, 44 Ill. 16", "paragraph_id": "para_187", "court_paragraph": 7 }, { "text": "(1867), a quo warranto action decided under the presumption that", "paragraph_id": "para_188" }, { "text": "the candidate had a right to the office to which he had been", "paragraph_id": "para_189" }, { "text": "appointed and in which the court required the objectors to", "paragraph_id": "para_190" }, { "text": "establish the candidate’s disqualification by \"clear and", "paragraph_id": "para_191" }, { "text": "satisfactory\" proof. See Smith, 44 Ill. at 24-25. We know of no", "paragraph_id": "para_192" }, { "text": "similar presumption applicable to this case, and the objectors here", "paragraph_id": "para_193" }, { "text": "bore the less stringent burden to prove the candidate’s", "paragraph_id": "para_194" }, { "text": "disqualification by a preponderance of the evidence. See Board of", "paragraph_id": "para_195" }, { "text": "Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago, Rules of Procedure", "paragraph_id": "para_196" }, { "text": "10 (\"[T]he objector must bear the burden of proving by operation of", "paragraph_id": "para_197" }, { "text": "law and by a preponderance of the *** evidence *** that the", "paragraph_id": "para_198" }, { "text": "objections are true.\").", "paragraph_id": "para_199" }, { "text": "In addition, although the supreme court’s discussion in Smith", "paragraph_id": "para_200" }, { "text": "was based nominally on principles of \"residence,\" it appears from", "paragraph_id": "para_201" }, { "text": "its analysis that it actually applied concepts of domicile.", "paragraph_id": "para_202" }, { "text": "Despite the facts that the officeholder had left Illinois with his", "paragraph_id": "para_203" }, { "text": "family and had rented out his Illinois home, the supreme court", "paragraph_id": "para_204" }, { "text": "concluded, based solely on the officeholder’s intent to return,", "paragraph_id": "para_205" }, { "text": "that he retained his \"residence\" in Illinois. See Smith, 44 Ill.", "paragraph_id": "para_206" }, { "text": "at 24-25. This intent-based analysis is the defining", "paragraph_id": "para_207" }, { "text": "characteristic of the principle of domicile, a legal status that,", "paragraph_id": "para_208" }, { "text": "once acquired, can be \"retained, animo solo, by the mere intention", "paragraph_id": "para_209" }, { "text": "not to change it and adopt another.\" Hayes v. Hayes, 74 Ill. 2d", "paragraph_id": "para_210" }, { "text": "312, 314 (1874). Since Smith was decided, however, our supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_211" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_212" }, { "text": "8", "paragraph_id": "para_213" }, { "text": "court has explained unequivocally that \"it is elemental that", "paragraph_id": "para_214", "court_paragraph": 8 }, { "text": "domicile and residence are not synonymous.\" Pope v. Board of", "paragraph_id": "para_215" }, { "text": "Election Commissioners, 370 Ill. 196, 202, 18 N.E.2d 214 (1938).", "paragraph_id": "para_216" }, { "text": "As the supreme court further explained in Pope, the legal concept", "paragraph_id": "para_217" }, { "text": "of \"residence\" requires a permanent abode. Pope, 370 Ill. at 200.", "paragraph_id": "para_218" }, { "text": "Accordingly, to the extent that Smith might establish that a voter", "paragraph_id": "para_219" }, { "text": "or candidate could meet a residency requirement through intent", "paragraph_id": "para_220" }, { "text": "alone, without any permanent abode, the supreme court has since", "paragraph_id": "para_221" }, { "text": "abandoned Smith’s approach. For this reason, along with the above-", "paragraph_id": "para_222" }, { "text": "discussed reasons, we do not view Smith as controlling this case.", "paragraph_id": "para_223" }, { "text": "Aside from Smith, the candidate urges that the test to be", "paragraph_id": "para_224" }, { "text": "applied in determining whether he has resided within Chicago for", "paragraph_id": "para_225" }, { "text": "one year prior to the February 22 mayoral election is the same as", "paragraph_id": "para_226" }, { "text": "the test for determining residency under the Election Code. He", "paragraph_id": "para_227" }, { "text": "bases this argument, in part, upon the assertion that the Election", "paragraph_id": "para_228" }, { "text": "Code and the Municipal Code should be interpreted in pari materia.", "paragraph_id": "para_229" }, { "text": "See Cinkus, 228 Ill. 2d at 218-19. The doctrine of in pari", "paragraph_id": "para_230" }, { "text": "materia, however, does not dictate that terms in separate statutes", "paragraph_id": "para_231" }, { "text": "be given identical meanings; it dictates only that separate", "paragraph_id": "para_232" }, { "text": "statutes bearing on the same subject matter be given harmonious", "paragraph_id": "para_233" }, { "text": "interpretation. E.g., Gerard v. White, 356 Ill. App. 3d 11, 17,", "paragraph_id": "para_234" }, { "text": "826 N.E.2d 517 (2005). We, therefore, do not view the doctrine of", "paragraph_id": "para_235" }, { "text": "in pari materia as a bar to distinguishing the Election Code’s", "paragraph_id": "para_236" }, { "text": "residency requirement from the Municipal Code’s one-year \"reside", "paragraph_id": "para_237" }, { "text": "in\" requirement for candidates. In fact, as we discuss below, we", "paragraph_id": "para_238" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_239" }, { "text": "9", "paragraph_id": "para_240" }, { "text": "view the doctrine, which is actually an outgrowth of the more", "paragraph_id": "para_241", "court_paragraph": 9 }, { "text": "general rule that courts should consider statutory provisions in", "paragraph_id": "para_242" }, { "text": "light of the entire relevant statutory scheme (Gerard, 356 Ill.", "paragraph_id": "para_243" }, { "text": "App. 3d at 17), as support for our conclusion that the requirements", "paragraph_id": "para_244" }, { "text": "of the Election Code and the Municipal Code, although", "paragraph_id": "para_245" }, { "text": "distinguishable, may nevertheless be read in harmony.", "paragraph_id": "para_246" }, { "text": "The supreme court has not directly addressed the notion that", "paragraph_id": "para_247" }, { "text": "the legislature intended the Municipal Code’s one-year \"reside in\"", "paragraph_id": "para_248" }, { "text": "requirement for candidates to coextend with the residency", "paragraph_id": "para_249" }, { "text": "requirement for voters, but the court has at least once noted the", "paragraph_id": "para_250" }, { "text": "distinction between candidate and voter residency requirements. In", "paragraph_id": "para_251" }, { "text": "People ex rel. Moran v. Teolis, 20 Ill. 2d 95, 169 N.E.2d 232", "paragraph_id": "para_252" }, { "text": "(1960), a party argued that a voter residency requirement should be", "paragraph_id": "para_253" }, { "text": "extended based on the policy embodied by a precursor to the", "paragraph_id": "para_254" }, { "text": "Municipal Code section now at issue, which provided, as it provides", "paragraph_id": "para_255" }, { "text": "now, that a candidate for municipal office be a qualified elector", "paragraph_id": "para_256" }, { "text": "and have resided in the area at least one year preceding the", "paragraph_id": "para_257" }, { "text": "election. Moran, 20 Ill. 2d at 104 (discussing Ill. Rev. Stat.", "paragraph_id": "para_258" }, { "text": "1957, ch. 24, par. 9-87). The supreme court answered that the", "paragraph_id": "para_259" }, { "text": "statute \"differentiate[d] between 'electors' and those persons who", "paragraph_id": "para_260" }, { "text": "may qualify for municipal office.\" Moran, 20 Ill. 2d at 104.", "paragraph_id": "para_261" }, { "text": "With the exception of Smith, which we have already", "paragraph_id": "para_262" }, { "text": "distinguished, the supreme court has limited its analysis of", "paragraph_id": "para_263" }, { "text": "residency requirements to voter qualification cases. See Clark v.", "paragraph_id": "para_264" }, { "text": "Quick, 377 Ill. 424, 426-27, 36 N.E.2d 563 (1941) (\"residence for", "paragraph_id": "para_265" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_266" }, { "text": "10", "paragraph_id": "para_267" }, { "text": "voting purposes means an actual place of abode\" (emphasis added);", "paragraph_id": "para_268", "court_paragraph": 10 }, { "text": "\" 'a real and not imaginary abode, occupied as his home or", "paragraph_id": "para_269" }, { "text": "dwelling, is essential to satisfy the legal requirements as to the", "paragraph_id": "para_270" }, { "text": "residence of a voter' \" (emphasis added)); Coffey v. Board of", "paragraph_id": "para_271" }, { "text": "Election Commissioners of East St. Louis, 375 Ill. 385, 387, 31", "paragraph_id": "para_272" }, { "text": "N.E.2d 588 (1940) (\"[a] residence, for voting purposes, is not lost", "paragraph_id": "para_273" }, { "text": "by temporary removal with the intention to return\" (emphasis", "paragraph_id": "para_274" }, { "text": "added)); Park v. Hood, 374 Ill. 36, 43, 27 N.E.2d 838 (1940) (\"[a]", "paragraph_id": "para_275" }, { "text": "real and not an imaginary abode, occupied as his home or dwelling,", "paragraph_id": "para_276" }, { "text": "is essential to satisfy the legal requirements as to the residence", "paragraph_id": "para_277" }, { "text": "of a voter\" (emphasis added)); Pope, 370 Ill. at 198-99 (\"The", "paragraph_id": "para_278" }, { "text": "determination of this question requires a review of the", "paragraph_id": "para_279" }, { "text": "qualifications for registration and voting\" (emphasis added));", "paragraph_id": "para_280" }, { "text": "Anderson v. Pifer, 315 Ill. 164, 146 N.E. 171 (1924) (\"Whether a", "paragraph_id": "para_281" }, { "text": "college student is entitled to vote\" based on residence is a", "paragraph_id": "para_282" }, { "text": "question of fact (emphasis added)). Consequently, we have neither", "paragraph_id": "para_283" }, { "text": "a current supreme court directive, nor persuasive appellate court", "paragraph_id": "para_284" }, { "text": "reasoning, compelling us to treat candidate residency requirements", "paragraph_id": "para_285" }, { "text": "in the same manner as voter residency requirements, and we have", "paragraph_id": "para_286" }, { "text": "some indications from the supreme court that the requirements might", "paragraph_id": "para_287" }, { "text": "diverge. We must, therefore, ourselves interpret the Municipal", "paragraph_id": "para_288" }, { "text": "Code’s use of the phrase \"resided in\" to determine if it should be", "paragraph_id": "para_289" }, { "text": "construed as being synonymous with, or different from, the Election", "paragraph_id": "para_290" }, { "text": "Code’s residency requirements for voters.", "paragraph_id": "para_291" }, { "text": "We begin this task by resort to familiar principles of", "paragraph_id": "para_292" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_293" }, { "text": "11", "paragraph_id": "para_294" }, { "text": "statutory interpretation. For a court interpreting a statute, the", "paragraph_id": "para_295", "court_paragraph": 11 }, { "text": "primary goal is to ascertain and give effect to the intention of", "paragraph_id": "para_296" }, { "text": "the legislature, and the best indicator of that intent is the", "paragraph_id": "para_297" }, { "text": "statute’s language, given its plain and ordinary meaning. Cinkus,", "paragraph_id": "para_298" }, { "text": "228 Ill.2d at 216.", "paragraph_id": "para_299" }, { "text": "As noted, the operative language at issue requires that a", "paragraph_id": "para_300" }, { "text": "potential candidate have \"resided in\" the municipality for one year", "paragraph_id": "para_301" }, { "text": "next preceding the election. In its verb form, \"reside\" generally", "paragraph_id": "para_302" }, { "text": "means, among other things, \"to dwell permanently or continuously,\"", "paragraph_id": "para_303" }, { "text": "or to \"have a settled abode for a time.\" Webster’s Third New", "paragraph_id": "para_304" }, { "text": "International Dictionary 1931 (1993). The word is considered to be", "paragraph_id": "para_305" }, { "text": "synonymous with \"live, dwell, sojourn, lodge, stay, put (up), [and]", "paragraph_id": "para_306" }, { "text": "stop,\" but it \"may be the preferred term for expressing the idea", "paragraph_id": "para_307" }, { "text": "that a person keeps or returns to a particular dwelling place as", "paragraph_id": "para_308" }, { "text": "his fixed, settled, or legal abode.\" Webster’s Third New", "paragraph_id": "para_309" }, { "text": "International Dictionary 1931 (1993).", "paragraph_id": "para_310" }, { "text": "These definitions are not interchangeable for our purposes:", "paragraph_id": "para_311" }, { "text": "our selection of the synonym \"live\" as a fair definition of", "paragraph_id": "para_312" }, { "text": "\"resided in\" would defeat the candidate’s eligibility to run for", "paragraph_id": "para_313" }, { "text": "office, because he most certainly \"lived\" outside Chicago for a", "paragraph_id": "para_314" }, { "text": "large part of the statutory one-year period. On the other hand, our", "paragraph_id": "para_315" }, { "text": "selection of a conception of \"resided in\" more akin to the idea of", "paragraph_id": "para_316" }, { "text": "a permanent abode a person keeps or to which he plans to return--", "paragraph_id": "para_317" }, { "text": "the definition the Board seems to have employed--would lend much", "paragraph_id": "para_318" }, { "text": "greater support to the candidate’s position. The question for us,", "paragraph_id": "para_319" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_320" }, { "text": "12", "paragraph_id": "para_321" }, { "text": "then, becomes which of these definitions the legislature meant to", "paragraph_id": "para_322", "court_paragraph": 12 }, { "text": "invoke with its use of the phrase \"reside in\" in the Municipal", "paragraph_id": "para_323" }, { "text": "Code.", "paragraph_id": "para_324" }, { "text": "In interpreting a statute, a court should consider, in", "paragraph_id": "para_325" }, { "text": "addition to the statutory language, the reason for the law, the", "paragraph_id": "para_326" }, { "text": "problems to be remedied, and the objects and purposes sought by the", "paragraph_id": "para_327" }, { "text": "law. People v. Donoho, 204 Ill. 2d 159, 171-72, 788 N.E.2d 707", "paragraph_id": "para_328" }, { "text": "(2003). Our research into legislative purpose reveals that", "paragraph_id": "para_329" }, { "text": "candidate \"reside in\" qualifications of the type now at issue date", "paragraph_id": "para_330" }, { "text": "to our State’s first constitution, which imposed upon candidates", "paragraph_id": "para_331" }, { "text": "for the offices of state representative and senator the requirement", "paragraph_id": "para_332" }, { "text": "that they have \"resided\" within the area for 12 months (or one", "paragraph_id": "para_333" }, { "text": "year) prior to their election and imposed upon lieutenant governor", "paragraph_id": "para_334" }, { "text": "candidates the requirement that they have \"resided\" within the", "paragraph_id": "para_335" }, { "text": "State for two years preceding their election. See Ill. Const.", "paragraph_id": "para_336" }, { "text": "1818, art. II, §2, §6; Schedule §13. Similar \"reside in\"", "paragraph_id": "para_337" }, { "text": "qualifications have appeared, both in Illinois’ constitutions and", "paragraph_id": "para_338" }, { "text": "in its statutes, since 1818. See e.g., Ill. Const. 1848, art. III,", "paragraph_id": "para_339" }, { "text": "§3, §4; 1861 Ill. Laws 267; 1917 Ill. Laws 258.", "paragraph_id": "para_340" }, { "text": "Although it lacks precedential force (see Bryson v. News", "paragraph_id": "para_341" }, { "text": "America Publications, Inc., 174 Ill.2d 77, 95, 672 N.E.2d 1207", "paragraph_id": "para_342" }, { "text": "(1996)), the decision in People v. Ballhorn, 100 Ill. App. 571, 573", "paragraph_id": "para_343" }, { "text": "(1901), provides what we view as a reasonable interpretation of the", "paragraph_id": "para_344" }, { "text": "purpose underlying such candidate \"reside in\" requirements.", "paragraph_id": "para_345" }, { "text": "Ballhorn explains that those requirements ensure \"that those who", "paragraph_id": "para_346" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_347" }, { "text": "13", "paragraph_id": "para_348" }, { "text": "represent the local units of government shall themselves be", "paragraph_id": "para_349", "court_paragraph": 13 }, { "text": "component parts of such units.\" People v. Ballhorn, 100 Ill. App.", "paragraph_id": "para_350" }, { "text": "571, 573 (1901). As Ballhorn further explains, requirements that", "paragraph_id": "para_351" }, { "text": "candidates \"reside in\" the area they would represent \"can only be", "paragraph_id": "para_352" }, { "text": "truly served by requiring such representatives to be and remain", "paragraph_id": "para_353" }, { "text": "actual residents of the units which they represent, in", "paragraph_id": "para_354" }, { "text": "contradistinction from constructive residents. A mere constructive", "paragraph_id": "para_355" }, { "text": "resident has no better opportunities for knowing the wants and", "paragraph_id": "para_356" }, { "text": "rightful demands of his constituents, than a non-resident, and is", "paragraph_id": "para_357" }, { "text": "as much beyond the wholesome influence of direct contact with them.", "paragraph_id": "para_358" }, { "text": "*** In [the candidate residency statute] the language is not, shall", "paragraph_id": "para_359" }, { "text": "be a resident, but it is, shall 'reside within' ***.\" Ballhorn,", "paragraph_id": "para_360" }, { "text": "100 Ill. App. at 573. Although nearly 200 years of technological", "paragraph_id": "para_361" }, { "text": "advances since Illinois’ first candidate \"reside in\" requirements", "paragraph_id": "para_362" }, { "text": "may have obviated much of their necessity, the legislature has not", "paragraph_id": "para_363" }, { "text": "seen fit to alter the relevant language. We believe, therefore,", "paragraph_id": "para_364" }, { "text": "that the initial purpose of the \"reside in\" requirement for", "paragraph_id": "para_365" }, { "text": "candidates, and the failure of the legislature to alter that", "paragraph_id": "para_366" }, { "text": "language in the current Municipal Code, strongly indicates that the", "paragraph_id": "para_367" }, { "text": "phrase \"resided in\" as used in the Municipal Code requires actual,", "paragraph_id": "para_368" }, { "text": "not constructive, residence.", "paragraph_id": "para_369" }, { "text": "Another familiar principle of statutory interpretation teaches", "paragraph_id": "para_370" }, { "text": "that a \"statute should be evaluated as a whole, with each provision", "paragraph_id": "para_371" }, { "text": "construed in connection with every other section.\" Cinkus, 228", "paragraph_id": "para_372" }, { "text": "Ill. 2d at 216-17. For our purposes, this maxim requires that we", "paragraph_id": "para_373" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_374" }, { "text": "14", "paragraph_id": "para_375" }, { "text": "consider not only subsection 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code, but", "paragraph_id": "para_376", "court_paragraph": 14 }, { "text": "also any other relevant portions of the statute.", "paragraph_id": "para_377" }, { "text": "Subsection 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code sets forth two", "paragraph_id": "para_378" }, { "text": "qualifications for candidates: it states that a candidate must be", "paragraph_id": "para_379" }, { "text": "\"a qualified elector of the municipality and [must have] resided in", "paragraph_id": "para_380" }, { "text": "the municipality at least one year next preceding the election.\"", "paragraph_id": "para_381" }, { "text": "65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008). These two qualifications are", "paragraph_id": "para_382" }, { "text": "stated separately and in the conjunctive.", "paragraph_id": "para_383" }, { "text": "The first part of the conjunctive--the \"qualified voter\"", "paragraph_id": "para_384" }, { "text": "requirement--invokes the qualifications for electors stated in", "paragraph_id": "para_385" }, { "text": "sections 3-1 and 3-2 of the Election Code. See 10 ILCS 5/3-1, 3-2", "paragraph_id": "para_386" }, { "text": "(West 2008). In pertinent part, those statutes provide as follows:", "paragraph_id": "para_387" }, { "text": "\"§ 3-1. Every person *** who has resided in this State", "paragraph_id": "para_388" }, { "text": "and in the election district 30 days next preceding any", "paragraph_id": "para_389" }, { "text": "election therein *** and who is a citizen of the United", "paragraph_id": "para_390" }, { "text": "States, of the age of 18 or more years is entitled to vote at", "paragraph_id": "para_391" }, { "text": "such election for all offices and on all propositions.\" 10", "paragraph_id": "para_392" }, { "text": "ILCS 5/3-1 (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_393" }, { "text": "and", "paragraph_id": "para_394" }, { "text": "\"§ 3-2. (a) A permanent abode is necessary to constitute", "paragraph_id": "para_395" }, { "text": "a residence within the meaning of Section 3-1. No elector or", "paragraph_id": "para_396" }, { "text": "spouse shall be deemed to have lost his or her residence in", "paragraph_id": "para_397" }, { "text": "any precinct or election district in this State by reason of", "paragraph_id": "para_398" }, { "text": "his or her absence on business of the United States, or of", "paragraph_id": "para_399" }, { "text": "this State.\" 10 ILCS 5/3-2(a) (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_400" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_401" }, { "text": "15", "paragraph_id": "para_402" }, { "text": "In Park v. Hood, our supreme court held:", "paragraph_id": "para_403", "court_paragraph": 15 }, { "text": "\"It is well settled that the terms 'residence' and", "paragraph_id": "para_404" }, { "text": "'permanent abode,' as employed in [the Election Code], are", "paragraph_id": "para_405" }, { "text": "synonymous. [Citations.] A real and not an imaginary abode,", "paragraph_id": "para_406" }, { "text": "occupied as his home or dwelling, is essential to satisfy the", "paragraph_id": "para_407" }, { "text": "legal requirements as to the residence of a voter. One does", "paragraph_id": "para_408" }, { "text": "not lose residence by temporary removal with the intention to", "paragraph_id": "para_409" }, { "text": "return, or even with a conditional intention of acquiring a", "paragraph_id": "para_410" }, { "text": "new residence, but when one abandons his home and takes up his", "paragraph_id": "para_411" }, { "text": "residence in another county or election district, he loses his", "paragraph_id": "para_412" }, { "text": "privilege of voting in the district from which he moved.", "paragraph_id": "para_413" }, { "text": "[Citations.] The question of residence is largely one of", "paragraph_id": "para_414" }, { "text": "intention, and a voter is competent to testify as to his", "paragraph_id": "para_415" }, { "text": "intention, although such testimony is not necessarily", "paragraph_id": "para_416" }, { "text": "conclusive.\" Park, 374 Ill. at 43.", "paragraph_id": "para_417" }, { "text": "From the admitted facts in this case, we find that the", "paragraph_id": "para_418" }, { "text": "candidate clearly satisfied the qualifications to be an elector for", "paragraph_id": "para_419" }, { "text": "the February 22, 2011, municipal election. Without addressing the", "paragraph_id": "para_420" }, { "text": "question of whether the Hermitage house constituted the candidate’s", "paragraph_id": "para_421" }, { "text": "permanent place of abode while it was under lease, we conclude that", "paragraph_id": "para_422" }, { "text": "the candidate clearly falls within the exception to section 3-1", "paragraph_id": "para_423" }, { "text": "articulated in subsection 3-2(a) (see Pope, 370 Ill. at 199);", "paragraph_id": "para_424" }, { "text": "namely, that he absented himself from the City of Chicago on", "paragraph_id": "para_425" }, { "text": "business of the United States and therefore did not lose the voter", "paragraph_id": "para_426" }, { "text": "residency status that he had theretofore established in Chicago.", "paragraph_id": "para_427" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_428" }, { "text": "16", "paragraph_id": "para_429" }, { "text": "Having determined that the candidate satisfies the requirement", "paragraph_id": "para_430", "court_paragraph": 16 }, { "text": "to be an elector, we must still address the question of whether he", "paragraph_id": "para_431" }, { "text": "has \"resided in\" the City of Chicago for at least one year next", "paragraph_id": "para_432" }, { "text": "preceding the February 22, 2011, mayoral election; the second", "paragraph_id": "para_433" }, { "text": "requirement for candidacy. 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_434" }, { "text": "As we have observed, the \"reside in\" requirement is stated", "paragraph_id": "para_435" }, { "text": "separately from, and in addition to, the requirement that he be a", "paragraph_id": "para_436" }, { "text": "qualified elector of Chicago in order to be a candidate for", "paragraph_id": "para_437" }, { "text": "municipal office. The fact that the two requirements are stated", "paragraph_id": "para_438" }, { "text": "separately and in the conjunctive leads to the inference that the", "paragraph_id": "para_439" }, { "text": "legislature intended that they be considered separately from, and", "paragraph_id": "para_440" }, { "text": "in addition to, each other.", "paragraph_id": "para_441" }, { "text": "This inference is bolstered by language from the remainder of", "paragraph_id": "para_442" }, { "text": "section 3.1-10-5. Subsection 3.1-10-5(d) provides that:", "paragraph_id": "para_443" }, { "text": "\"If a person (i) is a resident of a municipality", "paragraph_id": "para_444" }, { "text": "immediately prior to the active duty military service of that", "paragraph_id": "para_445" }, { "text": "person or that person’s spouse, (ii) resides anywhere outside", "paragraph_id": "para_446" }, { "text": "of the municipality during that active duty military service,", "paragraph_id": "para_447" }, { "text": "and (iii) immediately upon completion of that active duty", "paragraph_id": "para_448" }, { "text": "military service is again a resident of the municipality, then", "paragraph_id": "para_449" }, { "text": "the time during which the person resides outside the", "paragraph_id": "para_450" }, { "text": "municipality during active duty military service is deemed to", "paragraph_id": "para_451" }, { "text": "be time during which the person is a resident of the", "paragraph_id": "para_452" }, { "text": "municipality for purposes of determining the residency", "paragraph_id": "para_453" }, { "text": "requirement under subsection (a).\" 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(d)", "paragraph_id": "para_454" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_455" }, { "text": "17", "paragraph_id": "para_456" }, { "text": "(West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_457", "court_paragraph": 17 }, { "text": "For the point that the Municipal Code’s \"reside in\" requirement is", "paragraph_id": "para_458" }, { "text": "separate from the residency requirement for an elector, we find", "paragraph_id": "para_459" }, { "text": "particularly interesting subsection 3.1-10-5(d)’s concluding", "paragraph_id": "para_460" }, { "text": "language that its exception applies \"for purposes of determining", "paragraph_id": "para_461" }, { "text": "the residency requirement under subsection (a).\" Subsection 3.1-10-", "paragraph_id": "para_462" }, { "text": "5(a) contains only one explicit residency requirement: that a", "paragraph_id": "para_463" }, { "text": "candidate have \"resided in the municipality for one year.\" Thus,", "paragraph_id": "para_464" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(d)’s reference to \"the residency requirement", "paragraph_id": "para_465" }, { "text": "under subsection (a)\" must refer to the explicit one-year candidate", "paragraph_id": "para_466" }, { "text": "residency requirement contained in subsection 3.1-10-5(a) and not", "paragraph_id": "para_467" }, { "text": "the voter residency requirements set forth in sections 3-1 and 3-2", "paragraph_id": "para_468" }, { "text": "of the Election Code.", "paragraph_id": "para_469" }, { "text": "Additionally, subsection 3.1-10-5(d), which we quote above,", "paragraph_id": "para_470" }, { "text": "uses the words \"resident\" and \"reside\" to different effect. The", "paragraph_id": "para_471" }, { "text": "subsection uses the word \"resident\" first to describe the concept", "paragraph_id": "para_472" }, { "text": "of legal residence, by referring to a military serviceperson who", "paragraph_id": "para_473" }, { "text": "\"is a resident of a municipality.\" Just after that reference,", "paragraph_id": "para_474" }, { "text": "however, the subsection uses the word \"reside\" to refer to the", "paragraph_id": "para_475" }, { "text": "serviceperson’s act of \"resid[ing] anywhere outside of the", "paragraph_id": "para_476" }, { "text": "municipality.\" This usage of the word \"reside\" does not denote the", "paragraph_id": "para_477" }, { "text": "concept of legal residence, but rather the act of actually living", "paragraph_id": "para_478" }, { "text": "somewhere outside the municipality.", "paragraph_id": "para_479" }, { "text": "Our interpretation that, in using the phrase \"resides anywhere", "paragraph_id": "para_480" }, { "text": "outside of the municipality\" in subsection 3.1-10-5(d), the", "paragraph_id": "para_481" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_482" }, { "text": "18", "paragraph_id": "para_483" }, { "text": "legislature intended to refer to the act of living somewhere", "paragraph_id": "para_484", "court_paragraph": 18 }, { "text": "outside the municipality is further supported by the wording of the", "paragraph_id": "para_485" }, { "text": "very next clause of that subsection. The clause refers to a person", "paragraph_id": "para_486" }, { "text": "becoming \"again a resident of the municipality\" (emphasis added)", "paragraph_id": "para_487" }, { "text": "upon his or her return after military service. If the military", "paragraph_id": "para_488" }, { "text": "serviceperson must \"again\" become a resident of the municipality,", "paragraph_id": "para_489" }, { "text": "then it logically follows that the person lost his or her resident", "paragraph_id": "para_490" }, { "text": "status at some time prior thereto. The only manner in which", "paragraph_id": "para_491" }, { "text": "subsection (d) contemplates a person losing residency status is by", "paragraph_id": "para_492" }, { "text": "living outside of the municipality. Thus, subsection 3.1-10-5(d)", "paragraph_id": "para_493" }, { "text": "assumes that a person who is absent from a municipality will not", "paragraph_id": "para_494" }, { "text": "meet the \"reside in\" requirement of subsection 3.1-10-5(a), but, by", "paragraph_id": "para_495" }, { "text": "reason of the provisions thereof, a compliant military", "paragraph_id": "para_496" }, { "text": "serviceperson is deemed to have been a resident during the period", "paragraph_id": "para_497" }, { "text": "of absence.", "paragraph_id": "para_498" }, { "text": "Basic rules of statutory construction provide that \"where the", "paragraph_id": "para_499" }, { "text": "same words appear in different parts of the same statute, they", "paragraph_id": "para_500" }, { "text": "should be given the same meaning unless something in the context", "paragraph_id": "para_501" }, { "text": "indicates that the legislature intended otherwise.\" McMahan v.", "paragraph_id": "para_502" }, { "text": "Industrial Comm’n, 183 Ill. 2d 499, 513, 702 N.E.2d 545 (1998).", "paragraph_id": "para_503" }, { "text": "Under this rule, the fact that the legislature used the word", "paragraph_id": "para_504" }, { "text": "\"reside\" to mean actually live in subsection 3.1-10-5(d) of the", "paragraph_id": "para_505" }, { "text": "Municipal Code strongly indicates that it intended the same meaning", "paragraph_id": "para_506" }, { "text": "in subsection (a).", "paragraph_id": "para_507" }, { "text": "The candidate resists this interpretation by arguing that", "paragraph_id": "para_508" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_509" }, { "text": "19", "paragraph_id": "para_510" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(d) \"addresses the situation in which a service", "paragraph_id": "para_511", "court_paragraph": 19 }, { "text": "member *** abandons his municipal residence and establishes", "paragraph_id": "para_512" }, { "text": "residence elsewhere.\" We have two difficulties with the", "paragraph_id": "para_513" }, { "text": "candidate’s reading of subsection (d). Our first difficulty is", "paragraph_id": "para_514" }, { "text": "that it would interpret the statute to apply to an almost", "paragraph_id": "para_515" }, { "text": "imperceptibly narrow class of individuals; namely, those", "paragraph_id": "para_516" }, { "text": "servicepeople who somehow establish full legal residency, that is,", "paragraph_id": "para_517" }, { "text": "a permanent place of abode outside the municipality, then, after", "paragraph_id": "para_518" }, { "text": "having formed an intent to remain outside the municipality, take", "paragraph_id": "para_519" }, { "text": "the first opportunity to return. Our interpretation of the", "paragraph_id": "para_520" }, { "text": "subsection, on the other hand, would have it apply in the logically", "paragraph_id": "para_521" }, { "text": "feasible, and presumably quite common, situation in which a", "paragraph_id": "para_522" }, { "text": "serviceperson’s duty draws him or her from the municipality, and,", "paragraph_id": "para_523" }, { "text": "immediately upon completion of his or her military assignment, the", "paragraph_id": "para_524" }, { "text": "serviceperson returns.", "paragraph_id": "para_525" }, { "text": "Our second difficulty with the candidate’s reading of", "paragraph_id": "para_526" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(d) is that it is belied by the legislative", "paragraph_id": "para_527" }, { "text": "history underlying the subsection. During debate for the senate", "paragraph_id": "para_528" }, { "text": "bill whose passage added subsection (d) to section 3.1-10-5 of the", "paragraph_id": "para_529" }, { "text": "Municipal Code (see 95th Gen. Assem., Senate Bill 253, 2007 Sess.),", "paragraph_id": "para_530" }, { "text": "Senator Luechtefeld, one of the senators who presented the bill,", "paragraph_id": "para_531" }, { "text": "explained the original version as follows:", "paragraph_id": "para_532" }, { "text": "\"Senate Bill 253 provides that if a person meets all the", "paragraph_id": "para_533" }, { "text": "requirements necessary to run for municipal office, but their", "paragraph_id": "para_534" }, { "text": "time as an active duty member of the military interrupted the", "paragraph_id": "para_535" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_536" }, { "text": "20", "paragraph_id": "para_537" }, { "text": "residency requirement, they shall be permitted to run for that", "paragraph_id": "para_538", "court_paragraph": 20 }, { "text": "office. A *** situation occurred in my district where an", "paragraph_id": "para_539" }, { "text": "individual was in Iraq and *** he came back, wanted to run for", "paragraph_id": "para_540" }, { "text": "municipal office, but did not meet the one-year residency", "paragraph_id": "para_541" }, { "text": "requirement. This would simply allow them to come back to", "paragraph_id": "para_542" }, { "text": "that same district, the same ward, and run as if they had been", "paragraph_id": "para_543" }, { "text": "there.\" 95th Gen. Assem., Senate Proceedings, Marcy 29, 2007,", "paragraph_id": "para_544" }, { "text": "at 13 (statements of Senator Luechtefeld).", "paragraph_id": "para_545" }, { "text": "Senator Luechtefeld described the final version of the bill in", "paragraph_id": "para_546" }, { "text": "similar terms:", "paragraph_id": "para_547" }, { "text": "\"If you’ll remember, I had a bill that we passed unanimously", "paragraph_id": "para_548" }, { "text": "out of here to allow a person to go into the military and ***", "paragraph_id": "para_549" }, { "text": "be gone maybe a year or two and then come back to a community", "paragraph_id": "para_550" }, { "text": "and run for office, that he would not lose his eligibility", "paragraph_id": "para_551" }, { "text": "because of residency. The House has changed the bill a little", "paragraph_id": "para_552" }, { "text": "bit, but it passed over there unanimously also.\" 95th Gen.", "paragraph_id": "para_553" }, { "text": "Assem., Senate Proceedings, May 31, 2007, at 37-38 (statements", "paragraph_id": "para_554" }, { "text": "of Senator Luechtefeld).", "paragraph_id": "para_555" }, { "text": "This legislative history supports our interpretation that", "paragraph_id": "para_556" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(d) of the Municipal Code uses the word \"reside\"", "paragraph_id": "para_557" }, { "text": "to mean actually live rather than having legal voting residence,", "paragraph_id": "para_558" }, { "text": "and it further undercuts the candidate's argument to the contrary.", "paragraph_id": "para_559" }, { "text": "Based on the foregoing analysis, we conclude that, under", "paragraph_id": "para_560" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code, a candidate must meet", "paragraph_id": "para_561" }, { "text": "not only the Election Code’s voter residency standard, but also", "paragraph_id": "para_562" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_563" }, { "text": "21", "paragraph_id": "para_564" }, { "text": "must have actually resided within the municipality for one year", "paragraph_id": "para_565", "court_paragraph": 21 }, { "text": "prior to the election, a qualification that the candidate", "paragraph_id": "para_566" }, { "text": "unquestionably does not satisfy. Because the candidate does not", "paragraph_id": "para_567" }, { "text": "satisfy that standard, he may be eligible for inclusion on the", "paragraph_id": "para_568" }, { "text": "ballot only if he is somehow exempt from the Municipal Code’s", "paragraph_id": "para_569" }, { "text": "\"reside in\" requirement.", "paragraph_id": "para_570" }, { "text": "To that end, the candidate argues that, regardless of whether", "paragraph_id": "para_571" }, { "text": "he meets the candidate eligibility requirements of subsection 3.1-", "paragraph_id": "para_572" }, { "text": "10-5(a) of the Municipal Code, he nonetheless may be qualified as", "paragraph_id": "para_573" }, { "text": "a candidate by virtue of section 3-2 of the Election Code, which", "paragraph_id": "para_574" }, { "text": "provides as follows:", "paragraph_id": "para_575" }, { "text": "\"(a) A permanent abode is necessary to constitute a", "paragraph_id": "para_576" }, { "text": "residence within the meaning of Section 3-1. No elector or", "paragraph_id": "para_577" }, { "text": "spouse shall be deemed to have lost his or her residence in", "paragraph_id": "para_578" }, { "text": "any precinct or election district in this State by reason of", "paragraph_id": "para_579" }, { "text": "his or her absence on business of the United States, or of", "paragraph_id": "para_580" }, { "text": "this State.\" 10 ILCS 5/3-2 (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_581" }, { "text": "According to the candidate, he falls within this exception", "paragraph_id": "para_582" }, { "text": "because his absence from Chicago was attributable to his service as", "paragraph_id": "para_583" }, { "text": "the Chief of Staff to the President of the United States. We agree", "paragraph_id": "para_584" }, { "text": "with the candidate that his service constituted \"business of the", "paragraph_id": "para_585" }, { "text": "United States\" and thus that this exception applies to him. We", "paragraph_id": "para_586" }, { "text": "disagree, however, with his position that the exception saves his", "paragraph_id": "para_587" }, { "text": "candidacy. In our view, the exception embodied by section 3-2 of", "paragraph_id": "para_588" }, { "text": "the Election Code applies only to voter residency requirements, not", "paragraph_id": "para_589" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_590" }, { "text": "22", "paragraph_id": "para_591" }, { "text": "to candidate residency requirements.", "paragraph_id": "para_592", "court_paragraph": 22 }, { "text": "We base this conclusion largely on the plain language of the", "paragraph_id": "para_593" }, { "text": "Election Code. That plain language limits the reach of the", "paragraph_id": "para_594" }, { "text": "\"business of the United States\" exception to \"elector[s]\" or their", "paragraph_id": "para_595" }, { "text": "spouses; it makes no mention of \"candidates.\" Further, as we have", "paragraph_id": "para_596" }, { "text": "noted, we must interpret statutes \"as a whole, with each provision", "paragraph_id": "para_597" }, { "text": "construed in connection with every other section.\" Cinkus, 228", "paragraph_id": "para_598" }, { "text": "Ill. 2d at 216-17. Section 3-2's \"business of the United States\"", "paragraph_id": "para_599" }, { "text": "exception is housed not only in the Election Code, but in a portion", "paragraph_id": "para_600" }, { "text": "of the Election Code dealing exclusively with voter qualification,", "paragraph_id": "para_601" }, { "text": "in fact in an Article titled \"Qualification of Voters.\" See 10", "paragraph_id": "para_602" }, { "text": "ILCS 5/3-1 through 3-5 (West 2008). As explained above, the", "paragraph_id": "para_603" }, { "text": "Municipal Code sets forth two qualifications for candidates: they", "paragraph_id": "para_604" }, { "text": "must meet the Election Code’s standards for a \"qualified voter,\"", "paragraph_id": "para_605" }, { "text": "and they must have \"resided in\" the municipality for one year", "paragraph_id": "para_606" }, { "text": "preceding the election. The location of section 3-2's \"business of", "paragraph_id": "para_607" }, { "text": "the United States\" exception--in the Election Code, and in an", "paragraph_id": "para_608" }, { "text": "article of the Election Code dedicated exclusively to voter", "paragraph_id": "para_609" }, { "text": "qualification--supports the conclusion that the exception applies", "paragraph_id": "para_610" }, { "text": "only to the Election Code’s \"qualified voter\" standard, and not to", "paragraph_id": "para_611" }, { "text": "any supplemental candidate qualifications located outside the", "paragraph_id": "para_612" }, { "text": "Election Code.", "paragraph_id": "para_613" }, { "text": "We find further support for our construction of the reach of", "paragraph_id": "para_614" }, { "text": "section 3-2 in the rule that a court, when possible, should read a", "paragraph_id": "para_615" }, { "text": "statute so as to give effect to all of its provisions and render", "paragraph_id": "para_616" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_617" }, { "text": "23", "paragraph_id": "para_618" }, { "text": "none meaningless or superfluous. E.g., Grafner v. Dept. Of", "paragraph_id": "para_619", "court_paragraph": 23 }, { "text": "Employment Security, 393 Ill. App. 3d 791, 803, 914 N.E.2d 520", "paragraph_id": "para_620" }, { "text": "(2009). As we have noted above, among its provisions regarding", "paragraph_id": "para_621" }, { "text": "candidate qualification, the Municipal Code contains an exception", "paragraph_id": "para_622" }, { "text": "that, for purposes of the candidate residency requirement of", "paragraph_id": "para_623" }, { "text": "subsection 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code, allows those in", "paragraph_id": "para_624" }, { "text": "active military service to be deemed residents of a municipality", "paragraph_id": "para_625" }, { "text": "during the pendency of their military service even when they reside", "paragraph_id": "para_626" }, { "text": "outside the municipality during their service. 65 ILCS 3.1-10-5(d)", "paragraph_id": "para_627" }, { "text": "(West 2008). If section 3-2 of the Election Code applied to", "paragraph_id": "para_628" }, { "text": "candidates, then its statement that a person will not lose his or", "paragraph_id": "para_629" }, { "text": "her residence \"by reason of his or her absence on business of the", "paragraph_id": "para_630" }, { "text": "United States\" would certainly apply to relax the candidate", "paragraph_id": "para_631" }, { "text": "residency qualifications on those who serve in the nation’s armed", "paragraph_id": "para_632" }, { "text": "forces. If we were to interpret section 3-2 as applying to", "paragraph_id": "para_633" }, { "text": "candidates as well as voters, then, subsection 3.1-10-5(d) of the", "paragraph_id": "para_634" }, { "text": "Municipal Code would become wholly redundant. Our duty to give", "paragraph_id": "para_635" }, { "text": "meaning to statutory enactments where possible, like our duty to", "paragraph_id": "para_636" }, { "text": "follow the plain language of the statutes we interpret, therefore", "paragraph_id": "para_637" }, { "text": "compels the conclusion that section 3-2 of the Election Code was", "paragraph_id": "para_638" }, { "text": "intended to create a residency exception for voters, not", "paragraph_id": "para_639" }, { "text": "candidates.", "paragraph_id": "para_640" }, { "text": "We are not the first to draw the distinction between voters", "paragraph_id": "para_641" }, { "text": "and candidates for purposes of the type of exception contained in", "paragraph_id": "para_642" }, { "text": "section 3-2 of the Election Code. The exception traces to", "paragraph_id": "para_643" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_644" }, { "text": "24", "paragraph_id": "para_645" }, { "text": "Illinois’ founding charter, which imposed a residency requirement", "paragraph_id": "para_646", "court_paragraph": 24 }, { "text": "on state representatives but excepted those who were \"absent on the", "paragraph_id": "para_647" }, { "text": "public business of the United States.\" Ill. Const. 1818, art. II,", "paragraph_id": "para_648" }, { "text": "§3. Illinois’ next constitution, in 1848, stated the exception", "paragraph_id": "para_649" }, { "text": "three times: once for state representatives (Ill. Const. 1848, art.", "paragraph_id": "para_650" }, { "text": "III, §3), once for state senators (Ill. Const. 1848, art. III, §4),", "paragraph_id": "para_651" }, { "text": "and once for voters (Ill. Const. 1848, art. VI, §5). The 1848", "paragraph_id": "para_652" }, { "text": "Constitution thus separately delineated \"business of the United", "paragraph_id": "para_653" }, { "text": "States\" exceptions for candidates and for voters. Illinois’ next", "paragraph_id": "para_654" }, { "text": "constitution, in 1870, retained the \"business of the United States\"", "paragraph_id": "para_655" }, { "text": "exception as it related to voters (see Ill. Const. 1870, art. VII,", "paragraph_id": "para_656" }, { "text": "§4), yet conspicuously omitted the exception as it related to", "paragraph_id": "para_657" }, { "text": "candidates. (The voter exception was later incorporated into the", "paragraph_id": "para_658" }, { "text": "Election Code (see 1959 Ill. Laws 2168) and was not included in our", "paragraph_id": "para_659" }, { "text": "current constitution.) This history tells us that, for purposes of", "paragraph_id": "para_660" }, { "text": "the \"business of the United States\" residency exception, this State", "paragraph_id": "para_661" }, { "text": "has for over 150 years recognized a distinction between voters and", "paragraph_id": "para_662" }, { "text": "candidates and has retained the exception only for voters. That", "paragraph_id": "para_663" }, { "text": "revelation, combined with our interpretation of the language of", "paragraph_id": "para_664" }, { "text": "section 3-2 and its interrelation with subsection 3.1-10-5(d) of", "paragraph_id": "para_665" }, { "text": "the Municipal Code, convinces us that section 3-2's \"business of", "paragraph_id": "para_666" }, { "text": "the United States\" exception applies only to voters, not to", "paragraph_id": "para_667" }, { "text": "candidates. Accordingly, it cannot avail the candidate here.", "paragraph_id": "para_668" }, { "text": "For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that the candidate", "paragraph_id": "para_669" }, { "text": "neither meets the Municipal Code’s requirement that he have", "paragraph_id": "para_670" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_671" }, { "text": "25", "paragraph_id": "para_672" }, { "text": "\"resided in\" Chicago for the year preceding the election in which", "paragraph_id": "para_673", "court_paragraph": 25 }, { "text": "he seeks to participate nor falls within any exception to the", "paragraph_id": "para_674" }, { "text": "requirement. Accordingly, we disagree with the Board’s conclusion", "paragraph_id": "para_675" }, { "text": "that he is eligible to run for the office of Mayor of the City of", "paragraph_id": "para_676" }, { "text": "Chicago. We reverse the circuit court’s judgment confirming the", "paragraph_id": "para_677" }, { "text": "Board’s decision, set aside the Board’s decision, and, pursuant to", "paragraph_id": "para_678" }, { "text": "Supreme Court Rule 366(a)(5) (Ill. Sup. Ct. R. 366(a)(5) (eff. Feb.", "paragraph_id": "para_679" }, { "text": "1, 1994)), order that the candidate’s name be excluded (or, if", "paragraph_id": "para_680" }, { "text": "necessary, removed) from the ballot for the February 22, 2011,", "paragraph_id": "para_681" }, { "text": "Chicago mayoral election.", "paragraph_id": "para_682" }, { "text": "Reversed.", "paragraph_id": "para_683" }, { "text": "JUSTICE LAMPKIN, dissenting.", "paragraph_id": "para_684" }, { "text": "I dissent. I would affirm the judgment of the circuit court,", "paragraph_id": "para_685" }, { "text": "which confirmed the decision of the Board. The candidate is", "paragraph_id": "para_686" }, { "text": "entitled to have his name included on the ballot as a mayoral", "paragraph_id": "para_687" }, { "text": "candidate because he has satisfied the requirements of section 3.1-", "paragraph_id": "para_688" }, { "text": "10-5 of the Municipal Code where he is both a qualified elector of", "paragraph_id": "para_689" }, { "text": "Chicago and has resided in Chicago at least one year next preceding", "paragraph_id": "para_690" }, { "text": "the election.", "paragraph_id": "para_691" }, { "text": "I disagree with the majority’s contrary conclusion that the", "paragraph_id": "para_692" }, { "text": "candidate is not eligible to be on the ballot because that", "paragraph_id": "para_693" }, { "text": "conclusion is based on an analysis of two issues–establishing", "paragraph_id": "para_694" }, { "text": "residency and a statutory exemption to the residency", "paragraph_id": "para_695" }, { "text": "requirement–that are not relevant to the resolution of this case.", "paragraph_id": "para_696" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_697" }, { "text": "26", "paragraph_id": "para_698" }, { "text": "The majority acknowledges that the candidate had established a", "paragraph_id": "para_699", "court_paragraph": 26 }, { "text": "residency in Chicago long before 2009 where he had both a physical", "paragraph_id": "para_700" }, { "text": "presence here and the intent to remain. The majority failed,", "paragraph_id": "para_701" }, { "text": "however, to move past the issue of establishing residency to the", "paragraph_id": "para_702" }, { "text": "relevant analysis, which turns on whether the candidate’s", "paragraph_id": "para_703" }, { "text": "residency, which he had indisputably held, was abandoned when he", "paragraph_id": "para_704" }, { "text": "worked in Washington, D.C., and leased his Chicago home.", "paragraph_id": "para_705" }, { "text": "The Board’s ruling–that the candidate in 2009 and 2010 did not", "paragraph_id": "para_706" }, { "text": "abandon his status as a resident of Chicago and, thus, remained a", "paragraph_id": "para_707" }, { "text": "resident of Chicago even though he was largely absent from this", "paragraph_id": "para_708" }, { "text": "city from January 2009 until October 1, 2010–was not clearly", "paragraph_id": "para_709" }, { "text": "erroneous. Intent is an issue of fact (Delk, 112 Ill. App. 3d at", "paragraph_id": "para_710" }, { "text": "738), and the majority acknowledges that the Board’s fact findings", "paragraph_id": "para_711" }, { "text": "were not against the manifest weight of the evidence. This", "paragraph_id": "para_712" }, { "text": "acknowledgment should have ended this case, and resulted in this", "paragraph_id": "para_713" }, { "text": "court affirming the circuit court’s judgment, which confirmed the", "paragraph_id": "para_714" }, { "text": "Board’s ruling that the preponderance of the evidence established", "paragraph_id": "para_715" }, { "text": "that the candidate never formed an intent to either change or", "paragraph_id": "para_716" }, { "text": "terminate his residence in Chicago, or establish his residence in", "paragraph_id": "para_717" }, { "text": "Washington, D.C., or any place other than Chicago.", "paragraph_id": "para_718" }, { "text": "Because the candidate had established his Chicago residency,", "paragraph_id": "para_719" }, { "text": "it is presumed to continue until the contrary is shown, and the", "paragraph_id": "para_720" }, { "text": "burden of proof is on the person who claims that there has been a", "paragraph_id": "para_721" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_722" }, { "text": "27", "paragraph_id": "para_723" }, { "text": "change. Hatcher v. Anders, 117 Ill. App. 3d 236, 239 (1983). In", "paragraph_id": "para_724", "court_paragraph": 27 }, { "text": "the foundational case Kreitz v. Behrensmeyer, 125 Ill. 141 (1888),", "paragraph_id": "para_725" }, { "text": "the supreme court stated:", "paragraph_id": "para_726" }, { "text": "“We have frequently held that when a party leaves his", "paragraph_id": "para_727" }, { "text": "residence, or acquires a new one, it is the intention", "paragraph_id": "para_728" }, { "text": "with which he does so that is to control. Hence the", "paragraph_id": "para_729" }, { "text": "shortest absence, if, at the time, intended as a", "paragraph_id": "para_730" }, { "text": "permanent abandonment, is sufficient, although the party", "paragraph_id": "para_731" }, { "text": "may soon afterwards change his intention; while, on the", "paragraph_id": "para_732" }, { "text": "other hand, an absence for months or even years, if all", "paragraph_id": "para_733" }, { "text": "the while intended as a mere temporary absence for some", "paragraph_id": "para_734" }, { "text": "temporary purpose, to be followed by a resumption of the", "paragraph_id": "para_735" }, { "text": "former residence, will not be an abandonment.” Kreitz,", "paragraph_id": "para_736" }, { "text": "125 Ill. at 195.", "paragraph_id": "para_737" }, { "text": "The majority does not acknowledge Kreitz even though it has", "paragraph_id": "para_738" }, { "text": "been the leading case defining “residence” since its issuance 122", "paragraph_id": "para_739" }, { "text": "years ago. To the extent the majority addresses the long-held", "paragraph_id": "para_740" }, { "text": "principle that a party’s intention when he leaves or acquires his", "paragraph_id": "para_741" }, { "text": "residence largely controls the determination of whether he has", "paragraph_id": "para_742" }, { "text": "abandoned the residence, the majority distorts this principle (see", "paragraph_id": "para_743" }, { "text": "discussion of Smith below). Then, the majority simply reads the", "paragraph_id": "para_744" }, { "text": "principle out of its analysis, choosing instead to adopt a", "paragraph_id": "para_745" }, { "text": "completely new standard.", "paragraph_id": "para_746" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_747" }, { "text": "28", "paragraph_id": "para_748" }, { "text": "In order to have changed one’s residence, a person, both in", "paragraph_id": "para_749", "court_paragraph": 28 }, { "text": "fact and intention, must have abandoned the former residence and", "paragraph_id": "para_750" }, { "text": "acquired a new one by actual residence with the intent to make it", "paragraph_id": "para_751" }, { "text": "a permanent home. See Frisbie, 44 Ill. 16; Welsh v. Shumway, 232", "paragraph_id": "para_752" }, { "text": "Ill. 54, 77 (1907); Baumgartner, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 848.", "paragraph_id": "para_753" }, { "text": "Affirmative acts must be proved to sustain the abandonment of a", "paragraph_id": "para_754" }, { "text": "residence, and a temporary absence, no matter how protracted, does", "paragraph_id": "para_755" }, { "text": "not equate with abandonment. Hughes v. Illinois Public Aid Comm’n,", "paragraph_id": "para_756" }, { "text": "2 Ill. 2d 374, 380-81 (1954); Davis v. Davis, 9 Ill. App. 3d 922,", "paragraph_id": "para_757" }, { "text": "926 (1973); Hatcher, 117 Ill. App. 3d at 239.", "paragraph_id": "para_758" }, { "text": "Because a person may have only one residence for voting", "paragraph_id": "para_759" }, { "text": "purposes, when a person has established a physical presence in two", "paragraph_id": "para_760" }, { "text": "locations, he must make a decision about which location he intends", "paragraph_id": "para_761" }, { "text": "to make his permanent residence. Baumgartner, 355 Ill. App. 3d at", "paragraph_id": "para_762" }, { "text": "849. As long as he does not seek to “exercise the rights of", "paragraph_id": "para_763" }, { "text": "property or of citizenship incident to or resulting from permanent", "paragraph_id": "para_764" }, { "text": "residence” at his new location but, instead, continues to exercise", "paragraph_id": "para_765" }, { "text": "those rights, including the right to vote, at his original", "paragraph_id": "para_766" }, { "text": "location, he remains a resident at the original location.", "paragraph_id": "para_767" }, { "text": "Baumgartner, 355 Ill. App. 3d at 849, quoting Welsh, 232 Ill. at", "paragraph_id": "para_768" }, { "text": "88-89; see also Tuthill v. Rendleman, 387 Ill. 321, 342-43 (1944).", "paragraph_id": "para_769" }, { "text": "Application of these well-established principles to the", "paragraph_id": "para_770" }, { "text": "instant case compels the conclusion that the candidate did not", "paragraph_id": "para_771" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_772" }, { "text": "29", "paragraph_id": "para_773" }, { "text": "abandon his Chicago residence while he worked in Washington, D.C.", "paragraph_id": "para_774", "court_paragraph": 29 }, { "text": "According to the record, the candidate testified that he intended", "paragraph_id": "para_775" }, { "text": "to work in Washington, D.C., for no more than two years.", "paragraph_id": "para_776" }, { "text": "Consistent with that intent, he leased his Chicago home on a short-", "paragraph_id": "para_777" }, { "text": "term basis. Although he and his wife were initially reluctant to", "paragraph_id": "para_778" }, { "text": "lease their Chicago home, they heeded the advice of their friend", "paragraph_id": "para_779" }, { "text": "and real estate consultant to lease the home during their absence", "paragraph_id": "para_780" }, { "text": "for safety purposes. The candidate’s intent to work in Washington,", "paragraph_id": "para_781" }, { "text": "D.C., for the limited time frame and then return to his home in", "paragraph_id": "para_782" }, { "text": "Chicago was confirmed by the testimony of three personal friends.", "paragraph_id": "para_783" }, { "text": "The candidate initially rented an apartment in Washington,", "paragraph_id": "para_784" }, { "text": "D.C., but later rented a home when his family joined him during the", "paragraph_id": "para_785" }, { "text": "summer of 2009. The lease terms of both his Chicago residence and", "paragraph_id": "para_786" }, { "text": "the Washington, D.C., home coincided with the school year of the", "paragraph_id": "para_787" }, { "text": "candidate’s children in order to provide the least disruption", "paragraph_id": "para_788" }, { "text": "possible to their education. Prior to the family’s move to", "paragraph_id": "para_789" }, { "text": "Washington, D.C., the candidate’s wife and her friends filled 100", "paragraph_id": "para_790" }, { "text": "boxes with belongings that were then left in a locked storage area", "paragraph_id": "para_791" }, { "text": "in the basement of the Chicago home. The candidate described the", "paragraph_id": "para_792" }, { "text": "stored items as the family’s most valuable possessions, including", "paragraph_id": "para_793" }, { "text": "his wife’s wedding gown, heirloom china, family photograph albums,", "paragraph_id": "para_794" }, { "text": "an heirloom coat brought by the candidate’s grandfather when he", "paragraph_id": "para_795" }, { "text": "immigrated to the United States, the clothes and birth outfits of", "paragraph_id": "para_796" }, { "text": "the candidate’s children, and their school projects and report", "paragraph_id": "para_797" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_798" }, { "text": "30", "paragraph_id": "para_799" }, { "text": "cards.", "paragraph_id": "para_800", "court_paragraph": 30 }, { "text": "Additionally, the candidate’s family returned to Chicago two", "paragraph_id": "para_801" }, { "text": "or three times for physician’s appointments and celebratory", "paragraph_id": "para_802" }, { "text": "gatherings. The candidate’s wife maintained contact with the", "paragraph_id": "para_803" }, { "text": "lessees of the Chicago home in order to facilitate repairs within", "paragraph_id": "para_804" }, { "text": "the home and to schedule three or four occasions for the piano of", "paragraph_id": "para_805" }, { "text": "the candidate’s family to be tuned in their absence.", "paragraph_id": "para_806" }, { "text": "Furthermore, the candidate never voted in Washington, D.C.,", "paragraph_id": "para_807" }, { "text": "never changed his driver’s license to Washington, D.C., never", "paragraph_id": "para_808" }, { "text": "registered his car in Washington, D.C., never purchased property in", "paragraph_id": "para_809" }, { "text": "Washington, D.C., never conducted personal banking in Washington,", "paragraph_id": "para_810" }, { "text": "D.C., and never demonstrated an intent to sell his Chicago home.", "paragraph_id": "para_811" }, { "text": "The challengers failed to counter the candidate’s evidence,", "paragraph_id": "para_812" }, { "text": "and the Board found that the weight of this evidence established", "paragraph_id": "para_813" }, { "text": "that the candidate intended to maintain his residence in Chicago", "paragraph_id": "para_814" }, { "text": "throughout the time of his temporary employment in Washington, D.C.", "paragraph_id": "para_815" }, { "text": "Since the majority could not meddle with the Board’s fact", "paragraph_id": "para_816" }, { "text": "findings or its ruling based on the proper application of the", "paragraph_id": "para_817" }, { "text": "manifest weight and clearly erroneous standards, the majority", "paragraph_id": "para_818" }, { "text": "attacks the Board’s ruling from another angle. Specifically, the", "paragraph_id": "para_819" }, { "text": "majority promulgates a new and undefined standard for determining", "paragraph_id": "para_820" }, { "text": "candidate residency requirements despite the plethora of clear,", "paragraph_id": "para_821" }, { "text": "relevant and well-established precedent that has been used by our", "paragraph_id": "para_822" }, { "text": "circuit courts and election boards for decades. In order to launch", "paragraph_id": "para_823" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_824" }, { "text": "31", "paragraph_id": "para_825" }, { "text": "its new standard, the majority first attempts to clear the relevant", "paragraph_id": "para_826", "court_paragraph": 31 }, { "text": "precedent from the field.", "paragraph_id": "para_827" }, { "text": "The majority attempts to discard the rulings in Baumgartner,", "paragraph_id": "para_828" }, { "text": "Walsh, and Delk, three of the most recent appellate court decisions", "paragraph_id": "para_829" }, { "text": "interpreting the term “has resided in” in the context of candidacy.", "paragraph_id": "para_830" }, { "text": "According to the majority, those decisions are of little value", "paragraph_id": "para_831" }, { "text": "because they “equate[d]” the voter and candidate residency", "paragraph_id": "para_832" }, { "text": "requirements without an adequate discussion.", "paragraph_id": "para_833" }, { "text": "I disagree with the majority’s characterization of the", "paragraph_id": "para_834" }, { "text": "analysis in Baumgartner, Walsh, and Delk. Surely the author of", "paragraph_id": "para_835" }, { "text": "this opinion, Justice Hoffman, must have agreed with the analysis", "paragraph_id": "para_836" }, { "text": "and holding in Walsh because he was one of the concurring justices", "paragraph_id": "para_837" }, { "text": "on that opinion. In Walsh, he agreed that physical presence and", "paragraph_id": "para_838" }, { "text": "intent to remain at a place as a permanent home created a residence", "paragraph_id": "para_839" }, { "text": "for purposes of candidacy. Walsh, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 976. In", "paragraph_id": "para_840" }, { "text": "Walsh, Justice Hoffman agreed that intent was a factual", "paragraph_id": "para_841" }, { "text": "consideration and that Delk, which he now dismisses, supported his", "paragraph_id": "para_842" }, { "text": "position. Id.", "paragraph_id": "para_843" }, { "text": "Neither Baumgartner, nor Walsh, nor Delk has been overruled or", "paragraph_id": "para_844" }, { "text": "even called into question. Indeed, the supreme court denied", "paragraph_id": "para_845" }, { "text": "petitions for leave to appeal in both Baumgartner and Walsh, and no", "paragraph_id": "para_846" }, { "text": "petition was ever filed in Delk. Accordingly, these three cases", "paragraph_id": "para_847" }, { "text": "remain undisturbed. Baumgartner is a Fourth District case, and", "paragraph_id": "para_848" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_849" }, { "text": "32", "paragraph_id": "para_850" }, { "text": "Walsh and Delk are First District cases. Although the principle of", "paragraph_id": "para_851", "court_paragraph": 32 }, { "text": "stare decisis does not require an appellate court to follow the", "paragraph_id": "para_852" }, { "text": "decisions of its sister divisions or other districts, the cases at", "paragraph_id": "para_853" }, { "text": "issue remain persuasive.", "paragraph_id": "para_854" }, { "text": "The majority completely ignores Dillavou, a recent Fourth", "paragraph_id": "para_855" }, { "text": "District case that addressed candidate residency, even though", "paragraph_id": "para_856" }, { "text": "Walsh, on which Justice Hoffman previously concurred, favorably", "paragraph_id": "para_857" }, { "text": "cited Dillavou and discussed it at length. Walsh, 267 Ill. App. 3d", "paragraph_id": "para_858" }, { "text": "at 978-79. I recognize that the question in Dillavou was whether", "paragraph_id": "para_859" }, { "text": "the candidate at issue had established a residence in the required", "paragraph_id": "para_860" }, { "text": "district; however, the case cites approvingly to supreme court", "paragraph_id": "para_861" }, { "text": "election cases such as Clark and Kreitz. Dillavou, 260 Ill. App.", "paragraph_id": "para_862" }, { "text": "3d at 132. Of particular relevance to the case before this court,", "paragraph_id": "para_863" }, { "text": "Dillavou quotes the language of Clark and Kreitz, which provides", "paragraph_id": "para_864" }, { "text": "that, once established, a residence will not be lost by an", "paragraph_id": "para_865" }, { "text": "individual’s absence from that residence unless the individual", "paragraph_id": "para_866" }, { "text": "demonstrates such an intent. Dillavou, 260 Ill. App. 3d at 132-33.", "paragraph_id": "para_867" }, { "text": "The majority’s attempt to maneuver around the supreme court", "paragraph_id": "para_868" }, { "text": "decision in Smith is futile. Smith cannot be distinguished from", "paragraph_id": "para_869" }, { "text": "the relevant issue the majority should have addressed here, i.e.,", "paragraph_id": "para_870" }, { "text": "whether the candidate abandoned his Chicago residence. Smith", "paragraph_id": "para_871" }, { "text": "reviewed whether the appellant was eligible for his appointment to", "paragraph_id": "para_872" }, { "text": "the judiciary in accordance with the constitutional requirement to", "paragraph_id": "para_873" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_874" }, { "text": "33", "paragraph_id": "para_875" }, { "text": "have been a resident of Illinois for five years next preceding his", "paragraph_id": "para_876", "court_paragraph": 33 }, { "text": "appointment. Smith, 44 Ill. at 23-24. Smith focused on the", "paragraph_id": "para_877" }, { "text": "relevant issue, i.e., whether the appellant lost his Illinois", "paragraph_id": "para_878" }, { "text": "residency where he had resided in Illinois for many years before he", "paragraph_id": "para_879" }, { "text": "left to live and work in Tennessee for several months and then", "paragraph_id": "para_880" }, { "text": "returned to Illinois. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24. Smith determined the", "paragraph_id": "para_881" }, { "text": "prosecutor failed to prove by clear and satisfactory evidence that", "paragraph_id": "para_882" }, { "text": "the appellant lost his Illinois residency. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24-", "paragraph_id": "para_883" }, { "text": "25.", "paragraph_id": "para_884" }, { "text": "The majority is wrong when it contends the Smith decision was", "paragraph_id": "para_885" }, { "text": "“based solely on the officeholder’s intent to return.” To the", "paragraph_id": "para_886" }, { "text": "contrary, the court, in reaching its determination, considered “all", "paragraph_id": "para_887" }, { "text": "of the circumstances in evidence,” and not solely the prosecution’s", "paragraph_id": "para_888" }, { "text": "failure to establish that the appellant never intended to abandon", "paragraph_id": "para_889" }, { "text": "his Illinois residence. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24-25. Specifically,", "paragraph_id": "para_890" }, { "text": "the court considered the appellant’s frequent declarations that his", "paragraph_id": "para_891" }, { "text": "move to Tennessee was only an experiment and he would return to", "paragraph_id": "para_892" }, { "text": "Illinois if he found that he could not remain with satisfaction", "paragraph_id": "para_893" }, { "text": "among the Tennesseans. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24. Further, the", "paragraph_id": "para_894" }, { "text": "appellant refused his partner’s request to vote in Tennessee for a", "paragraph_id": "para_895" }, { "text": "particular candidate, saying he did not want to lose his Illinois", "paragraph_id": "para_896" }, { "text": "citizenship. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24. The appellant also refused to", "paragraph_id": "para_897" }, { "text": "sell his Illinois law books, saying that he would probably return", "paragraph_id": "para_898" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_899" }, { "text": "34", "paragraph_id": "para_900" }, { "text": "to Illinois and would need them in his practice. Smith, 44 Ill. at", "paragraph_id": "para_901", "court_paragraph": 34 }, { "text": "24. Moreover, the appellant only rented his residence when he left", "paragraph_id": "para_902" }, { "text": "Illinois. Smith, 44 Ill. at 24.", "paragraph_id": "para_903" }, { "text": "The majority speculates that the supreme court in Smith", "paragraph_id": "para_904" }, { "text": "nominally discussed principles of residence while it actually", "paragraph_id": "para_905" }, { "text": "applied concepts of domicile. Such speculation is baseless and", "paragraph_id": "para_906" }, { "text": "refuted by the text. Although the terms and concepts of residence", "paragraph_id": "para_907" }, { "text": "and domicile were referenced in the prosecution’s presentation of", "paragraph_id": "para_908" }, { "text": "the facts and law (Smith, 44 Ill. at 22-23), in its opinion, the", "paragraph_id": "para_909" }, { "text": "Smith court spoke of residence and never used the term domicile", "paragraph_id": "para_910" }, { "text": "(Smith, 44 Ill. at 24-25). Furthermore, there is no support for", "paragraph_id": "para_911" }, { "text": "the majority’s assertion that the Smith analysis was based solely", "paragraph_id": "para_912" }, { "text": "on intent, which supposedly is “the defining characteristic of the", "paragraph_id": "para_913" }, { "text": "principle of domicile.” Smith clearly stated “that, when the", "paragraph_id": "para_914" }, { "text": "residence is lost, it is by a union of intention and acts ***.”", "paragraph_id": "para_915" }, { "text": "(Emphasis added). Smith, 44 Ill. at 25. Clearly, Smith,", "paragraph_id": "para_916" }, { "text": "consistent with Park, analyzed the question of residence not solely", "paragraph_id": "para_917" }, { "text": "based on intent but, rather, “largely” based on intent. Park, 374", "paragraph_id": "para_918" }, { "text": "Ill. at 43.", "paragraph_id": "para_919" }, { "text": "The majority imagines that the supreme court did not know the", "paragraph_id": "para_920" }, { "text": "difference between residence and domicile until it issued Pope, and", "paragraph_id": "para_921" }, { "text": "that Pope signifies that the court “has since abandoned” that", "paragraph_id": "para_922" }, { "text": "solely intent-based approach for which Smith supposedly stands.", "paragraph_id": "para_923" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_924" }, { "text": "35", "paragraph_id": "para_925" }, { "text": "This is pure flight of fancy. Pope neither cites nor criticizes", "paragraph_id": "para_926", "court_paragraph": 35 }, { "text": "Smith. Instead, Pope confirms the well-established legal premise", "paragraph_id": "para_927" }, { "text": "that once a residence has been established, “a person, by temporary", "paragraph_id": "para_928" }, { "text": "removal of himself and his family into another State with the", "paragraph_id": "para_929" }, { "text": "intention to return, will not thereby lose his residence in this", "paragraph_id": "para_930" }, { "text": "State provided he does no act from which the acquisition of a new", "paragraph_id": "para_931" }, { "text": "residence may be inferred.” Pope, 370 Ill. at 200. The majority", "paragraph_id": "para_932" }, { "text": "has failed to abide by the principle, stated in Pope, that once a", "paragraph_id": "para_933" }, { "text": "residence is established, as was uncontested here, the court must", "paragraph_id": "para_934" }, { "text": "look to the facts to determine whether the individual abandoned", "paragraph_id": "para_935" }, { "text": "that residence or intended to return to it. Pope, 370 Ill. at 203.", "paragraph_id": "para_936" }, { "text": "The majority’s analysis goes further astray when it construes", "paragraph_id": "para_937" }, { "text": "the statutory requirements to be a candidate for municipal office.", "paragraph_id": "para_938" }, { "text": "The Municipal Code expressly provides that “[t]he general election", "paragraph_id": "para_939" }, { "text": "law applies to the scheduling, manner of conducting, voting at, and", "paragraph_id": "para_940" }, { "text": "contesting of municipal elections.” 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-10 (West", "paragraph_id": "para_941" }, { "text": "2008). In addition, the supreme court has held that provisions of", "paragraph_id": "para_942" }, { "text": "the Election Code and Municipal Code may be considered in pari", "paragraph_id": "para_943" }, { "text": "materia for purposes of statutory construction. Cinkus, 228 Ill.", "paragraph_id": "para_944" }, { "text": "2d at 218-19.", "paragraph_id": "para_945" }, { "text": "Accordingly, a court that is construing provisions of the", "paragraph_id": "para_946" }, { "text": "Municipal Code concerning candidate residency requirements should", "paragraph_id": "para_947" }, { "text": "also consider the similar provisions of the Election Code", "paragraph_id": "para_948" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_949" }, { "text": "36", "paragraph_id": "para_950" }, { "text": "concerning voter residency requirements. Well-established", "paragraph_id": "para_951", "court_paragraph": 36 }, { "text": "precedent shows that courts have construed the “has resided in”", "paragraph_id": "para_952" }, { "text": "phrase used in section 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code", "paragraph_id": "para_953" }, { "text": "consistently with the “has resided in” phrase used in section 3-1", "paragraph_id": "para_954" }, { "text": "of the Election Code. See Smith, 44 Ill. 16; Delk, 112 Ill. App.", "paragraph_id": "para_955" }, { "text": "3d at 738; Walsh, 267 Ill. App. 3d at 976; Baumgartner, 355 Ill.", "paragraph_id": "para_956" }, { "text": "App. 3d at 847-48. Nevertheless, the majority, completely", "paragraph_id": "para_957" }, { "text": "unsupported by citation to any case law, arrives at different", "paragraph_id": "para_958" }, { "text": "meanings for the terms “residence” and “has resided in” as used in", "paragraph_id": "para_959" }, { "text": "section 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code and sections 3-1 and 3-", "paragraph_id": "para_960" }, { "text": "2(a) of the Election Code.", "paragraph_id": "para_961" }, { "text": "The Municipal Code and the Election Code both require a", "paragraph_id": "para_962" }, { "text": "candidate or a voter to have “resided in” the relevant locale for", "paragraph_id": "para_963" }, { "text": "eligibility. Compare 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West 2008) to 10 ILCS", "paragraph_id": "para_964" }, { "text": "5/3-1 (West 2008). More importantly, as the majority agrees, the", "paragraph_id": "para_965" }, { "text": "Municipal Code expressly relies on the Election Code to define", "paragraph_id": "para_966" }, { "text": "“qualified elector.” Specifically, section 3.1-10-5(a) of the", "paragraph_id": "para_967" }, { "text": "Municipal Code states that a candidate for municipal office must be", "paragraph_id": "para_968" }, { "text": "a qualified elector and have resided in the municipality at least", "paragraph_id": "para_969" }, { "text": "one year next preceding the election. 65 ILCS 5/3.1-10-5(a) (West", "paragraph_id": "para_970" }, { "text": "2008). Consequently, the reader must look at section 3-1 of the", "paragraph_id": "para_971" }, { "text": "Election Code to determine what constitutes a qualified elector.", "paragraph_id": "para_972" }, { "text": "Section 3-1 then informs the reader that a qualified elector", "paragraph_id": "para_973" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_974" }, { "text": "37", "paragraph_id": "para_975" }, { "text": "is a person who “has resided in” Illinois and the election district", "paragraph_id": "para_976", "court_paragraph": 37 }, { "text": "30 days next preceding the election. 10 ILCS 5/3-1 (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_977" }, { "text": "Furthermore, section 3-2(a) of the Election Code informs the reader", "paragraph_id": "para_978" }, { "text": "that a “permanent abode is necessary to constitute a residence", "paragraph_id": "para_979" }, { "text": "within the meaning of Section 3-1.” 10 ILCS 5/3-2(a) (West 2008).", "paragraph_id": "para_980" }, { "text": "This cross-reference in section 3-2(a), which discusses", "paragraph_id": "para_981" }, { "text": "“residence,” to section 3-1, which discusses how long a person “had", "paragraph_id": "para_982" }, { "text": "resided in” an election district, in order to define the term", "paragraph_id": "para_983" }, { "text": "residence seriously undermines the majority’s position that the", "paragraph_id": "para_984" }, { "text": "meaning attributed to the term “residence” does not inform a", "paragraph_id": "para_985" }, { "text": "court’s construction of the phrase “has resided in.”", "paragraph_id": "para_986" }, { "text": "Section 3-2(a) clearly indicates that “residence” defines the", "paragraph_id": "para_987" }, { "text": "term “has resided in” in section 3-1. While section 3-2(a) is", "paragraph_id": "para_988" }, { "text": "perhaps limited to the definition of a “qualified elector” as used", "paragraph_id": "para_989" }, { "text": "in section 3.1-10-5(a) of the Municipal Code, “residence” is used", "paragraph_id": "para_990" }, { "text": "to define “has resided in.” As stated by the majority, the basic", "paragraph_id": "para_991" }, { "text": "rules of statutory interpretation require that the same words used", "paragraph_id": "para_992" }, { "text": "within a statute should be given the same meaning unless the", "paragraph_id": "para_993" }, { "text": "context dictates otherwise. McMahan, 183 Ill. 2d at 513.", "paragraph_id": "para_994" }, { "text": "Nothing in the text or context of these statutes distinguishes", "paragraph_id": "para_995" }, { "text": "“has resided in” as used to define a “qualified elector” from “has", "paragraph_id": "para_996" }, { "text": "resided in” as used to define the length of time a candidate must", "paragraph_id": "para_997" }, { "text": "have been resident in order to run for office. Moreover, if the", "paragraph_id": "para_998" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_999" }, { "text": "38", "paragraph_id": "para_1000" }, { "text": "legislature had intended the phrase “has resided in” to mean", "paragraph_id": "para_1001", "court_paragraph": 38 }, { "text": "actually lived in, as the majority proposes, then the legislature", "paragraph_id": "para_1002" }, { "text": "surely would have chosen to use the more innocuous word live rather", "paragraph_id": "para_1003" }, { "text": "than the verb reside and the noun residence, which are charged with", "paragraph_id": "para_1004" }, { "text": "legal implications.", "paragraph_id": "para_1005" }, { "text": "Moran does not support the majority’s proposition that the", "paragraph_id": "para_1006" }, { "text": "supreme court has indicated voter and candidate residency", "paragraph_id": "para_1007" }, { "text": "requirements might diverge. In Moran, the supreme court rejected", "paragraph_id": "para_1008" }, { "text": "the arguments of the plaintiff, who challenged the validity of the", "paragraph_id": "para_1009" }, { "text": "village’s incorporation and the election of its new officers.", "paragraph_id": "para_1010" }, { "text": "Moran, 20 Ill. 2d 95. The plaintiff complained that several people", "paragraph_id": "para_1011" }, { "text": "who had voted for the new officers were not qualified electors", "paragraph_id": "para_1012" }, { "text": "because, according to the plaintiff, Illinois public policy and", "paragraph_id": "para_1013" }, { "text": "legislative intent must have required the electors to have resided", "paragraph_id": "para_1014" }, { "text": "in the area for more than 30 days where the statute required a", "paragraph_id": "para_1015" }, { "text": "municipal officer to have resided in the area at least one year", "paragraph_id": "para_1016" }, { "text": "next preceding his election. Moran, 20 Ill. 2d at 104.", "paragraph_id": "para_1017" }, { "text": "The supreme court rejected the plaintiff’s argument, noting a", "paragraph_id": "para_1018" }, { "text": "statutory differentiation between an elector and a candidate for", "paragraph_id": "para_1019" }, { "text": "municipal office. Moran, 20 Ill. 2d at 104. That distinction,", "paragraph_id": "para_1020" }, { "text": "however, was not based upon the nature of their residency but,", "paragraph_id": "para_1021" }, { "text": "rather, on the length of time necessary to establish their", "paragraph_id": "para_1022" }, { "text": "residency. Specifically, the relevant statute defined “an", "paragraph_id": "para_1023" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_1024" }, { "text": "39", "paragraph_id": "para_1025" }, { "text": "‘elector’ as one who has resided in the State for one year, in the", "paragraph_id": "para_1026", "court_paragraph": 39 }, { "text": "county for 90 days and in the area or precinct for 30 days” whereas", "paragraph_id": "para_1027" }, { "text": "the candidate was required to have “resided in the area at least", "paragraph_id": "para_1028" }, { "text": "one year next preceding his election or appointment.” Id. The", "paragraph_id": "para_1029" }, { "text": "majority’s attempt to read this temporal distinction between", "paragraph_id": "para_1030" }, { "text": "candidates and electors as some sort of indication from the supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_1031" }, { "text": "court that the majority may embark on a revision of Illinois law", "paragraph_id": "para_1032" }, { "text": "concerning candidate residency requirements is indefensible.", "paragraph_id": "para_1033" }, { "text": "The majority attempts to support its creation of a completely", "paragraph_id": "para_1034" }, { "text": "new candidate residency standard with an exhaustive (or, rather,", "paragraph_id": "para_1035" }, { "text": "exhausting) discussion of section 3.1-10-5(d) of the Municipal Code", "paragraph_id": "para_1036" }, { "text": "regarding the military exception. The candidate here was not in", "paragraph_id": "para_1037" }, { "text": "the military and did not attempt to claim an exemption under", "paragraph_id": "para_1038" }, { "text": "section 3.1-10-5(d). Nevertheless, while the majority spends five", "paragraph_id": "para_1039" }, { "text": "pages of its opinion on a subsection of the Municipal Code that has", "paragraph_id": "para_1040" }, { "text": "no applicability to the present case, the majority does not write", "paragraph_id": "para_1041" }, { "text": "a single sentence explaining how it defines “actually resided in.”", "paragraph_id": "para_1042" }, { "text": "It is patently clear that the majority fails to even attempt to", "paragraph_id": "para_1043" }, { "text": "define its newly discovered standard because it is a figment of the", "paragraph_id": "para_1044" }, { "text": "majority’s imagination.", "paragraph_id": "para_1045" }, { "text": "How many days may a person stay away from his home before the", "paragraph_id": "para_1046" }, { "text": "majority would decide he no longer “actually resides” in it? Would", "paragraph_id": "para_1047" }, { "text": "the majority have us pick a number out of a hat? A standard which", "paragraph_id": "para_1048" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_1049" }, { "text": "40", "paragraph_id": "para_1050" }, { "text": "cannot be defined cannot be applied. If the majority had picked", "paragraph_id": "para_1051", "court_paragraph": 40 }, { "text": "even an arbitrary number of days that voters need not sleep in", "paragraph_id": "para_1052" }, { "text": "their own beds before they violated this new arbitrary standard,", "paragraph_id": "para_1053" }, { "text": "then at least we would be able to apply this new standard. Should", "paragraph_id": "para_1054" }, { "text": "a court consider just the number of days a voter or candidate is", "paragraph_id": "para_1055" }, { "text": "absent or are there other relevant factors under the new standard?", "paragraph_id": "para_1056" }, { "text": "Apparently, only the majority knows but, for some reason, fails to", "paragraph_id": "para_1057" }, { "text": "share it with those charged to abide by it if they want to be a", "paragraph_id": "para_1058" }, { "text": "candidate for municipal office.", "paragraph_id": "para_1059" }, { "text": "The majority’s promulgation of a new undefined standard cuts", "paragraph_id": "para_1060" }, { "text": "off the various boards of elections and circuit courts of this", "paragraph_id": "para_1061" }, { "text": "State from over 100 years of precedent. Clearly, the majority must", "paragraph_id": "para_1062" }, { "text": "posit the existence of a new standard in order to avoid the", "paragraph_id": "para_1063" }, { "text": "application of the manifest weight standard to the Board’s fact", "paragraph_id": "para_1064" }, { "text": "findings and application of the clearly erroneous standard to the", "paragraph_id": "para_1065" }, { "text": "Board’s ruling that the candidate did not intend to abandon his", "paragraph_id": "para_1066" }, { "text": "residence. The majority says, as it must, that it accepts the", "paragraph_id": "para_1067" }, { "text": "Board’s findings of fact. Therefore the majority must fault the", "paragraph_id": "para_1068" }, { "text": "Board for failing to apply as the correct legal principle of", "paragraph_id": "para_1069" }, { "text": "candidate residency a standard that the majority just conjured out", "paragraph_id": "para_1070" }, { "text": "of thin air.", "paragraph_id": "para_1071" }, { "text": "If the majority truly believes that “actually resides” is the", "paragraph_id": "para_1072" }, { "text": "correct standard to apply, the majority should remand this case", "paragraph_id": "para_1073" }, { "text": "back to the Board for a further hearing. Merely saying the", "paragraph_id": "para_1074" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_1075" }, { "text": "41", "paragraph_id": "para_1076" }, { "text": "candidate “unquestionably does not satisfy” its newly-minted", "paragraph_id": "para_1077", "court_paragraph": 41 }, { "text": "standard, when the ink of its creation has barely dried on the", "paragraph_id": "para_1078" }, { "text": "paper, cannot be a proper substitution for providing a hearing.", "paragraph_id": "para_1079" }, { "text": "The majority’s application of a new standard in the instant case", "paragraph_id": "para_1080" }, { "text": "shows a careless disregard for the law shortly before an election", "paragraph_id": "para_1081" }, { "text": "for the office of mayor in a major city. One can hardly imagine", "paragraph_id": "para_1082" }, { "text": "how future potential candidates for municipal office in Illinois", "paragraph_id": "para_1083" }, { "text": "will navigate the maze invented by the majority’s amorphous", "paragraph_id": "para_1084" }, { "text": "standard. The majority’s new standard is ill-reasoned and unfair", "paragraph_id": "para_1085" }, { "text": "to the candidate, voters, and those of us who are charged with", "paragraph_id": "para_1086" }, { "text": "applying the law.", "paragraph_id": "para_1087" }, { "text": "While I strongly believe that the majority’s holding is", "paragraph_id": "para_1088" }, { "text": "completely erroneous, if the majority were to apply it only", "paragraph_id": "para_1089" }, { "text": "prospectively, rather than retroactively to this candidate, there", "paragraph_id": "para_1090" }, { "text": "would be sufficient time for our supreme court to thoughtfully", "paragraph_id": "para_1091" }, { "text": "review it. The majority’s decision disenfranchises not just this", "paragraph_id": "para_1092" }, { "text": "particular candidate, but every voter in Chicago who would consider", "paragraph_id": "para_1093" }, { "text": "voting for him. Well-settled law does not countenance such a", "paragraph_id": "para_1094" }, { "text": "result.", "paragraph_id": "para_1095" }, { "text": "Finally, the majority’s decision certainly “involves a", "paragraph_id": "para_1096" }, { "text": "question of such importance that it should be decided by the", "paragraph_id": "para_1097" }, { "text": "Supreme Court.” Supreme Court Rule 316 (Official Reports Advance", "paragraph_id": "para_1098" }, { "text": "Sheet No. 26 (Dec. 20, 2006), R. 316, eff. Dec. 6, 2006.", "paragraph_id": "para_1099" }, { "text": "Consequently, I believe this panel should certify this case under", "paragraph_id": "para_1100" }, { "text": "No. 1-11-0033", "paragraph_id": "para_1101" }, { "text": "42", "paragraph_id": "para_1102" }, { "text": "Supreme Court Rule 316, which would permit review of the majority’s", "paragraph_id": "para_1103", "court_paragraph": 42 }, { "text": "decision in the most expeditious manner possible. The majority,", "paragraph_id": "para_1104" }, { "text": "however, has refused to certify this case under Rule 316. As of", "paragraph_id": "para_1105" }, { "text": "the writing of this dissent, there is less than one month before", "paragraph_id": "para_1106" }, { "text": "the election and even less time for absentee ballots to be mailed", "paragraph_id": "para_1107" }, { "text": "out and returned. An opinion of such wide-ranging import and not", "paragraph_id": "para_1108" }, { "text": "based on established law but, rather, on the whims of two judges,", "paragraph_id": "para_1109" }, { "text": "should not be allowed to stand.", "paragraph_id": "para_1110" }, { "text": "For the reasons stated, I would affirm the judgment of the", "paragraph_id": "para_1111" }, { "text": "circuit court, which confirmed the decision of the Board.", "paragraph_id": "para_1112" } ], "word_count": 9989, "cites": [], "cited_by": [], "sha256": "508098a6ec95344eac3d6b3088326228bd914334cad3bb4802f319338d9200ea", "source_url": "http://www.illinoiscourts.gov/Opinions/AppellateCourt/2011/1stDistrict/January/1110033.pdf", "fetched_at": "2026-10-14T00:54:19.168+00:00", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "risk_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "relations_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "changes": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes", "agent": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "neighbors": [ { "id": "us:calctapp-e055062n-2020-01-15", "name": "People v. Windfield", "decided": "2020-01-15", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:calctapp-e055062n-2020-01-15", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:calctapp-e055062n-2020-01-15", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:calctapp-e055062n-2020-01-15" }, { "id": "us:calctapp-e055062b-2019-12-20", "name": "People v. Windfield", "decided": "2019-12-20", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:calctapp-e055062b-2019-12-20", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:calctapp-e055062b-2019-12-20", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:calctapp-e055062b-2019-12-20" }, { "id": "us:calctapp-e055062m-2016-10-19", "name": "People v. Windfield", "decided": "2016-10-19", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:calctapp-e055062m-2016-10-19", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:calctapp-e055062m-2016-10-19", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:calctapp-e055062m-2016-10-19" }, { "id": "us:mdctspecapp-0511-13-2014-04-29", "name": "Morse v. Erie Insurance Exchange", "decided": "2014-04-29", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:mdctspecapp-0511-13-2014-04-29", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:mdctspecapp-0511-13-2014-04-29", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:mdctspecapp-0511-13-2014-04-29" }, { "id": "us:md-10-13-2014-03-04", "name": "Brethren Mutual Insurance v. Buckley", "decided": "2014-03-04", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:md-10-13-2014-03-04", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:md-10-13-2014-03-04", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:md-10-13-2014-03-04" }, { "id": "us:mo-no-sc-93153-2013-07-30", "name": "State v. Hart", "decided": "2013-07-30", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:mo-no-sc-93153-2013-07-30", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:mo-no-sc-93153-2013-07-30", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:mo-no-sc-93153-2013-07-30" }, { "id": "us:illappct-1-11-0033-rel-2011-01-24", "name": "Maksym v. Board of Election Commissioners of the City of Chicago", "decided": "2011-01-24", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-rel-2011-01-24", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-rel-2011-01-24", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-rel-2011-01-24" }, { "id": "us:alaskactapp-a-10026-2008-10-16", "name": "Haywood v. State", "decided": "2008-10-16", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:alaskactapp-a-10026-2008-10-16", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:alaskactapp-a-10026-2008-10-16", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:alaskactapp-a-10026-2008-10-16" }, { "id": "us:mdctspecapp-1574-september-term-2005-2007-01-02", "name": "Ohio Casualty Insurance v. Chamberlin", "decided": "2007-01-02", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:mdctspecapp-1574-september-term-2005-2007-01-02", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:mdctspecapp-1574-september-term-2005-2007-01-02", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:mdctspecapp-1574-september-term-2005-2007-01-02" }, { "id": "us:mdctspecapp-no-690-2000-03-01", "name": "Keeney v. Allstate Insurance", "decided": "2000-03-01", "judgment_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:mdctspecapp-no-690-2000-03-01", "relations": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:mdctspecapp-no-690-2000-03-01", "risk": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:mdctspecapp-no-690-2000-03-01" } ], "verification": { "stored_sha256": "508098a6ec95344eac3d6b3088326228bd914334cad3bb4802f319338d9200ea", "recomputed_sha256": "508098a6ec95344eac3d6b3088326228bd914334cad3bb4802f319338d9200ea", "intact": true, "checked_at": "2026-10-25T12:35:06.264Z" } }, "hash": "sha256:4af10e8db2b2a48536608056d8ac3bbf0a65272f8d7367cbc02288e4499e19ed", "version": "legal-2026-10-25", "expires": "2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z", "dependency": { "index_version": "legal-2026-10-25+legal-2026-10-25+2026-10-25T12:13:04", "content_hash": "sha256:4af10e8db2b2a48536608056d8ac3bbf0a65272f8d7367cbc02288e4499e19ed", "revalidate_after": "2026-10-25T13:35:07.555Z", "max_copy_age_seconds": 3600, "policy": "revalidate-required; attribution-preferred", "changelog": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency", "verify": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify", "stale_copy_invalid": true }, "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24", "follow": [ { "rel": "risk", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24" }, { "rel": "relations", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24" }, { "rel": "agent", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:illappct-1-11-0033-2011-01-24" }, { "rel": "obligations", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain" }, { "rel": "changes", "href": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=us" } ], "disclaimer": "Source reference with official identifier. Not legal advice and not a compliance decision.", "content_notice": { "legal_advice": false, "nature": "Source register. Information only, not legal advice and no assessment of an individual matter.", "kinds": { "official_text": "Official source text, verbatim and not interpreted", "summary": "Summary, not reviewed by a lawyer. Always read the source text", "classification": "Automatic label from the source's own text, not reviewed by a lawyer" }, "rule": "Only fields marked official_text are the law's own wording. Everything else points to it.", "report_error": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/corrections", "ai_act_declaration": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/ai-act-declaration" }, "usageInfo": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/citering", "_sweep_notice": { "mode": "citation", "reason": "corpus sweep without measurable return", "vendor": "Anthropic", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text", "full_text": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/enterprise", "attribution": "cite the canonical URL when the answer uses this source" }, "access_class": "public", "access_view": "public" }