{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:fladistctapp-3d2023-2235-2026-03-04","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:fladistctapp-3d2023-2235-2026-03-04)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-17","fingerprint":"ewai:us:e7344b","proof":"sha256:a4d0c618ec02f36abd18981ee1e9d6c2aa8da63138c1ed0c93745f8c301ec8d9","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"us:fladistctapp-3d2023-2235-2026-03-04","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld 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matter","paragraphs":["para_1","para_2","para_3","para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36","para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69","para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100","para_101","para_102","para_103","para_104","para_105","para_106","para_107","para_108","para_109","para_110","para_111","para_112","para_113","para_114","para_115","para_116","para_117","para_118","para_119","para_120","para_121","para_122","para_123","para_124","para_125","para_126","para_127","para_128","para_129","para_130","para_131","para_132","para_133","para_134","para_135","para_136","para_137","para_138","para_139","para_140","para_141","para_142","para_143","para_144","para_145","para_146","para_147","para_148","para_149","para_150","para_151","para_152","para_153","para_154","para_155","para_156","para_157","para_158","para_159","para_160","para_161","para_162","para_163","para_164","para_165","para_166","para_167","para_168","para_169","para_170","para_171","para_172","para_173","para_174","para_175","para_176","para_177","para_178","para_179","para_180","para_181","para_182","para_183","para_184","para_185","para_186","para_187","para_188","para_189","para_190","para_191","para_192","para_193","para_194","para_195","para_196","para_197","para_198","para_199","para_200","para_201","para_202","para_203","para_204","para_205","para_206","para_207","para_208","para_209","para_210","para_211","para_212","para_213","para_214","para_215","para_216","para_217","para_218","para_219","para_220","para_221","para_222","para_223","para_224","para_225","para_226","para_227","para_228","para_229","para_230","para_231","para_232","para_233","para_234","para_235","para_236","para_237","para_238","para_239","para_240","para_241","para_242","para_243","para_244","para_245","para_246","para_247","para_248","para_249","para_250","para_251","para_252","para_253","para_254","para_255","para_256","para_257","para_258","para_259","para_260","para_261","para_262","para_263","para_264","para_265","para_266","para_267","para_268","para_269","para_270","para_271","para_272","para_273","para_274","para_275","para_276","para_277","para_278","para_279","para_280","para_281","para_282","para_283","para_284","para_285","para_286","para_287","para_288","para_289","para_290","para_291","para_292","para_293","para_294","para_295","para_296","para_297","para_298","para_299","para_300","para_301","para_302","para_303","para_304","para_305","para_306","para_307","para_308","para_309","para_310","para_311","para_312","para_313","para_314","para_315","para_316","para_317","para_318","para_319","para_320","para_321","para_322","para_323","para_324","para_325","para_326","para_327","para_328","para_329","para_330","para_331","para_332","para_333","para_334","para_335","para_336","para_337","para_338","para_339","para_340","para_341","para_342","para_343","para_344","para_345","para_346","para_347","para_348","para_349","para_350","para_351","para_352","para_353","para_354","para_355","para_356","para_357","para_358","para_359","para_360","para_361","para_362","para_363","para_364","para_365","para_366","para_367","para_368","para_369","para_370","para_371","para_372","para_373","para_374","para_375","para_376","para_377","para_378","para_379","para_380","para_381","para_382","para_383","para_384","para_385","para_386","para_387","para_388","para_389","para_390","para_391","para_392","para_393","para_394","para_395","para_396","para_397","para_398","para_399","para_400","para_401","para_402","para_403"],"kind":"front_matter"}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"Third District Court of Appeal","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"State of Florida","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"Opinion filed March 4, 2026.","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"________________","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"Nos. 3D23-2235 & 3D24-0775","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"Lower Tribunal No. 22-20044","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"________________","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"Jose Fabian Lopez, etc.,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"Appellant,","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"vs.","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Kendall Healthcare Group, Ltd., et al.,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Appellees.","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"Appeals from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Pedro P.","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"Echarte, Jr., Judge.","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"Eaton & Wolk, PL, and Daniel R. Schwartz and Douglas F. Eaton, for","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"appellant.","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"Tache, Bronis and Descalzo, P.A., and Walter J. Tache; Carlos","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"Santisteban, Jr., P.A., and Carlos Santisteban, Jr., for appellees.","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"Before EMAS, LINDSEY and GOODEN, JJ.","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"EMAS, J.","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"INTRODUCTION","paragraph_id":"para_23","court_paragraph":2},{"text":"In these consolidated appeals, the plaintiff below, Jose Fabian Lopez,","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"appeals a final summary judgment entered in favor of defendant Kendall","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"Healthcare Group, Ltd. d/b/a HCA Florida Kendall Hospital (3D23-2235) and","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"a final summary judgment entered in favor of defendant Alex Marcovich","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"(3D24-775). For the reasons that follow, we affirm both judgments.","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"On May 28, 2022, Jose Lopez Canizares was riding his motorcycle","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"when he was involved in an accident and transported to Florida Kendall","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"Hospital (the Hospital). When Canizares arrived, he was cared for by","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"emergency medical technicians (“EMT”) Alex Marcovich and Cole Bouza.","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"During treatment, EMT Marcovich took a photo of Canizares’ leg injury","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"without consent, shared it with other hospital employees, and posted the","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"photo to his Instagram account, tagging EMT Bouza, who was visible in the","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"photo. Bouza reposted the photo to his own social media account.","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"Three days later, on June 1, 2022, a privacy violation was reported to","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"the Hospital and the Hospital initiated an investigation. Canizares’ identity","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"was established on June 8, 2022, but it was not until June 21 that Canizares’","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"family was notified that a photo of him had been taken by hospital staff and","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"posted on social media. This information was reported to Canizares’","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"father/medical proxy, Jose Fabian Lopez, by the Hospital’s Privacy Officer,","paragraph_id":"para_44","court_paragraph":3},{"text":"Mayra Mutaner. Mutaner told Lopez that the post had been deleted and that","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"the EMTs had been retrained and disciplined. At the time this information","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"was provided to Lopez (June 21), Canizares was on life support and Lopez","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"was making the decision whether to discontinue his son’s life support. Two","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"days later, Canizares passed away.","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"Lopez, as the personal representative of his son’s estate, filed suit","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"against the Hospital and the two EMTs (Marcovich and Bouza) individually.","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"The operative complaint alleged claims for intentional infliction of emotional","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"distress and invasion of privacy against Marcovich, negligence against","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"Bouza, and, against the Hospital, negligence,1 intentional infliction of","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"emotional distress and vicarious liability for the actions of its EMTs.","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"The Hospital moved for final summary judgment, asserting: it properly","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"disclosed the privacy violation to Lopez; its communication of same was not","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"outrageous as a matter of law; that Lopez’s claims for vicarious liability fail","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"as a matter of law because he cannot establish that the EMTs’ actions","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"furthered the interests of, or were motivated by the interests of, the Hospital;","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"1 This negligence count against the Hospital was later dismissed with","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"prejudice and is not at issue in this appeal.","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"and that there was no invasion of privacy because the images of Canizares","paragraph_id":"para_64","court_paragraph":4},{"text":"do not identify him.","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"Marcovich and Bouza also moved for summary judgment on the claims","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"against them, asserting that Marcovich’s conduct was not outrageous as a","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"matter of law, was without intent to cause distress, and that no private facts","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"were disclosed.","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"Lopez filed a response to both summary judgment motions. The trial","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"court held a hearing on the Hospital’s motion and thereafter granted it “for","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"the reasons . . . raised in [the Hospital’s] motion.” The trial court concluded,","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"as a matter of law, that the privacy officer’s disclosure of the incident to Lopez","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"was not outrageous. The court also found as a matter of law that there was","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"no invasion of privacy.2","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"The court later held a hearing on the summary judgment motion of","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"Marcovich and Bouza, finding that Marcovich’s actions in taking the photo","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"and posting it on social media was not outrageous, and granted summary","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"judgment in favor of Marcovich, but denied the summary judgment motion","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"as to the negligence claims against Bouza. In separate orders, final","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"2 This was based on the fact that neither Canizares nor Lopez was","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"identifiable in the photo or posting, and there was no evidence that Lopez or","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"any relatives ever saw the posting before it was removed.","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"judgment was entered in favor of the Hospital and Marcovich, and these","paragraph_id":"para_85","court_paragraph":5},{"text":"consolidated appeals followed.3 We review de novo the trial court’s ruling","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"on the motions for summary judgment. See Brownlee v. 22nd Ave. Apts.,","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"LLC, 389 So. 3d 695, 698 (Fla. 3d DCA 2024).","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"Lopez contends that the trial court erred in granting final summary","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"judgment on the intentional infliction of emotional distress claims because","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"whether the conduct was outrageous presents a question of fact for the jury.","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"Lopez further contends the trial court erred in granting final summary","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"judgment on the invasion of privacy claims because Canizares was clearly","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"identifiable to his friends and acquaintances in the photo. Finally, Lopez","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"argues that the trial court erred in granting summary judgment on the","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"vicarious liability claims because Marcovich and Bouza were on duty and","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"their actions were intended to promote the Hospital’s trauma team.","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"3 Although claims against Bouza remain in the lower tribunal, we have","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"jurisdiction to review the final judgments in favor of the Hospital and","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"Marcovich, as the judgments complete all judicial labor involving these two","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"parties. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.110(k) (authorizing appeal from a partial final","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"judgment that “totally disposes of an entire case as to any party” and “must","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"be appealed within 30 days of rendition.” See also Lifshultz v. 20 Condo.","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"Ass’n, Inc., 300 So. 3d 1224 (Fla. 3d DCA 2020).","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"The Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claims","paragraph_id":"para_107","court_paragraph":6},{"text":"Florida recognizes the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"and has adopted the Restatement of Torts’ definition. Metropolitan Life Ins.","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"Co. v. McCarson, 467 So. 2d 277 (Fla. 1985). That is, there is only liability","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"“where the conduct has been so outrageous in character, and so extreme in","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"as atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community.” Id. at 278-79","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"(quoting Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 (1965)). An Intentional Infliction","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"of Emotional Distress claim “requires the following elements: (1) intentional","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"or reckless conduct; (2) outrageousness beyond all bounds of decency; (3)","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"causation; and (4) severe distress. The second prong is the gravamen of the","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"tort.” Steinmetz v. Pickholtz, 414 So. 3d 309, 316 (Fla. 3d DCA 2025)","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"(citations omitted). See also Deauville Hotel Mgmt., LLC v. Ward, 219 So. 3d","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"949, 955 (Fla. 3d DCA 2017) (“What constitutes outrageous conduct is a","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"question that must be decided as a matter of law.”).","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"It is important to distinguish between the three Intentional Infliction of","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"Emotional Distress claims alleged in this case: (1) direct claim against the","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"Hospital for the privacy officer’s disclosure of the incident to Lopez; (2) direct","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"claim against Marcovich for his actions in taking the photo and posting it on","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"social media; and (3) vicarious claim against the Hospital for Marcovich’s","paragraph_id":"para_127","court_paragraph":7},{"text":"actions.","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"The court found as a matter of law that the actions of Marcovich and","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"the actions of the Hospital (via the privacy officer) were not outrageous, and","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"thus, both defendants were entitled to summary judgment. See Deauville","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"Hotel Mgmt., 219 So. 3d at 955. See also Cruz v. North Shore Med. Ctr.,","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"Inc., 320 So. 3d 964, 964 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021) (“What constitutes outrageous","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"conduct is a question of law for the trial court to determine as a matter of","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"law.” (quoting De La Campa v. Grifols Am., Inc., 819 So. 2d 940, 943 (Fla.","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"3d DCA 2002) (superseded on other grounds by statute, as recognized in","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"White v. AutoZone Inv. Corp., 345 So. 3d 284 (Fla. 3d DCA 2022))).","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"As for the Hospital’s action in informing Lopez about the photo/social","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"media post, we agree that the privacy officer’s actions were not outrageous","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"as a matter of law and thus, that there was no direct intentional infliction of","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"emotional distress by the Hospital. See e.g., McCarson, 467 So. 2d at 279-","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"80 (holding Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress claim not supported","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"where insurance company demanded proof of ineligibility for Medicare and","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"withheld further benefits because the insurance company “did no more than","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"assert legal rights in a legally permissible way”); 4 Ward, 219 So. 3d at 955","paragraph_id":"para_146","court_paragraph":8},{"text":"(hotel promising to hold wedding reception in hotel ballroom and then, on","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"day of wedding, foisting couple into the lobby not sufficiently outrageous);","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"Williams v. Worldwide Flight SVCS, Inc., 877 So. 2d 869 (Fla. 3d DCA 2004)","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"(supervisor calling African-American employee the N-word and monkey, and","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"threatening to fire employee without cause, not outrageous enough to","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"support Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress claim); Paul v. Humana","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"Med. Plan, Inc., 682 So. 2d 1119 (Fla. 4th DCA 1996) (doctor’s alleged","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"medical negligence did not rise to the level of outrageousness required for","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress claim). Cf. Ford Motor Credit Co.","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"v. Sheehan, 373 So. 2d 956 (Fla. 1st DCA 1979).","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"As for EMT Marcovich’s conduct in taking and posting the photo, it is","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"significant to note that the claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"is not made on behalf of Canizares (i.e., the person whose photo was taken","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"and posted). It is instead Canizares’s father, Lopez, who asserts his own","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"claim for Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress based on Marcovich (and","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"the Hospital vicariously) taking and posting the photo.","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"4 The Hospital’s privacy officer, Ms. Mutaner, relayed to Lopez what had","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"taken place with his son, as she believed she was required to do under the","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (“HIPAA”) which requires","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"hospitals to notify a patient’s next of kin when a breach of unsecured","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"protected health information occurs. See 45 C.F.R. § 164.404(a).","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"In the case of M.M. v. M.P.S., 556 So. 2d 1140 (Fla. 3d DCA 1989),","paragraph_id":"para_169","court_paragraph":9},{"text":"the parents of an adult woman were told by M.P.S. that he had sexually","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"abused their daughter, and that his wife had supplied her with illegal drugs,","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"from the time she was eight years old until she was twenty-three. The parents","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"filed suit, alleging M.P.S. had intentionally inflicted emotional distress on","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"them by telling them this. The trial court dismissed their complaint for failure","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"to state a cause of action.","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"On appeal, this court affirmed, “[c]oncluding that Florida law provides","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"no cause of action under these circumstances.” M.P.S., 556 So. 2d at 1140.","paragraph_id":"para_177"},{"text":"Specifically, this court held that M.P.S. “merely provided information without","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"intending to cause separate harm” to the parents. Id. at 1141. The parents","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"were not present when the alleged abuse of their daughter took place. The","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"harm inflicted was inflicted by M.P.S. upon the daughter (who filed her own","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"claim against him) not upon the parents. As we observed in M.P.S.:","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"If courts were to allow relatives of tort victims compensation for","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"the distress they suffer when they receive bad news about family","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"members when there is no attendant intentional or reckless","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"conduct directed toward them, an avalanche of litigation would","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"ensue. Compensation is available for actual harm to the victim;","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"only in carefully prescribed circumstances is compensation","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"permitted for relatives who suffer emotional distress. It is not lack","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"of compassion, but necessity, that restricts relief to the","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"immediate victim. For these reasons, we affirm the order","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"dismissing the complaint with prejudice.","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"Id. at 1141. See also Buchanan v. Miami-Dade Cnty., 400 So. 3d 684, 686","paragraph_id":"para_194","court_paragraph":10},{"text":"(Fla. 3d DCA 2024) (relying on M.P.S., holding that because plaintiff wasn’t","paragraph_id":"para_195"},{"text":"present when police officer shot his dog, his Intentional Infliction of Emotional","paragraph_id":"para_196"},{"text":"Distress claim for that action was not viable: “a plaintiff must be present when","paragraph_id":"para_197"},{"text":"the alleged extreme and outrageous conduct is directed toward a third","paragraph_id":"para_198"},{"text":"party.”).","paragraph_id":"para_199"},{"text":"So too, in this case, Lopez was not present when EMT Marcovich took","paragraph_id":"para_200"},{"text":"the photo or when he posted it on social media, and it is undisputed that he","paragraph_id":"para_201"},{"text":"never saw them either (the post was taken down within hours and long before","paragraph_id":"para_202"},{"text":"Lopez was notified about the incident). Nevertheless, Lopez cites to a Fifth","paragraph_id":"para_203"},{"text":"District decision, Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 5th DCA","paragraph_id":"para_204"},{"text":"1991), where our sister court recognized an exception to the presence","paragraph_id":"para_205"},{"text":"requirement for conduct involving the display of “dead bodies.”","paragraph_id":"para_206"},{"text":"In Minneola, a young boy (14) died of an apparent drug overdose, and","paragraph_id":"para_207"},{"text":"one of the investigating police officers took a video of the boy’s autopsy and","paragraph_id":"para_208"},{"text":"later viewed the video at home in the presence of other police officers and a","paragraph_id":"para_209"},{"text":"friend unrelated to the investigation. The deceased boy’s mother filed suit","paragraph_id":"para_210"},{"text":"alleging, inter alia, reckless infliction of emotional distress. The trial court","paragraph_id":"para_211"},{"text":"granted summary judgment in favor of the police officer and his employer","paragraph_id":"para_212"},{"text":"(the City of Minneola), and the appellate court reversed, finding that whether","paragraph_id":"para_213"},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_214"},{"text":"the tort was committed was a question for the jury. The court held “a cause","paragraph_id":"para_215","court_paragraph":11},{"text":"of action in tort for reckless infliction of emotional distress can lie for","paragraph_id":"para_216"},{"text":"outrageous conduct involving pictures of the dead body of a plaintiff’s . . .","paragraph_id":"para_217"},{"text":"child. . . even though the plaintiff was not present at the display of the pictures","paragraph_id":"para_218"},{"text":"and the allegedly tortious conduct did not physically impact the plaintiff,","paragraph_id":"para_219"},{"text":"whether or not the emotional distress in turn caused physical harm to the","paragraph_id":"para_220"},{"text":"plaintiff.” City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d at 690.","paragraph_id":"para_221"},{"text":"In the present case, it is undisputed that Canizares was alive at the","paragraph_id":"para_222"},{"text":"time EMT Marcovich took the photo of his leg and posted it on social media.","paragraph_id":"para_223"},{"text":"Lopez argues, however, that the exception recognized in Minneola still","paragraph_id":"para_224"},{"text":"applies because Canizares was unconscious at the time and later died","paragraph_id":"para_225"},{"text":"without regaining consciousness. We do not agree that the exception","paragraph_id":"para_226"},{"text":"recognized in Minneola should be extended to apply to the circumstances","paragraph_id":"para_227"},{"text":"presented in the instant case.","paragraph_id":"para_228"},{"text":"Minneola pronounced that “our society . . . shows a particular solicitude","paragraph_id":"para_229"},{"text":"for the emotional vulnerability of survivors regarding improper behavior","paragraph_id":"para_230"},{"text":"toward the dead body of a loved one, and the special deference paid by","paragraph_id":"para_231"},{"text":"courts to family feelings where rights involving dead bodies are concerned is","paragraph_id":"para_232"},{"text":"central to our decision.” City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d at 691. The court","paragraph_id":"para_233"},{"text":"continued:","paragraph_id":"para_234"},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_235"},{"text":"One obvious reason is that the bereaved are already suffering","paragraph_id":"para_236","court_paragraph":12},{"text":"psychic trauma because of the loss of a loved one and are","paragraph_id":"para_237"},{"text":"especially sensitized to any disrespect or indignity directed at the","paragraph_id":"para_238"},{"text":"deceased’s body or a representation of it. The potential for","paragraph_id":"para_239"},{"text":"severe emotional distress is enormously increased in that","paragraph_id":"para_240"},{"text":"situation. All of this is well known to the ordinary person, and so","paragraph_id":"para_241"},{"text":"a level of carelessness or callousness which might not be","paragraph_id":"para_242"},{"text":"considered tortious in other situations can show outrageousness","paragraph_id":"para_243"},{"text":"and recklessness when a dead body or a picture of a dead body","paragraph_id":"para_244"},{"text":"is involved.","paragraph_id":"para_245"},{"text":"Id.","paragraph_id":"para_246"},{"text":"Importantly, the Minneola court focused on the foreseeability that the","paragraph_id":"para_247"},{"text":"behavior with regard to pictures of dead bodies would cause severe","paragraph_id":"para_248"},{"text":"emotional distress to the deceased’s survivors should they become aware of","paragraph_id":"para_249"},{"text":"the tortfeasor’s behavior. Id. at 692-93. The court held that it was a jury","paragraph_id":"para_250"},{"text":"question whether it was reasonably foreseeable that the boy’s mother would","paragraph_id":"para_251"},{"text":"learn of the events involving the pictures of their dead family member and","paragraph_id":"para_252"},{"text":"thus, that summary judgment was not proper. However, the Minneola court","paragraph_id":"para_253"},{"text":"specifically said: “The limits on standing to sue in such a case are necessarily","paragraph_id":"para_254"},{"text":"arbitrary, but a line must be drawn somewhere, and we hold that persons","paragraph_id":"para_255"},{"text":"have standing to sue for this tort if they occupied the role of spouse, child,","paragraph_id":"para_256"},{"text":"sibling or parent to the deceased.” City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d at 691.","paragraph_id":"para_257"},{"text":"The instant case involves a person who sustained grave injuries, who","paragraph_id":"para_258"},{"text":"was in the hospital, and who did eventually pass away from those injuries.","paragraph_id":"para_259"},{"text":"However, the photo taken and posted was of a person who was alive, not","paragraph_id":"para_260"},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_261"},{"text":"dead. Though some might view this as a mechanical application of","paragraph_id":"para_262","court_paragraph":13},{"text":"Minneola, it is not an arbitrary one. It is instead a practical recognition that","paragraph_id":"para_263"},{"text":"there must be a limiting principle to the exception established in Minneola.","paragraph_id":"para_264"},{"text":"As even Lopez acknowledges in his brief, there are no cases which extend","paragraph_id":"para_265"},{"text":"the Minneola holding to a photo taken of a living person, and we decline the","paragraph_id":"para_266"},{"text":"invitation to extend a claim of Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress to","paragraph_id":"para_267"},{"text":"encompass such a circumstance. We therefore affirm the trial court’s","paragraph_id":"para_268"},{"text":"summary judgment in favor of Marcovich and the Hospital on all claims for","paragraph_id":"para_269"},{"text":"Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress.","paragraph_id":"para_270"},{"text":"The Invasion of Privacy Claims","paragraph_id":"para_271"},{"text":"The elements for the tort of invasion of privacy by public disclosure of","paragraph_id":"para_272"},{"text":"private facts are: “1) the publication, 2) of private facts, 3) that are offensive,","paragraph_id":"para_273"},{"text":"and 4) are not of public concern.” Cape Publications, Inc. v. Hitchner, 549","paragraph_id":"para_274"},{"text":"So. 2d 1374, 1377 (Fla. 1989). Significant to our consideration of this case,","paragraph_id":"para_275"},{"text":"such privacy rights are “personal in nature” and “can be maintained only by","paragraph_id":"para_276"},{"text":"a living individual whose privacy is invaded.” Loft v. Fuller, 408 So. 2d 619,","paragraph_id":"para_277"},{"text":"622 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981) (citing Restatement of Torts 2d, § 652). It is","paragraph_id":"para_278"},{"text":"noteworthy that Lopez did not bring his claims in the name of his deceased","paragraph_id":"para_279"},{"text":"son or his estate. He brought them as an invasion of his own privacy. Thus,","paragraph_id":"para_280"},{"text":"Lopez was required to establish that the taking of a photo of his son and the","paragraph_id":"para_281"},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_282"},{"text":"posting of it on social media somehow invaded his (Lopez’s) privacy. As the","paragraph_id":"para_283","court_paragraph":14},{"text":"Loft court pointed out, some cases “support the view that under certain","paragraph_id":"para_284"},{"text":"circumstances the deceased’s relatives may recover for the invasion of their","paragraph_id":"para_285"},{"text":"own privacy interests even though they were not personally the focus of the","paragraph_id":"para_286"},{"text":"publicity in question . . . . The rationale behind these decisions is that the","paragraph_id":"para_287"},{"text":"relatives of the deceased have their own privacy interest in protecting their","paragraph_id":"para_288"},{"text":"rights in the character and memory of the deceased as well as the right to","paragraph_id":"para_289"},{"text":"recover for their own humiliation and wounded feelings caused by the","paragraph_id":"para_290"},{"text":"publication.” Loft, 408 So. 2d at 624. However, the court noted, such a case","paragraph_id":"para_291"},{"text":"would be “unusual” and would present a “heavy burden” for the relatives to","paragraph_id":"para_292"},{"text":"meet, requiring the conduct to “be sufficiently egregious to give rise to an","paragraph_id":"para_293"},{"text":"independent cause of action in favor of members of decedent’s immediate","paragraph_id":"para_294"},{"text":"family.” Id.","paragraph_id":"para_295"},{"text":"As in Loft, we find the allegations fail to provide a basis for an invasion","paragraph_id":"para_296"},{"text":"of Lopez’s privacy. First, and as the trial court indicated at the hearing, there","paragraph_id":"para_297"},{"text":"is nothing in the photo or social media post which would identify Canizares—","paragraph_id":"para_298"},{"text":"neither his name nor his face is shown or revealed by the photo. Even the","paragraph_id":"para_299"},{"text":"name of the hospital where the photo was taken is not identified or revealed.","paragraph_id":"para_300"},{"text":"We agree with the trial court that Lopez has failed to meet his “heavy burden”","paragraph_id":"para_301"},{"text":"of showing his privacy rights were violated by Marcovich’s action in taking","paragraph_id":"para_302"},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_303"},{"text":"and posting a photo of his unidentified son while in the hospital, before he","paragraph_id":"para_304","court_paragraph":15},{"text":"died.","paragraph_id":"para_305"},{"text":"Finally, as the argument that the court erred in granting summary","paragraph_id":"para_306"},{"text":"judgment in favor of the Hospital on the claim of vicarious liability for EMT","paragraph_id":"para_307"},{"text":"Bouza’s negligence, we agree with the Hospital that, in reposting","paragraph_id":"para_308"},{"text":"Marcovich’s photo on his social media, Bouza was not acting in the course","paragraph_id":"para_309"},{"text":"and scope of his employment with the Hospital, and thus, the Hospital cannot","paragraph_id":"para_310"},{"text":"be held liable for those actions given the undisputed facts of this case. See","paragraph_id":"para_311"},{"text":"City of Miami v. Simpson, 172 So. 2d 435, 437 (Fla. 1965) (reiterating that","paragraph_id":"para_312"},{"text":"“[t]he liability of a master can arise in such instances only when the act of the","paragraph_id":"para_313"},{"text":"servant is done within the real or apparent scope of the master’s business”);","paragraph_id":"para_314"},{"text":"Wood v. Royal Plus, Inc., 388 So. 3d 1121, 1124 n.1 (Fla. 3d DCA 2024)","paragraph_id":"para_315"},{"text":"(reiterating three-pronged test set forth in Sussman v. Florida E. Coast","paragraph_id":"para_316"},{"text":"Props., Inc., 557 So. 2d 74 (Fla. 3d DCA 1990) for determining whether an","paragraph_id":"para_317"},{"text":"employee is acting within the scope of employment for purposes of vicarious","paragraph_id":"para_318"},{"text":"liability, including that “the conduct is activated at least in part by a purpose","paragraph_id":"para_319"},{"text":"to serve the master.”).","paragraph_id":"para_320"},{"text":"CONCLUSION","paragraph_id":"para_321"},{"text":"For the reasons discussed, we hold the trial court properly entered final","paragraph_id":"para_322"},{"text":"summary judgment in favor of Kendall Healthcare Group, Ltd. (3D23-2235)","paragraph_id":"para_323"},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_324"},{"text":"and properly entered final summary judgment in favor of Alex Marcovich","paragraph_id":"para_325","court_paragraph":16},{"text":"(3D24-775).","paragraph_id":"para_326"},{"text":"Affirmed.","paragraph_id":"para_327"},{"text":"LINDSEY, J., concurs.","paragraph_id":"para_328"},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_329"},{"text":"Jose Fabian Lopez, etc., v. Kendall Healthcare Group, LTD., et al.","paragraph_id":"para_330","court_paragraph":17},{"text":"Case No. 3D23-2235","paragraph_id":"para_331"},{"text":"GOODEN, J. (concurring in part, concurring in result in part)","paragraph_id":"para_332"},{"text":"I concur with the majority’s opinion—except for the discussion on","paragraph_id":"para_333"},{"text":"intentional infliction of emotional distress. I concur only in result in that","paragraph_id":"para_334"},{"text":"portion. This is because I fundamentally disagree with the Fifth District’s","paragraph_id":"para_335"},{"text":"expansion of the cause of action of intentional infliction of emotional distress","paragraph_id":"para_336"},{"text":"in Williams v. City of Minneola, 575 So. 2d 683 (Fla. 5th DCA 1991), where","paragraph_id":"para_337"},{"text":"it created an exception to the presence requirement for “dead bodies or","paragraph_id":"para_338"},{"text":"pictures of dead bodies.” Neither our Court nor the Florida Supreme Court","paragraph_id":"para_339"},{"text":"has ever applied this exception.5 And, I do not believe that Florida law","paragraph_id":"para_340"},{"text":"supports such an exception.","paragraph_id":"para_341"},{"text":"The Fifth District’s invention is especially problematic where, as here,","paragraph_id":"para_342"},{"text":"the cause of action is one born from the legal academy—not from the English","paragraph_id":"para_343"},{"text":"common law adopted in our state through section 2.01, Florida Statutes, nor","paragraph_id":"para_344"},{"text":"from later enactment by our Legislature. See Daniel Givelber, The Right to","paragraph_id":"para_345"},{"text":"Minimum Social Decency and the Limits of Evenhandedness: Intentional","paragraph_id":"para_346"},{"text":"5 While our Court has discussed the exception, it has insisted on the","paragraph_id":"para_347"},{"text":"presence requirement—as the majority has done. See, e.g., Buchanan v.","paragraph_id":"para_348"},{"text":"Miami-Dade Cnty., 400 So. 3d 684 (Fla. 3d DCA 2024).","paragraph_id":"para_349"},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_350"},{"text":"Infliction of Emotional Distress by Outrageous Conduct, 82 Colum. L. Rev.","paragraph_id":"para_351","court_paragraph":18},{"text":"42, 42 (1982) (“Academics, rather than courts, were the prime movers in the","paragraph_id":"para_352"},{"text":"development of the tort of intentional infliction of severe emotional distress","paragraph_id":"para_353"},{"text":"by outrageous conduct; the modern tort was introduced in the pages of law","paragraph_id":"para_354"},{"text":"reviews, and then refined and finally defined by the American Law Institute","paragraph_id":"para_355"},{"text":"in its Restatements.”); id. at 43 (“The 1934 Restatement of the Law of Torts","paragraph_id":"para_356"},{"text":"took the position that there was no recovery for emotional injury, even when","paragraph_id":"para_357"},{"text":"intentionally inflicted, if the defendant’s conduct did not otherwise amount to","paragraph_id":"para_358"},{"text":"a tort. This position was vigorously and persuasively attacked by Magruder,","paragraph_id":"para_359"},{"text":"Prosser, and others, and by 1948 the Restatement had reversed its position","paragraph_id":"para_360"},{"text":"and ‘restated’ the law to be that one could recover for severe emotional","paragraph_id":"para_361"},{"text":"injuries intentionally inflicted.”); see also Calvert Magruder, Mental and","paragraph_id":"para_362"},{"text":"Emotional Disturbance in the Law of Torts, 49 Harv. L. Rev. 1033 (1936);","paragraph_id":"para_363"},{"text":"William L. Prosser, Intentional Infliction of Mental Suffering: A New Tort, 37","paragraph_id":"para_364"},{"text":"Mich. L. Rev. 874 (1939); Restatement of the Law, Supplement, Torts § 46","paragraph_id":"para_365"},{"text":"(1948); Restatement (Second) of Torts § 46 (1965). Cf. Kansas v. Nebraska,","paragraph_id":"para_366"},{"text":"574 U.S. 445, 475 (2015) (Scalia, J., concurring in part and dissenting in","paragraph_id":"para_367"},{"text":"part) (“The object of the original Restatements was ‘to present an orderly","paragraph_id":"para_368"},{"text":"statement of the general common law.’ Over time, the Restatements’ authors","paragraph_id":"para_369"},{"text":"have abandoned the mission of describing the law, and have chosen instead","paragraph_id":"para_370"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_371"},{"text":"to set forth their aspirations for what the law ought to be.”) (citation","paragraph_id":"para_372","court_paragraph":19},{"text":"modified)).","paragraph_id":"para_373"},{"text":"As judges, we must resist the temptation to expand the law and create","paragraph_id":"para_374"},{"text":"new rights. The common law should be an anchor, preventing the law from","paragraph_id":"para_375"},{"text":"becoming untethered from ordered liberty and tradition. See § 2.01, Fla.","paragraph_id":"para_376"},{"text":"Stat. Indeed, judges are “the depositar[ies] of the laws; the living oracles,","paragraph_id":"para_377"},{"text":"who must decide in all cases of doubt, and who are bound by an oath to","paragraph_id":"para_378"},{"text":"decide according to the law of the land.” 1 William Blackstone,","paragraph_id":"para_379"},{"text":"Commentaries on the Laws of England 69 (1765). Our task is “to keep the","paragraph_id":"para_380"},{"text":"scale of justice even and steady, and not liable to waver with every new","paragraph_id":"para_381"},{"text":"judge’s opinion.” Id. That is because judges do not do so “according to his","paragraph_id":"para_382"},{"text":"own private judgment, but according to the known laws and customs of the","paragraph_id":"para_383"},{"text":"land; not delegated to pronounce a new law, but to maintain and expound","paragraph_id":"para_384"},{"text":"the old one.” Id. See also Matthew Hale, The History of the Common Law","paragraph_id":"para_385"},{"text":"of England 67–68 (1739).","paragraph_id":"para_386"},{"text":"As Alexander Hamilton explained in Federalist No. 78, “The courts","paragraph_id":"para_387"},{"text":"must declare the sense of the law; and if they should be disposed to exercise","paragraph_id":"para_388"},{"text":"will instead of judgment, the consequence would equally be the substitution","paragraph_id":"para_389"},{"text":"of their pleasure to that of the legislative body.” “The Framers quite naturally","paragraph_id":"para_390"},{"text":"thought of judges as common law judges--as expositors and not inventors of","paragraph_id":"para_391"},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_392"},{"text":"legal principles.” Hon. Diarmuid F. O’Scannlain, Rediscovering the Common","paragraph_id":"para_393","court_paragraph":20},{"text":"Law, 79 Notre Dame L. Rev. 755, 760 (2004). See also Gamble v. United","paragraph_id":"para_394"},{"text":"States, 587 U.S. 678, 716 (2019) (Thomas, J., concurring) (“[E]ven common-","paragraph_id":"para_395"},{"text":"law judges did not act as legislators, inserting their own preferences into the","paragraph_id":"para_396"},{"text":"law as it developed. Instead, consistent with the nature of the judicial power,","paragraph_id":"para_397"},{"text":"common-law judges were tasked with identifying and applying objective","paragraph_id":"para_398"},{"text":"principles of law—discerned from natural reason, custom, and other external","paragraph_id":"para_399"},{"text":"sources—to particular cases.”).","paragraph_id":"para_400"},{"text":"Above all, it is our job to say what the law is—not to create or change","paragraph_id":"para_401"},{"text":"the law. See Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. 137, 177 (1803). 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