{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-17","fingerprint":"ewai:us:e7344b","proof":"sha256:f11bcf874c2ad8b14e24f1fc834e6a57b7032849f304a4768db4bb642112217d","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"Front matter","paragraphs":["para_1","para_2","para_3","para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25"],"kind":"front_matter"},{"title":"SUMMARY**","paragraphs":["para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36","para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69","para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100","para_101","para_102","para_103","para_104","para_105","para_106","para_107","para_108","para_109","para_110","para_111","para_112","para_113","para_114","para_115","para_116","para_117","para_118","para_119","para_120","para_121","para_122","para_123","para_124","para_125","para_126","para_127","para_128","para_129","para_130","para_131","para_132","para_133","para_134","para_135","para_136","para_137","para_138","para_139","para_140","para_141","para_142","para_143","para_144","para_145","para_146","para_147","para_148","para_149","para_150","para_151","para_152","para_153","para_154","para_155","para_156","para_157","para_158","para_159","para_160","para_161","para_162","para_163","para_164","para_165","para_166","para_167","para_168","para_169","para_170","para_171","para_172","para_173","para_174","para_175","para_176","para_177","para_178","para_179","para_180","para_181","para_182","para_183","para_184","para_185","para_186","para_187","para_188","para_189","para_190","para_191","para_192","para_193","para_194","para_195","para_196","para_197","para_198","para_199","para_200","para_201","para_202","para_203","para_204","para_205","para_206","para_207","para_208","para_209","para_210","para_211","para_212","para_213","para_214","para_215","para_216","para_217","para_218","para_219","para_220","para_221","para_222","para_223","para_224","para_225","para_226","para_227","para_228","para_229","para_230","para_231","para_232","para_233","para_234","para_235","para_236","para_237","para_238","para_239","para_240","para_241","para_242","para_243","para_244","para_245","para_246","para_247","para_248","para_249","para_250","para_251","para_252","para_253","para_254","para_255","para_256","para_257","para_258","para_259","para_260","para_261","para_262","para_263","para_264","para_265","para_266","para_267","para_268","para_269","para_270","para_271","para_272","para_273","para_274","para_275","para_276","para_277","para_278","para_279","para_280","para_281","para_282","para_283","para_284","para_285","para_286","para_287","para_288","para_289","para_290","para_291","para_292","para_293","para_294","para_295","para_296","para_297","para_298","para_299","para_300","para_301","para_302","para_303","para_304","para_305","para_306","para_307","para_308","para_309","para_310","para_311","para_312","para_313","para_314","para_315","para_316","para_317","para_318","para_319","para_320","para_321","para_322","para_323","para_324","para_325","para_326","para_327","para_328","para_329","para_330","para_331","para_332","para_333","para_334","para_335","para_336","para_337","para_338","para_339","para_340","para_341","para_342","para_343","para_344","para_345","para_346","para_347","para_348","para_349","para_350","para_351","para_352","para_353","para_354","para_355","para_356","para_357","para_358","para_359","para_360","para_361","para_362","para_363","para_364","para_365","para_366","para_367","para_368","para_369","para_370","para_371","para_372","para_373","para_374","para_375","para_376","para_377","para_378","para_379","para_380","para_381","para_382","para_383","para_384","para_385","para_386","para_387","para_388","para_389","para_390","para_391","para_392","para_393","para_394","para_395","para_396","para_397","para_398","para_399","para_400","para_401","para_402","para_403","para_404","para_405","para_406","para_407","para_408","para_409","para_410","para_411","para_412","para_413","para_414","para_415","para_416","para_417","para_418","para_419","para_420","para_421","para_422","para_423","para_424","para_425","para_426","para_427","para_428","para_429","para_430","para_431","para_432","para_433","para_434","para_435","para_436","para_437","para_438","para_439","para_440","para_441","para_442","para_443","para_444","para_445","para_446","para_447","para_448","para_449","para_450","para_451","para_452","para_453","para_454","para_455","para_456","para_457","para_458","para_459","para_460","para_461","para_462","para_463","para_464","para_465","para_466","para_467","para_468","para_469","para_470","para_471","para_472","para_473","para_474","para_475","para_476","para_477","para_478","para_479","para_480","para_481","para_482","para_483","para_484","para_485","para_486","para_487","para_488","para_489","para_490","para_491","para_492","para_493","para_494","para_495","para_496","para_497","para_498","para_499","para_500","para_501","para_502","para_503","para_504","para_505","para_506","para_507","para_508","para_509","para_510","para_511","para_512","para_513","para_514","para_515","para_516","para_517","para_518","para_519","para_520","para_521","para_522","para_523","para_524","para_525","para_526","para_527","para_528","para_529","para_530","para_531","para_532","para_533","para_534","para_535","para_536","para_537","para_538","para_539","para_540","para_541","para_542","para_543","para_544","para_545","para_546","para_547","para_548","para_549","para_550","para_551","para_552","para_553","para_554","para_555","para_556","para_557","para_558","para_559","para_560","para_561","para_562","para_563","para_564","para_565","para_566","para_567","para_568","para_569","para_570","para_571","para_572","para_573","para_574","para_575","para_576","para_577","para_578","para_579","para_580","para_581","para_582","para_583","para_584","para_585","para_586","para_587","para_588","para_589","para_590","para_591","para_592","para_593","para_594","para_595","para_596","para_597","para_598","para_599","para_600","para_601","para_602","para_603","para_604","para_605","para_606","para_607","para_608","para_609","para_610","para_611","para_612","para_613","para_614","para_615","para_616","para_617","para_618","para_619","para_620","para_621","para_622","para_623","para_624","para_625","para_626","para_627","para_628","para_629","para_630","para_631","para_632","para_633","para_634","para_635","para_636","para_637","para_638","para_639","para_640","para_641","para_642","para_643","para_644","para_645","para_646","para_647","para_648","para_649","para_650","para_651","para_652","para_653","para_654","para_655","para_656","para_657","para_658","para_659","para_660","para_661","para_662","para_663","para_664","para_665","para_666","para_667","para_668","para_669","para_670","para_671","para_672","para_673","para_674","para_675","para_676","para_677","para_678","para_679","para_680","para_681","para_682","para_683","para_684","para_685","para_686","para_687","para_688","para_689","para_690","para_691","para_692","para_693","para_694","para_695","para_696","para_697","para_698","para_699","para_700","para_701","para_702","para_703","para_704"],"kind":"summary"}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"FOR PUBLICATION","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"RAYMUNDO MEZA MEDINA,","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"Petitioner,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"v.","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"TODD BLANCHE, Attorney General,","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"Respondent.","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"No. 20-70017;","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"24-5144","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"Agency No.","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"A216-051-307","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"OPINION","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"On Petition for Review of an Order of the","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"Board of Immigration Appeals","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"Submitted November 17, 2025*","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"Seattle, Washington","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"Filed September 18, 2026","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"Before: William A. Fletcher, Richard A. Paez, and Roopali","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"H. Desai, Circuit Judges.","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"Opinion by Judge Fletcher;","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"Dissent by Judge Desai.","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"*The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"2 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"SUMMARY**","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"Immigration","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"The panel granted Raymundo Meza Medina’s petition","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"for review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"dismissing his appeal from an Immigration Judge’s in","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"absentia removal order and denial of a motion to reopen, and","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"dismissed as moot his petition for review of the denial of his","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"later motion to reopen.","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"The panel held that the government violated Meza","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"Medina’s due process rights by ordering him removed in","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"absentia after sending the only notice of his removal hearing","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"to a residential address provided by relatives on a bond form","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"that did not ask for a mailing address. If the government had","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"desired to provide notice reasonably calculated to reach him,","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"it would not have relied on the residential address, nor","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"continued to rely on it after the hearing notice was returned","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"as undeliverable. This was particularly so because Meza","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"Medina wrote in his sworn statement to the agency, “I let the","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"Court know my address to receive notices.” Accordingly,","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"the panel concluded that Meza Medina’s removal order was","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"improper and his first motion to reopen should have been","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"granted.","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"The panel rejected the government’s arguments","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"regarding notice. First, the government argued that notice","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"was sufficient because it complied with statutory","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"requirements. However, the address used by the government","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"here had not been “provided by the alien,” as required by the","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"** This summary constitutes no part of the opinion of the court. It has","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"been prepared by court staff for the convenience of the reader.","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 3","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"regulation the government cited. And, even if the","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"government had complied with that regulation, that would","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"not necessarily foreclose a due process argument. Second,","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"the government argued that Meza Medina was not entitled to","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"notice because he failed to provide the Immigration Court","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"with his correct mailing address. However, that contention","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"was belied by his sworn statement that he provided an","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"address where he received mail.","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"Finally, the panel concluded that remand was not","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"required for further factfinding on whether the government","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"had practicable alternatives to notify Meza Medina of his","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"hearing. The panel was confident that reasonable steps were","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"available, such as mailing the notice to the address provided","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"by Meza Medina himself or calling him at the telephone","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"number provided on his bond form. The panel thus","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"remanded for proceedings consistent with this opinion.","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"Dissenting, Judge Desai wrote that the majority’s","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"conclusion that Meza Medina gave the government his","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"correct mailing address was unsupported by the","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"record. Rather, the relevant part of his sworn statement,","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"when read in context, made clear that the government only","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"had his residential address (not his mailing address). And,","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"in Judge Desai’s view, the government did not violate due","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"process merely by sending notice to the only address it had","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"on hand. Even so, when the government learned that its","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"attempt failed, it had a duty to take practicable steps to give","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"Meza Medina notice. Judge Desai wrote that this was a fact-","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"intensive inquiry requiring remand for the agency to","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"consider in the first instance.","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"4 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"COUNSEL","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"J. Alejandro Villacorta, Villacorta Law, PS, Tacoma,","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"Washington, for Petitioner.","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"Zachary S. Hughbanks and Yanal H. Yousef, Trial","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"Attorneys; Anthony P. Nicastro, Assistant Director; Office","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"of Immigration Litigation; Brian Boynton, Principal Deputy","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"Assistant Attorney General; Yaakov M. Roth, Acting","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"Assistant Attorney General; Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"Attorney General; Civil Division, United States Department","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"of Justice, Washington, D.C.; for Respondent.","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"OPINION","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"W. FLETCHER, Circuit Judge:","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"After Raymundo Meza Medina did not appear at his","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"scheduled removal hearing, an Immigration Judge (“IJ”)","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"ordered him removed in absentia. Meza Medina timely filed","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"a motion to reopen on the ground that he had not received","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"notice of the hearing. The IJ denied the motion. The Board","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissed Meza Medina’s","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"appeal from the IJ’s removal order and denial of the motion","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"to reopen. In No. 20-70017, Meza Medina petitions for","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"review of that decision. The BIA later denied a second","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"motion to reopen. In No. 24-5144, Meza Medina also","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"petitions for review of that decision. We consolidated both","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"petitions.","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"The government’s sole attempt to inform Meza Medina","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"of his removal hearing was a notice sent to an address","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"provided by a third party on a bond form that asked for an","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 5","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"address the “Alien to reside at.” Meza Medina could not","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"receive mail at the residential address provided by the third","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"party, and the notice was returned to the government as","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"undeliverable. The government made no further attempts to","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"provide notice.","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"In No. 20-70017, we hold that the government violated","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"the due process guarantee of the Fifth Amendment by","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"ordering Meza Medina removed in absentia after sending","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"notice of his hearing to an address at which he could not","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"receive mail, provided by a third party asked to provide his","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"residential address rather than his mailing address. Meza","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"Medina’s removal order was therefore entered in error, and","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"his motion to reopen in No. 20-70017 should have been","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"granted. We dismiss No. 24-5144 as moot.","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"I. Background","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"Meza Medina is a native and citizen of Mexico who","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"entered the United States without inspection in 2009. At","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"4:15 a.m. on September 13, 2017, two Department of","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"Homeland Security (“DHS”) officers “initiated static","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"surveillance on a residence believed to be occupied by”","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"Meza Medina. When Meza Medina drove away from his","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"home at 4:40 a.m., the officers followed his car, stopped him,","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"and questioned him about his immigration status. One of the","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"officers observed that Meza Medina “had difficulty speaking","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"English and preferred to speak Spanish.” The other officer,","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"who spoke Spanish, informed Meza Medina that he would","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"be placed in removal proceedings. The officers transported","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"him to an Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”)","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"detention center in Tacoma, Washington. Later that day,","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"DHS officials served Meza Medina at the detention center","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"with a Notice to Appear (“NTA”), charging him with","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"removability under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). The NTA","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"6 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_146"},{"text":"ordered Meza Medina to appear before an IJ at a date and","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"time “[t]o be set,” and warned that the IJ could order him","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"removed in absentia if he failed to appear. Because Meza","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"Medina was in custody at the ICE detention center when","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"served with the NTA, the NTA correctly listed his current","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"address as the address of the detention center. The NTA","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"stated, in small print, that Meza Medina was “required to","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"provide the DHS, in writing, with [his] full mailing address","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"and telephone number.” It also instructed him to use the","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"“Form EOIR-33 whenever [he] change[d his] address or","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"telephone number” during removal proceedings. A Form","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"EOIR-33 is a change-of-address form filed with the","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"Immigration Court. The Form EOIR-33 states, “You will","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"only receive notification as to the time, date, and place of","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"hearing or other official correspondence at the address which","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"you provide.”","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"Thirteen days later, on September 26, while Meza","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"Medina was still in custody, he was given a written form","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"notice of an October 24, 2017, hearing at the detention","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"center. The form again correctly listed his current address","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"as the address of the detention center. The form instructed","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"Meza Medina to complete an attached Form EOIR-33 if his","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"address was not listed on his notice to appear or if it was","paragraph_id":"para_169"},{"text":"listed incorrectly. It also stated, “Correspondence from the","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"Court, including hearing notices, will be sent to the most","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"recent address you have provided, and will be considered","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"sufficient notice to you and these proceedings can go on in","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"your absence.” The October 24 hearing did not take place","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"because Meza Medina was released from custody before the","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"hearing, and his case was transferred to the Seattle","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"Immigration Court.","paragraph_id":"para_177"},{"text":"On October 20, Meza Medina’s brother and sister-in-law","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"appeared at the detention center to post a $20,000 bond to","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 7","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"secure his release from custody. DHS officials directed them","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"to fill out a bond form that asked the obligor to provide","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"information about the person seeking release from custody.","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"Under the heading “Information about alien for whom bond","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"is furnished,” the form asked the obligor to provide the","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"person’s: “Name; Current Location (i.e., where detained);","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"Date and country of birth; Nationality; [and] Date, port and","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"means of arrival in the United States.” Under the same","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"heading, the form asked the obligor to list an address the","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"“Alien to reside at,” and a “Telephone number at alien’s","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"address.” There was no indication on the form that the","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"government would send notices of legal proceedings to the","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"residential address provided by the bond obligor.","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"Meza Medina’s brother paid the bond, and he and his","paragraph_id":"para_194"},{"text":"wife completed the bond form. Because they completed the","paragraph_id":"para_195"},{"text":"form while Meza Medina was still in custody, they did not—","paragraph_id":"para_196"},{"text":"and likely could not—consult him as they did so. They did","paragraph_id":"para_197"},{"text":"not know Meza Medina’s residential address, so they texted","paragraph_id":"para_198"},{"text":"Meza Medina’s friend for the address. They listed the","paragraph_id":"para_199"},{"text":"address provided by the friend on the line designated “Alien","paragraph_id":"para_200"},{"text":"to reside at.” It is undisputed that they listed Meza Medina’s","paragraph_id":"para_201"},{"text":"correct residential address. It is also undisputed that they","paragraph_id":"para_202"},{"text":"provided his correct telephone number.","paragraph_id":"para_203"},{"text":"After a bond hearing that appears to have taken place on","paragraph_id":"para_204"},{"text":"October 20, Meza Medina was released from the detention","paragraph_id":"para_205"},{"text":"center. In a sworn statement provided to the IJ and the BIA,","paragraph_id":"para_206"},{"text":"Meza Medina wrote that he had provided his “address to","paragraph_id":"para_207"},{"text":"receive notices,” and that his brother had paid for his bond.","paragraph_id":"para_208"},{"text":"Also on October 20, DHS sent the Executive Office for","paragraph_id":"para_209"},{"text":"Immigration Review (“EOIR”) a completed ICE Form I-","paragraph_id":"para_210"},{"text":"830E, titled “Notice to EOIR: Alien Address.” The","paragraph_id":"para_211"},{"text":"completed form notified EOIR that Meza Medina was no","paragraph_id":"para_212"},{"text":"longer in ICE custody. The form stated that “the respondent","paragraph_id":"para_213"},{"text":"8 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_214"},{"text":"reported his/her address and telephone number” (emphasis","paragraph_id":"para_215"},{"text":"added), but provided EOIR with the address and telephone","paragraph_id":"para_216"},{"text":"number Meza Medina’s relatives had listed on his bond","paragraph_id":"para_217"},{"text":"form. So far as appears from the record, DHS never asked","paragraph_id":"para_218"},{"text":"Meza Medina whether the residential address listed by his","paragraph_id":"para_219"},{"text":"relatives on the bond form was also his mailing address. Nor","paragraph_id":"para_220"},{"text":"did they inform him that notices of legal proceedings would","paragraph_id":"para_221"},{"text":"be sent to that address. Indeed, so far as appears from the","paragraph_id":"para_222"},{"text":"record, Meza Medina never even saw the bond form.","paragraph_id":"para_223"},{"text":"On January 4, 2018, the Immigration Court mailed a","paragraph_id":"para_224"},{"text":"Notice of Hearing to the address listed on Meza Medina’s","paragraph_id":"para_225"},{"text":"bond form. The notice informed Meza Medina that his","paragraph_id":"para_226"},{"text":"removal hearing was scheduled for February 15. The notice","paragraph_id":"para_227"},{"text":"was returned to the Immigration Court in an envelope","paragraph_id":"para_228"},{"text":"marked, “RETURN TO SENDER, NO MAIL","paragraph_id":"para_229"},{"text":"RECEPTACLE, UNABLE TO FORWARD.” The delivery","paragraph_id":"para_230"},{"text":"failed because Meza Medina lived in an apartment building","paragraph_id":"para_231"},{"text":"where he was unable to receive mail. Instead, he received","paragraph_id":"para_232"},{"text":"mail in a P.O. Box, a fact unknown to his relatives when they","paragraph_id":"para_233"},{"text":"completed the bond form. Even if they had known that Meza","paragraph_id":"para_234"},{"text":"Medina was unable to receive mail at his residential address,","paragraph_id":"para_235"},{"text":"they likely would not have listed his P.O. Box number on the","paragraph_id":"para_236"},{"text":"bond form, given that the form did not ask for his mailing","paragraph_id":"para_237"},{"text":"address. Instead, it specifically asked for an address where","paragraph_id":"para_238"},{"text":"the “Alien to reside at.”","paragraph_id":"para_239"},{"text":"Because he did not receive notice of his removal hearing,","paragraph_id":"para_240"},{"text":"Meza Medina missed his scheduled hearing on February 15.","paragraph_id":"para_241"},{"text":"Although the immigration authorities did not know it at the","paragraph_id":"para_242"},{"text":"time, if Meza Medina had attended the hearing, he would","paragraph_id":"para_243"},{"text":"have provided evidence supporting a right to remain in the","paragraph_id":"para_244"},{"text":"United States based on his marriage to a United States","paragraph_id":"para_245"},{"text":"citizen.","paragraph_id":"para_246"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 9","paragraph_id":"para_247"},{"text":"The IJ ordered Meza Medina removed in absentia,","paragraph_id":"para_248"},{"text":"signing a pre-prepared form removal order. The order","paragraph_id":"para_249"},{"text":"stated, incorrectly, that “[t]he respondent was provided","paragraph_id":"para_250"},{"text":"written notification of the time, date and location of the","paragraph_id":"para_251"},{"text":"respondent’s removal hearing.” The Immigration Court","paragraph_id":"para_252"},{"text":"mailed the removal order to the address listed on Meza","paragraph_id":"para_253"},{"text":"Medina’s bond form, the same invalid mailing address to","paragraph_id":"para_254"},{"text":"which the hearing notice had been sent.","paragraph_id":"para_255"},{"text":"On February 17, two days after the scheduled hearing,","paragraph_id":"para_256"},{"text":"unaware that he had been ordered removed in absentia, Meza","paragraph_id":"para_257"},{"text":"Medina called the attorney who had represented him at his","paragraph_id":"para_258"},{"text":"bond hearing to inquire about the status of his case. The","paragraph_id":"para_259"},{"text":"attorney had represented Meza Medina only at the bond","paragraph_id":"para_260"},{"text":"hearing and thus had not received a notice of Meza Medina’s","paragraph_id":"para_261"},{"text":"removal hearing. After receiving Meza Medina’s call, the","paragraph_id":"para_262"},{"text":"attorney called the Immigration Court Information System","paragraph_id":"para_263"},{"text":"and learned that Meza Medina had missed his February 15","paragraph_id":"para_264"},{"text":"hearing and had been ordered removed in absentia. This was","paragraph_id":"para_265"},{"text":"the first time Meza Medina learned that the Immigration","paragraph_id":"para_266"},{"text":"Court had scheduled his removal hearing.","paragraph_id":"para_267"},{"text":"On February 28, eleven days after he learned that he had","paragraph_id":"para_268"},{"text":"been ordered removed in absentia, and now represented by","paragraph_id":"para_269"},{"text":"the attorney who had represented him at his bond hearing,","paragraph_id":"para_270"},{"text":"Meza Medina moved in the Immigration Court to reopen his","paragraph_id":"para_271"},{"text":"removal proceedings and to rescind his removal order. In","paragraph_id":"para_272"},{"text":"his motion, he provided his correct mailing address. In a","paragraph_id":"para_273"},{"text":"sworn statement supporting his motion, Meza Medina wrote:","paragraph_id":"para_274"},{"text":"On the 20th of October of 2017, I was released","paragraph_id":"para_275"},{"text":"with a bond from the Northwest Detention","paragraph_id":"para_276"},{"text":"Center of Tacoma, Washington. My brother","paragraph_id":"para_277"},{"text":"German Meza Medina paid for my bond and","paragraph_id":"para_278"},{"text":"I let the Court know my address to receive","paragraph_id":"para_279"},{"text":"10 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_280"},{"text":"notices. Since the day I got released from the","paragraph_id":"para_281"},{"text":"detention center I have lived at that address","paragraph_id":"para_282"},{"text":"and I have not moved from there. . . . I think","paragraph_id":"para_283"},{"text":"that I did not receive anything because my","paragraph_id":"para_284"},{"text":"brother did not know that I had a P.O. Box","paragraph_id":"para_285"},{"text":"where I receive mail and he did not write this","paragraph_id":"para_286"},{"text":"down when he filled out the form for the bond","paragraph_id":"para_287"},{"text":"and without the P.O. Box it is possible that I","paragraph_id":"para_288"},{"text":"do not receive mail since I live in an","paragraph_id":"para_289"},{"text":"apartment and the mail always gets deposited","paragraph_id":"para_290"},{"text":"in the P.O. Box. But I have been living in the","paragraph_id":"para_291"},{"text":"same place since I was released from the","paragraph_id":"para_292"},{"text":"detention center and I have been waiting to","paragraph_id":"para_293"},{"text":"receive court notices every day.","paragraph_id":"para_294"},{"text":"(Emphasis added.) The government does not contest the","paragraph_id":"para_295"},{"text":"truth of Meza Medina’s statement, “I let the Court know my","paragraph_id":"para_296"},{"text":"address to receive notices.” In a sworn statement supporting","paragraph_id":"para_297"},{"text":"the motion, Meza Medina’s brother wrote, “My wife wrote","paragraph_id":"para_298"},{"text":"down my brother’s address but she did not put [the] P.O. Box","paragraph_id":"para_299"},{"text":"[number] in which my brother receives his mail because we","paragraph_id":"para_300"},{"text":"were not aware that he used a P.O. Box for his mail.”","paragraph_id":"para_301"},{"text":"The IJ denied the motion to reopen. Applying the","paragraph_id":"para_302"},{"text":"“presumption of delivery” for notice sent by regular mail","paragraph_id":"para_303"},{"text":"articulated in Matter of M-R-A-, 24 I. & N. Dec. 665 (BIA","paragraph_id":"para_304"},{"text":"2008), the IJ held that Meza Medina had received mailed","paragraph_id":"para_305"},{"text":"notice of the hearing. Meza Medina timely appealed to the","paragraph_id":"para_306"},{"text":"BIA.","paragraph_id":"para_307"},{"text":"The BIA dismissed Meza Medina’s appeal and","paragraph_id":"para_308"},{"text":"subsequent motion to reopen. The BIA concluded that the","paragraph_id":"para_309"},{"text":"in-absentia removal order was valid because the hearing","paragraph_id":"para_310"},{"text":"notice was mailed to Meza Medina’s last known address in","paragraph_id":"para_311"},{"text":"compliance with statutory notice requirements under the","paragraph_id":"para_312"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 11","paragraph_id":"para_313"},{"text":"Immigration and Naturalization Act (“INA”). The BIA held","paragraph_id":"para_314"},{"text":"that Meza Medina was not entitled to actual notice under the","paragraph_id":"para_315"},{"text":"INA because he had not provided the Immigration Court","paragraph_id":"para_316"},{"text":"with his correct mailing address. The BIA’s order does not","paragraph_id":"para_317"},{"text":"mention Meza Medina’s uncontradicted sworn statement in","paragraph_id":"para_318"},{"text":"the record, “I let the Court know my address to receive","paragraph_id":"para_319"},{"text":"notices.”","paragraph_id":"para_320"},{"text":"Meza Medina petitioned this court for review of the","paragraph_id":"para_321"},{"text":"BIA’s decision dismissing his appeal and denying his motion","paragraph_id":"para_322"},{"text":"to reopen. Petition for Review, Meza Medina v. Blanche,","paragraph_id":"para_323"},{"text":"No. 20-70017 (9th Cir. Jan. 3, 2020). While that petition for","paragraph_id":"para_324"},{"text":"review was pending, Meza Medina filed with the BIA a","paragraph_id":"para_325"},{"text":"second motion to reopen, arguing that his removal order was","paragraph_id":"para_326"},{"text":"invalid because his initial NTA did not include the date or","paragraph_id":"para_327"},{"text":"time of his removal hearing. This second motion relied on","paragraph_id":"para_328"},{"text":"our decision in Singh v. Garland, 24 F.4th 1315 (9th Cir.","paragraph_id":"para_329"},{"text":"2022), vacated sub nom., Campos-Chaves v. Garland, 602","paragraph_id":"para_330"},{"text":"U.S. 447, 465 (2024). After the Supreme Court vacated","paragraph_id":"para_331"},{"text":"Singh, the BIA denied the motion. Meza Medina then","paragraph_id":"para_332"},{"text":"petitioned in this court for review of that BIA decision.","paragraph_id":"para_333"},{"text":"Petition for Review, Meza Medina v. Blanche, No. 24-5144","paragraph_id":"para_334"},{"text":"(9th Cir. Aug. 21, 2024). We consolidated both petitions for","paragraph_id":"para_335"},{"text":"review in this court.","paragraph_id":"para_336"},{"text":"II. Standard of Review","paragraph_id":"para_337"},{"text":"We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. “Where, as","paragraph_id":"para_338"},{"text":"here, the BIA cites [Matter of Burbano, 20 I. & N. Dec. 872","paragraph_id":"para_339"},{"text":"(BIA 1994)] and also provides its own review of the","paragraph_id":"para_340"},{"text":"evidence and law, we review both the IJ’s and the BIA’s","paragraph_id":"para_341"},{"text":"decisions.” Ruiz-Colmenares v. Garland, 25 F.4th 742, 748","paragraph_id":"para_342"},{"text":"(9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Ali v. Holder, 637 F.3d 1025, 1028","paragraph_id":"para_343"},{"text":"(9th Cir. 2011)). We review the BIA’s denial of a motion to","paragraph_id":"para_344"},{"text":"reopen for abuse of discretion. Suate-Orellana v. Garland,","paragraph_id":"para_345"},{"text":"12 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_346"},{"text":"101 F.4th 624, 628 (9th Cir. 2024). We review due process","paragraph_id":"para_347"},{"text":"challenges de novo. Benedicto v. Garland, 12 F.4th 1049,","paragraph_id":"para_348"},{"text":"1058 (9th Cir. 2021).","paragraph_id":"para_349"},{"text":"III. Discussion","paragraph_id":"para_350"},{"text":"The Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment","paragraph_id":"para_351"},{"text":"prohibits the United States from depriving any person of","paragraph_id":"para_352"},{"text":"“life, liberty, or property, without due process of law.” U.S.","paragraph_id":"para_353"},{"text":"Const. amend. V. The Supreme Court has stated that “[a]n","paragraph_id":"para_354"},{"text":"elementary and fundamental requirement of due process” is","paragraph_id":"para_355"},{"text":"“notice reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances,","paragraph_id":"para_356"},{"text":"to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and","paragraph_id":"para_357"},{"text":"afford them an opportunity to present their objections.”","paragraph_id":"para_358"},{"text":"Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S.","paragraph_id":"para_359"},{"text":"306, 314 (1950).","paragraph_id":"para_360"},{"text":"In determining whether a form of notice satisfies due","paragraph_id":"para_361"},{"text":"process, we must consider “the practicalities and","paragraph_id":"para_362"},{"text":"peculiarities of the case” and balance “the interest of the","paragraph_id":"para_363"},{"text":"State” against “the individual interest sought to be protected”","paragraph_id":"para_364"},{"text":"by the Clause. Id. at 313–14. Due process does not require","paragraph_id":"para_365"},{"text":"the government to do the “impossible or impractical.” Id. at","paragraph_id":"para_366"},{"text":"314. “But when notice is a person’s due, process which is a","paragraph_id":"para_367"},{"text":"mere gesture is not due process.” Id. at 315. Accordingly,","paragraph_id":"para_368"},{"text":"“[t]he means employed must be such as one desirous of","paragraph_id":"para_369"},{"text":"actually informing the absentee might reasonably adopt to","paragraph_id":"para_370"},{"text":"accomplish it.” Id.","paragraph_id":"para_371"},{"text":"The Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of procedural due","paragraph_id":"para_372"},{"text":"process applies in removal proceedings. United States v.","paragraph_id":"para_373"},{"text":"Rivera-Valdes, 157 F.4th 978, 983, 987–88 (9th Cir. 2025)","paragraph_id":"para_374"},{"text":"(en banc). In removal proceedings, “[n]otice by the","paragraph_id":"para_375"},{"text":"Government must be reasonably calculated to apprise","paragraph_id":"para_376"},{"text":"noncitizens of the pendency of [the] proceedings and to","paragraph_id":"para_377"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 13","paragraph_id":"para_378"},{"text":"afford them the opportunity to be present and to participate.”","paragraph_id":"para_379"},{"text":"Id. at 988–89.","paragraph_id":"para_380"},{"text":"As noted above, the government’s sole attempt to inform","paragraph_id":"para_381"},{"text":"Meza Medina of his removal hearing was a notice sent to an","paragraph_id":"para_382"},{"text":"address his relatives provided on a bond form requesting a","paragraph_id":"para_383"},{"text":"residential address rather than a mailing address. The","paragraph_id":"para_384"},{"text":"unreliability of the bond form as the source of the bonded","paragraph_id":"para_385"},{"text":"person’s mailing address is obvious. An obligor who","paragraph_id":"para_386"},{"text":"completes the form may well have incomplete or incorrect","paragraph_id":"para_387"},{"text":"information about the person. This case is a prime example.","paragraph_id":"para_388"},{"text":"Meza Medina’s brother and sister-in-law did not know his","paragraph_id":"para_389"},{"text":"address and had to ask one of his friends for it; the friend in","paragraph_id":"para_390"},{"text":"turn supplied Meza Medina’s residential rather than his","paragraph_id":"para_391"},{"text":"mailing address. Further, the form does not indicate that the","paragraph_id":"para_392"},{"text":"government will use the requested address to send hearing","paragraph_id":"para_393"},{"text":"notices. Instead, the form asks the obligor to provide an","paragraph_id":"para_394"},{"text":"address where the “Alien to reside at”. Thus, even if Meza","paragraph_id":"para_395"},{"text":"Medina’s relatives or friend had known that he used a P.O.","paragraph_id":"para_396"},{"text":"Box to receive mail, the form did not ask for that","paragraph_id":"para_397"},{"text":"information.","paragraph_id":"para_398"},{"text":"The unreliability of the bond form as the source of Meza","paragraph_id":"para_399"},{"text":"Medina’s mailing address was made apparent to the","paragraph_id":"para_400"},{"text":"government when the hearing notice was returned as","paragraph_id":"para_401"},{"text":"undeliverable. After learning that Meza Medina had not","paragraph_id":"para_402"},{"text":"received notice of his removal hearing at the residential","paragraph_id":"para_403"},{"text":"(rather than the mailing) address supplied on the bond form,","paragraph_id":"para_404"},{"text":"the government made no further attempts to provide notice.","paragraph_id":"para_405"},{"text":"The government’s conduct was not reasonably","paragraph_id":"para_406"},{"text":"calculated to provide notice to Meza Medina. If the","paragraph_id":"para_407"},{"text":"government had truly desired to inform him of his scheduled","paragraph_id":"para_408"},{"text":"removal hearing, it would not have relied solely on a","paragraph_id":"para_409"},{"text":"residential rather than a mailing address provided by a third","paragraph_id":"para_410"},{"text":"14 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_411"},{"text":"party on a bond form. Further, it would not have continued","paragraph_id":"para_412"},{"text":"to rely on that faulty address after notice of the hearing, sent","paragraph_id":"para_413"},{"text":"to the address, was returned as undeliverable. See Jones v.","paragraph_id":"para_414"},{"text":"Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 229 (2006) (“We do not think that a","paragraph_id":"para_415"},{"text":"person who actually desired to inform a real property owner","paragraph_id":"para_416"},{"text":"of an impending tax sale of a house he owns would do","paragraph_id":"para_417"},{"text":"nothing when a certified letter sent to the owner is returned","paragraph_id":"para_418"},{"text":"unclaimed.”); Rivera-Valdes, 157 F.4th at 991–92 (similar);","paragraph_id":"para_419"},{"text":"Chaidez v. Gonzales, 486 F.3d 1079, 1081, 1086 n.8 (9th","paragraph_id":"para_420"},{"text":"Cir. 2007) (citing Jones and suggesting that the government","paragraph_id":"para_421"},{"text":"may violate due process when it takes no additional steps","paragraph_id":"para_422"},{"text":"after a hearing notice sent to a person in removal proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_423"},{"text":"is returned with a receipt indicating that it was received by a","paragraph_id":"para_424"},{"text":"third party). This is particularly so where, as here, Meza","paragraph_id":"para_425"},{"text":"Medina wrote in a sworn statement that he had provided an","paragraph_id":"para_426"},{"text":"address where he received mail.","paragraph_id":"para_427"},{"text":"The government concedes that the sole notice of hearing","paragraph_id":"para_428"},{"text":"was sent to the residential address Meza Medina’s relatives","paragraph_id":"para_429"},{"text":"provided on his bond form. It nonetheless makes two","paragraph_id":"para_430"},{"text":"arguments that the notice it provided was constitutionally","paragraph_id":"para_431"},{"text":"sufficient. Neither is persuasive.","paragraph_id":"para_432"},{"text":"First, the government argues that notice was sufficient","paragraph_id":"para_433"},{"text":"because it complied with statutory requirements under the","paragraph_id":"para_434"},{"text":"INA. In making this argument, the government cites 8","paragraph_id":"para_435"},{"text":"C.F.R. § 1003.26(d), which states, “Written notice to the","paragraph_id":"para_436"},{"text":"alien shall be considered sufficient if it was provided at the","paragraph_id":"para_437"},{"text":"most recent address provided by the alien.” (Emphasis","paragraph_id":"para_438"},{"text":"added.) To state the obvious, the address used by the","paragraph_id":"para_439"},{"text":"government had not been “provided by the alien.” And even","paragraph_id":"para_440"},{"text":"if the government had complied with § 1003.26(d), that","paragraph_id":"para_441"},{"text":"would not necessarily foreclose Meza Medina's due process","paragraph_id":"para_442"},{"text":"argument. “[C]ompliance with statutory notice","paragraph_id":"para_443"},{"text":"requirements does not resolve whether notice is reasonably","paragraph_id":"para_444"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 15","paragraph_id":"para_445"},{"text":"calculated under the ‘practicalities and peculiarities of [an","paragraph_id":"para_446"},{"text":"individual] case.’” Rivera-Valdes, 157 F.4th at 989 (quoting","paragraph_id":"para_447"},{"text":"Jones, 547 U.S. at 230–31). Thus, § 1003.26(d) provides no","paragraph_id":"para_448"},{"text":"help to the government.","paragraph_id":"para_449"},{"text":"Second, the government argues that Meza Medina was","paragraph_id":"para_450"},{"text":"not entitled to notice because he failed to provide the","paragraph_id":"para_451"},{"text":"Immigration Court with his correct mailing address. The","paragraph_id":"para_452"},{"text":"government’s contention that Meza Medina failed to provide","paragraph_id":"para_453"},{"text":"a correct mailing address is belied by the record. As noted","paragraph_id":"para_454"},{"text":"above, in a sworn statement attached to his first motion to","paragraph_id":"para_455"},{"text":"reopen and presented to both the IJ and BIA, Meza Medina","paragraph_id":"para_456"},{"text":"wrote, “I let the Court know my address to receive notices.”","paragraph_id":"para_457"},{"text":"The government does not argue that this statement is","paragraph_id":"para_458"},{"text":"incorrect, and it points to nothing in the record contradicting","paragraph_id":"para_459"},{"text":"the statement.","paragraph_id":"para_460"},{"text":"Finally, we conclude that Rivera-Valdes, decided after","paragraph_id":"para_461"},{"text":"briefing was completed in this case, does not require remand","paragraph_id":"para_462"},{"text":"for the BIA to determine whether the government had","paragraph_id":"para_463"},{"text":"practicable alternatives to notify Meza Medina of his hearing","paragraph_id":"para_464"},{"text":"before ordering him removed in absentia. In Rivera-Valdes,","paragraph_id":"para_465"},{"text":"an IJ had ordered Rivera-Valdes removed in absentia in 1994","paragraph_id":"para_466"},{"text":"after he failed to appear at his removal hearing. Id. at 982–","paragraph_id":"para_467"},{"text":"83. Twenty-five years later, in 2019, the government","paragraph_id":"para_468"},{"text":"charged Rivera-Valdes with illegal reentry in violation of 8","paragraph_id":"para_469"},{"text":"U.S.C. § 1326(a). Id. at 983. Rivera-Valdes argued in the","paragraph_id":"para_470"},{"text":"district court that the 1994 in-absentia removal order was","paragraph_id":"para_471"},{"text":"invalid because he had not received constitutionally","paragraph_id":"para_472"},{"text":"sufficient notice of the hearing. Id.","paragraph_id":"para_473"},{"text":"The Immigration Court had mailed the only notice of the","paragraph_id":"para_474"},{"text":"hearing to an address nearly identical to the address Rivera-","paragraph_id":"para_475"},{"text":"Valdes had provided on his asylum application. Id. at 983.","paragraph_id":"para_476"},{"text":"The only difference between the address provided by Rivera-","paragraph_id":"para_477"},{"text":"16 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_478"},{"text":"Valdes and the address used by the government was that the","paragraph_id":"para_479"},{"text":"government had omitted “Ave.” after the street name. Id. at","paragraph_id":"para_480"},{"text":"982. The notice was returned to the government with a","paragraph_id":"para_481"},{"text":"stamp saying “returned to sender” and “UNCLAIMED.” Id.","paragraph_id":"para_482"},{"text":"We held that Rivera-Valdes was not afforded notice","paragraph_id":"para_483"},{"text":"reasonably calculated to reach him and remanded to the","paragraph_id":"para_484"},{"text":"district court to determine whether there were “other","paragraph_id":"para_485"},{"text":"practicable alternatives through which to attempt notice on","paragraph_id":"para_486"},{"text":"Rivera-Valdes,” a “quintessential factual inquiry.” Id. at","paragraph_id":"para_487"},{"text":"989, 991–93.","paragraph_id":"para_488"},{"text":"Unlike Rivera-Valdes, remand for further factfinding is","paragraph_id":"para_489"},{"text":"not necessary in this case. “It suffices for present purposes","paragraph_id":"para_490"},{"text":"that we are confident that additional reasonable steps were","paragraph_id":"para_491"},{"text":"available” to the government to provide notice to Meza","paragraph_id":"para_492"},{"text":"Medina. See Jones, 547 U.S. at 238; see, e.g., Yi Tu v. Nat’l","paragraph_id":"para_493"},{"text":"Transp. Safety Bd., 470 F.3d 941, 946 (9th Cir. 2006)","paragraph_id":"para_494"},{"text":"(finding a due process violation without remanding to the","paragraph_id":"para_495"},{"text":"agency because the record showed practicable alternatives","paragraph_id":"para_496"},{"text":"were available ). Of course, where the government has no","paragraph_id":"para_497"},{"text":"better alternative for reaching the noncitizen, it does not","paragraph_id":"para_498"},{"text":"violate due process to attempt notice at an address it has in","paragraph_id":"para_499"},{"text":"hand. But that is not the case here. An obvious “reasonable","paragraph_id":"para_500"},{"text":"step” would have been to mail the hearing notice to an","paragraph_id":"para_501"},{"text":"address provided by Meza Medina himself for the purpose","paragraph_id":"para_502"},{"text":"of receiving court notices. The government could also have","paragraph_id":"para_503"},{"text":"called Meza Medina at the telephone number provided on","paragraph_id":"para_504"},{"text":"his bond form.","paragraph_id":"para_505"},{"text":"IV. Conclusion","paragraph_id":"para_506"},{"text":"We hold that Meza Medina’s right to due process was","paragraph_id":"para_507"},{"text":"violated when the government ordered him removed in","paragraph_id":"para_508"},{"text":"absentia after sending the only notice of his removal hearing","paragraph_id":"para_509"},{"text":"to a residential address provided by third parties on a bond","paragraph_id":"para_510"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 17","paragraph_id":"para_511"},{"text":"form that did not ask for a mailing address. A government","paragraph_id":"para_512"},{"text":"seriously seeking to inform Meza Medina of his scheduled","paragraph_id":"para_513"},{"text":"hearing would not send notice to an address obtained by","paragraph_id":"para_514"},{"text":"asking the wrong person (a third party) the wrong question","paragraph_id":"para_515"},{"text":"(where the “Alien to reside at”). Instead, it would have taken","paragraph_id":"para_516"},{"text":"the practicable step of sending the notice to a mailing address","paragraph_id":"para_517"},{"text":"provided by Meza Medina himself.","paragraph_id":"para_518"},{"text":"We grant Meza Medina’s first petition for review, hold","paragraph_id":"para_519"},{"text":"that his removal order was improper, and remand for","paragraph_id":"para_520"},{"text":"proceedings consistent with this opinion. Because we grant","paragraph_id":"para_521"},{"text":"Meza Medina’s first petition for review, we dismiss his","paragraph_id":"para_522"},{"text":"second petition for review as moot.","paragraph_id":"para_523"},{"text":"PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED AND","paragraph_id":"para_524"},{"text":"REMANDED; PETITION FOR REVIEW DISMISSED","paragraph_id":"para_525"},{"text":"AS MOOT.","paragraph_id":"para_526"},{"text":"DESAI, Circuit Judge, dissenting:","paragraph_id":"para_527"},{"text":"If I read the record as the majority does, I would largely","paragraph_id":"para_528"},{"text":"agree with the majority’s opinion. But the opinion turns on a","paragraph_id":"para_529"},{"text":"critical fact that, in my view, is unsupported by the record.","paragraph_id":"para_530"},{"text":"The majority concludes that the government violated Meza","paragraph_id":"para_531"},{"text":"Medina’s due process rights by sending his hearing notice to","paragraph_id":"para_532"},{"text":"a residential address provided by a third party on a bond","paragraph_id":"para_533"},{"text":"form, rather than sending it to the mailing address Meza","paragraph_id":"para_534"},{"text":"Medina gave the government. But the IJ and BIA correctly","paragraph_id":"para_535"},{"text":"found that Meza Medina never gave the government his","paragraph_id":"para_536"},{"text":"mailing address. And I would not hold that the government","paragraph_id":"para_537"},{"text":"violated due process by using the only address it had on file.","paragraph_id":"para_538"},{"text":"18 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_539"},{"text":"Even so, the government knew the notice it mailed Meza","paragraph_id":"para_540"},{"text":"Medina was not delivered, which triggered an obligation “to","paragraph_id":"para_541"},{"text":"take additional reasonable steps to effect notice, if it is","paragraph_id":"para_542"},{"text":"practicable to do so.” United States v. Rivera-Valdes, 157","paragraph_id":"para_543"},{"text":"F.4th 978, 989 (9th Cir. 2025) (en banc). I would thus","paragraph_id":"para_544"},{"text":"remand to the agency to determine whether the government","paragraph_id":"para_545"},{"text":"“had other practicable alternatives through which to attempt","paragraph_id":"para_546"},{"text":"notice.” Id. at 992. The majority concludes in the first","paragraph_id":"para_547"},{"text":"instance that the government had other practicable steps it","paragraph_id":"para_548"},{"text":"should have taken to attempt notice. But this is a","paragraph_id":"para_549"},{"text":"“quintessential factual inquiry” that we must remand to the","paragraph_id":"para_550"},{"text":"agency to consider. Id.","paragraph_id":"para_551"},{"text":"I thus respectfully dissent.","paragraph_id":"para_552"},{"text":"I. The majority misstates the record by concluding that","paragraph_id":"para_553"},{"text":"Meza Medina gave the government his mailing","paragraph_id":"para_554"},{"text":"address.","paragraph_id":"para_555"},{"text":"A noncitizen may seek to rescind an in absentia removal","paragraph_id":"para_556"},{"text":"order if he “did not receive notice in accordance with","paragraph_id":"para_557"},{"text":"paragraph (1) or (2) of section 1229(a).” 8 U.S.C.","paragraph_id":"para_558"},{"text":"§ 1229a(b)(5)(C)(ii). Under 8 U.S.C. § 1229(a), a noncitizen","paragraph_id":"para_559"},{"text":"is statutorily entitled to written notice of his proceeding only","paragraph_id":"para_560"},{"text":"if he provides the government with an address and notifies it","paragraph_id":"para_561"},{"text":"of his change of address. See 8 U.S.C. §§ 1229(a)(2)(B);","paragraph_id":"para_562"},{"text":"1229(a)(1)(F)(i)–(ii). The IJ and BIA correctly found that","paragraph_id":"para_563"},{"text":"Meza Medina never gave the government an updated","paragraph_id":"para_564"},{"text":"mailing address.","paragraph_id":"para_565"},{"text":"Nothing in the record suggests that Meza Medina","paragraph_id":"para_566"},{"text":"updated his address when he was released from detention.","paragraph_id":"para_567"},{"text":"While detained, Meza Medina received multiple forms","paragraph_id":"para_568"},{"text":"telling him that he must update the court if he changed his","paragraph_id":"para_569"},{"text":"address or phone number. After he was released, Meza","paragraph_id":"para_570"},{"text":"Medina did not use the change-of-address Executive Office","paragraph_id":"para_571"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 19","paragraph_id":"para_572"},{"text":"for Immigration Review (“EOIR”) Form 33, or any other","paragraph_id":"para_573"},{"text":"form of notice, to update his mailing address.","paragraph_id":"para_574"},{"text":"The majority inexplicably contends otherwise. It relies","paragraph_id":"para_575"},{"text":"on the following paragraph from Meza Medina’s","paragraph_id":"para_576"},{"text":"declaration:","paragraph_id":"para_577"},{"text":"My brother German Meza Medina paid for","paragraph_id":"para_578"},{"text":"my bond and I let the Court know my address","paragraph_id":"para_579"},{"text":"to receive notices. Since the day I got","paragraph_id":"para_580"},{"text":"released from the detention center I have","paragraph_id":"para_581"},{"text":"lived in that address and I have not moved","paragraph_id":"para_582"},{"text":"from there. I have been waiting for the notice","paragraph_id":"para_583"},{"text":"of my following court but I never received","paragraph_id":"para_584"},{"text":"anything. I think that I did not receive","paragraph_id":"para_585"},{"text":"anything because my brother did not know","paragraph_id":"para_586"},{"text":"that I had a P.O. Box where I receive mail and","paragraph_id":"para_587"},{"text":"he did not write this down when he filled out","paragraph_id":"para_588"},{"text":"the form for the bond and without the P.O.","paragraph_id":"para_589"},{"text":"Box it is possible that I do not receive mail","paragraph_id":"para_590"},{"text":"since I live in an apartment and the mail","paragraph_id":"para_591"},{"text":"always gets deposited in the P.O. Box. But I","paragraph_id":"para_592"},{"text":"have been living in the same place I was","paragraph_id":"para_593"},{"text":"released from the detention center and I have","paragraph_id":"para_594"},{"text":"been waiting to receive court notices every","paragraph_id":"para_595"},{"text":"day.","paragraph_id":"para_596"},{"text":"The majority plucks out the clause “I let the Court know my","paragraph_id":"para_597"},{"text":"address to receive notices” and reads it in isolation. But","paragraph_id":"para_598"},{"text":"when read in context, this paragraph makes clear that the","paragraph_id":"para_599"},{"text":"government only had Meza Medina’s residential address","paragraph_id":"para_600"},{"text":"(not his mailing address), because he relied on his brother to","paragraph_id":"para_601"},{"text":"provide his address on the bond form, but his brother did not","paragraph_id":"para_602"},{"text":"know that Meza Medina couldn’t receive mail at his","paragraph_id":"para_603"},{"text":"20 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_604"},{"text":"residential address. Nothing in the declaration says that","paragraph_id":"para_605"},{"text":"Meza Medina gave the court his correct mailing address.","paragraph_id":"para_606"},{"text":"What’s more, the majority’s strained reading of the","paragraph_id":"para_607"},{"text":"declaration contradicts Meza Medina’s own arguments. In","paragraph_id":"para_608"},{"text":"his briefs, he described his declaration as “showing how his","paragraph_id":"para_609"},{"text":"residential address (which was correctly provided) came to","paragraph_id":"para_610"},{"text":"be submitted to the Immigration Court by DHS as his","paragraph_id":"para_611"},{"text":"mailing address.” He explained that his “brother mistakenly","paragraph_id":"para_612"},{"text":"provided only [Meza Medina’s] residential address” on the","paragraph_id":"para_613"},{"text":"bond form, that Meza Medina did not know about his","paragraph_id":"para_614"},{"text":"brother’s mistake, and that the bond form was “the first and","paragraph_id":"para_615"},{"text":"only time [Meza Medina’s] address was provided.” He never","paragraph_id":"para_616"},{"text":"claims that he gave the government his mailing address or","paragraph_id":"para_617"},{"text":"that the government could have mailed his hearing notice to","paragraph_id":"para_618"},{"text":"his P.O. Box. To the contrary, he argues that the government","paragraph_id":"para_619"},{"text":"should have “ask[ed] for”—and thus did not have—his","paragraph_id":"para_620"},{"text":"mailing address. The majority’s contrary conclusion strays","paragraph_id":"para_621"},{"text":"far from “the principle of party presentation.” United States","paragraph_id":"para_622"},{"text":"v. Sineneng-Smith, 590 U.S. 371, 375–76 (2020) (“Our","paragraph_id":"para_623"},{"text":"system is designed around the premise that parties","paragraph_id":"para_624"},{"text":"represented by competent counsel know what is best for","paragraph_id":"para_625"},{"text":"them, and are responsible for advancing the facts and","paragraph_id":"para_626"},{"text":"argument entitling them to relief.” (citation modified)).","paragraph_id":"para_627"},{"text":"In short, there is no basis for the majority’s contention","paragraph_id":"para_628"},{"text":"that Meza Medina gave the government his mailing address.","paragraph_id":"para_629"},{"text":"He thus did not have a statutory right to written notice at that","paragraph_id":"para_630"},{"text":"address.","paragraph_id":"para_631"},{"text":"II. The majority improperly holds that the government","paragraph_id":"para_632"},{"text":"violated due process based on a factual issue the","paragraph_id":"para_633"},{"text":"agency must determine in the first instance.","paragraph_id":"para_634"},{"text":"Even though Meza Medina was not entitled to statutory","paragraph_id":"para_635"},{"text":"notice of his removal proceedings under section 1229(a), he","paragraph_id":"para_636"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 21","paragraph_id":"para_637"},{"text":"was still entitled to constitutionally sufficient notice. Rivera-","paragraph_id":"para_638"},{"text":"Valdes, 157 F.4th at 989, 991 (a noncitizen is entitled to","paragraph_id":"para_639"},{"text":"notice that comports with due process even if he “fail[s] to","paragraph_id":"para_640"},{"text":"comply with a statutory obligation to keep his address","paragraph_id":"para_641"},{"text":"updated” and even if the government “fulfill[s] its statutory","paragraph_id":"para_642"},{"text":"notice obligations” under the INA (citation modified)). To","paragraph_id":"para_643"},{"text":"comport with due process, notice of a removal hearing “must","paragraph_id":"para_644"},{"text":"be reasonably calculated to apprise noncitizens of the","paragraph_id":"para_645"},{"text":"pendency of removal proceedings and to afford them the","paragraph_id":"para_646"},{"text":"opportunity to be present and to participate.” Id. at 988.","paragraph_id":"para_647"},{"text":"Because Meza Medina never gave the government his","paragraph_id":"para_648"},{"text":"mailing address, I would not hold that the government","paragraph_id":"para_649"},{"text":"violated due process by trying to send notice to his","paragraph_id":"para_650"},{"text":"residential address. In fact, when a residential address on a","paragraph_id":"para_651"},{"text":"bond form is the only address available to the government,","paragraph_id":"para_652"},{"text":"due process should require—not prohibit—the","paragraph_id":"para_653"},{"text":"government’s attempt to give a petitioner notice at that","paragraph_id":"para_654"},{"text":"address. As the majority acknowledges, delivering notice to","paragraph_id":"para_655"},{"text":"a residential address on a petitioner’s bond form may be","paragraph_id":"para_656"},{"text":"reasonably calculated to reach the petitioner if that address","paragraph_id":"para_657"},{"text":"is the only address the government has on hand. See Op. at","paragraph_id":"para_658"},{"text":"16.","paragraph_id":"para_659"},{"text":"But when “the government learns that its notice efforts","paragraph_id":"para_660"},{"text":"have not succeeded, that knowledge triggers an obligation","paragraph_id":"para_661"},{"text":"on the government’s part to take additional reasonable steps","paragraph_id":"para_662"},{"text":"to effect notice, if it is practicable to do so.” Rivera-Valdes,","paragraph_id":"para_663"},{"text":"157 F.4th at 989 (citation modified). Here, when the notice","paragraph_id":"para_664"},{"text":"the government mailed to Meza Medina’s residential address","paragraph_id":"para_665"},{"text":"was returned as undeliverable, the government needed to","paragraph_id":"para_666"},{"text":"take additional steps, if practicable, to deliver the notice. See","paragraph_id":"para_667"},{"text":"id. at 981–82.","paragraph_id":"para_668"},{"text":"22 MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE","paragraph_id":"para_669"},{"text":"The majority concludes that the government had","paragraph_id":"para_670"},{"text":"“obvious” alternatives, including sending the notice to the","paragraph_id":"para_671"},{"text":"“mailing address provided by Meza Medina himself.” Op. at","paragraph_id":"para_672"},{"text":"16–17. But that conclusion rests on the majority’s mistaken","paragraph_id":"para_673"},{"text":"view of the facts. And it is unclear on this record whether the","paragraph_id":"para_674"},{"text":"government “had other practicable alternatives through","paragraph_id":"para_675"},{"text":"which to attempt notice.” See Rivera-Valdes, 157 F.4th at","paragraph_id":"para_676"},{"text":"992. We should thus remand to the BIA with instructions to","paragraph_id":"para_677"},{"text":"remand to the IJ to consider this “quintessential factual","paragraph_id":"para_678"},{"text":"inquiry.” See id.","paragraph_id":"para_679"},{"text":"To be sure, although “it is not our responsibility to","paragraph_id":"para_680"},{"text":"prescribe the form of service that the government should","paragraph_id":"para_681"},{"text":"adopt,” I would outline possible alternatives for the agency","paragraph_id":"para_682"},{"text":"to consider on remand. See, e.g., id. (citation modified). One","paragraph_id":"para_683"},{"text":"alternative approach could be calling Meza Medina or his","paragraph_id":"para_684"},{"text":"brother at the phone numbers listed on the bond form to ask","paragraph_id":"para_685"},{"text":"where to mail the notice. Other alternatives might include","paragraph_id":"para_686"},{"text":"posting notice on the door at Meza Medina’s residential","paragraph_id":"para_687"},{"text":"address, sliding notice under the door, or sending the notice","paragraph_id":"para_688"},{"text":"through first-class or certified mail. There may be other","paragraph_id":"para_689"},{"text":"practicable options, but we should “leave it to the parties” on","paragraph_id":"para_690"},{"text":"remand “to suggest whether other reasonable alternatives","paragraph_id":"para_691"},{"text":"were available.” Id. at 993.","paragraph_id":"para_692"},{"text":"* * *","paragraph_id":"para_693"},{"text":"The majority’s conclusion that Meza Medina gave the","paragraph_id":"para_694"},{"text":"government his correct mailing address is belied by the","paragraph_id":"para_695"},{"text":"record. And the government did not violate due process","paragraph_id":"para_696"},{"text":"merely by sending notice to the only address it had on hand.","paragraph_id":"para_697"},{"text":"Even so, when the government learned that its notice attempt","paragraph_id":"para_698"},{"text":"failed, it had a duty to take practicable steps to give Meza","paragraph_id":"para_699"},{"text":"Medina notice. The majority holds that the government","paragraph_id":"para_700"},{"text":"failed to take available practicable steps here, but that is a","paragraph_id":"para_701"},{"text":"MEZA MEDINA V. BLANCHE 23","paragraph_id":"para_702"},{"text":"fact-intensive inquiry that I would remand for the agency to","paragraph_id":"para_703"},{"text":"consider. I respectfully dissent.","paragraph_id":"para_704"}],"word_count":5983,"cites":["602\nU.S. 447","339 U.S.\n306","547 U.S. 220","590 U.S. 371","24 F.4th 1315","25 F.4th 742","637 F.3d 1025","101 F.4th 624","12 F.4th 1049","157 F.4th 978","486 F.3d 1079","470 F.3d 941","157\nF.4th 978"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"0a8ecd4e2c90d76af9add3e64c8b983c89ba025adfe1d404e05378d73f6b9d66","source_url":"https://cdn.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2026/09/18/20-70017.pdf","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T15:28:04.899+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","verification":{"stored_sha256":"0a8ecd4e2c90d76af9add3e64c8b983c89ba025adfe1d404e05378d73f6b9d66","recomputed_sha256":"0a8ecd4e2c90d76af9add3e64c8b983c89ba025adfe1d404e05378d73f6b9d66","intact":true,"checked_at":"2026-10-17T19:55:43.028Z"}},"hash":"sha256:f11bcf874c2ad8b14e24f1fc834e6a57b7032849f304a4768db4bb642112217d","version":"legal-2026-10-17","expires":"2026-10-18T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-10-17+legal-2026-10-17+2026-10-17T17:42:33","content_hash":"sha256:f11bcf874c2ad8b14e24f1fc834e6a57b7032849f304a4768db4bb642112217d","revalidate_after":"2026-10-17T20:55:43.204Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18"},{"rel":"obligations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=us"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. Not legal advice and not a compliance decision.","content_notice":{"legal_advice":false,"nature":"Source register. Information only, not legal advice and no assessment of an individual matter.","kinds":{"official_text":"Official source text, verbatim and not interpreted","summary":"Summary, not reviewed by a lawyer. Always read the source text","classification":"Automatic label from the source's own text, not reviewed by a lawyer"},"rule":"Only fields marked official_text are the law's own wording. Everything else points to it.","report_error":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/corrections","ai_act_declaration":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/ai-act-declaration"},"usageInfo":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/citering","access_class":"public","access_view":"public","citation":{"citation_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/us/praxis/ca9-20-70017-2026-09-18","cite_as":"NovaCopilot (legal.exploreworldai.com)","provenance":{"publisher":"NovaCopilot","signature":"nc-1f59d613540aaa54b6c7ac25f25582ce","response_hash":"sha256:f11bcf874c2ad8b14e24f1fc834e6a57b7032849f304a4768db4bb642112217d"}},"freshness":{"freshness_class":"live","as_of":"2026-11-03T15:24:53.809Z","valid_for":3600,"recheck":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us%3Aca9-20-70017-2026-09-18&verify=1","note":"Kontrollera mot recheck efter valid_for sekunder. If-None-Match ger 304 när inget ändrats.","tokens":26793}}