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    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "For the Eighth Circuit",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_3"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 25-1812",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_5"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Dr. Scott Jensen",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Plaintiff - Appellant",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_8"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; Ruth Martinez, in both their individual and",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_10"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Elizabeth A. Huntley; Cheryl L. Bailey, in both their individual and official",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_12"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Manahan; Peter J. Henry; Brian Anderson, in his individual and official capacity as",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_14"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Roes, 1-12 in both their individual and official capacities as members of the",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; John Does, 1-4 in both their individual and",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_17"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Defendants - Appellees",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_19"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Appeal from United States District Court",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_21",
          "para_22"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Submitted: February 11, 2026",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Filed: September 15, 2026",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_25",
          "para_26",
          "para_27",
          "para_28",
          "para_29"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Years of investigations by the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice caused",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Dr. Scott Jensen to speak less and spend more. Either would be enough for a court",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_32",
          "para_33",
          "para_34"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Some public officials, including Governor Tim Walz, pushed for aggressive",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_36",
          "para_37",
          "para_38",
          "para_39"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Not everyone liked what he had to say. So much so that, from the pandemic’s",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_41",
          "para_42",
          "para_43",
          "para_44",
          "para_45"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "In these situations, the Board has broad investigative powers, starting with a",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_47",
          "para_48",
          "para_49",
          "para_50",
          "para_51",
          "para_52",
          "para_53",
          "para_54",
          "para_55",
          "para_56",
          "para_57",
          "para_58",
          "para_59",
          "para_60",
          "para_61",
          "para_62",
          "para_63"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(prohibiting conduct “likely to harm the public”). He cooperated, but the Board",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_65",
          "para_66",
          "para_67",
          "para_68",
          "para_69"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "M. Jensen, M.D.” He hired a lawyer and spent countless hours preparing. After the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_71"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Dr. Jensen is concerned that continuing to share his political views will only",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_73",
          "para_74",
          "para_75",
          "para_76",
          "para_77",
          "para_78",
          "para_79",
          "para_80",
          "para_81"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 340 (2016), standing ensures that the person suing—",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_83",
          "para_84"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Gill v. Whitford, 585 U.S. 48, 54 (2018). Satisfying it requires “(1) an injury in fact;",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "(2) a causal connection between the injury and the challenged [action]; and (3) a",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_87"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "2023). Plaintiffs “must demonstrate standing for each claim that they press and for",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_89",
          "para_90"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "In applying these requirements, the district court set the bar too high. At the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_92",
          "para_93",
          "para_94",
          "para_95",
          "para_96"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 168 (1997) (first alteration in original) (citation",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_98",
          "para_99"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "They can—and often do—lead to plausible inferences that satisfy all three standing",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_101"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Cir. 2020) (en banc) (differentiating between “general factual allegations,” which",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_103"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Equifax Info. Servs. LLC, 44 F.4th 1105, 1108 (8th Cir. 2022) (“At the pleadings",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_105"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 793 F.3d 949, 954 (8th Cir. 2015) (reaching the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_107"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "We have little doubt that Dr. Jensen’s complaint clears these hurdles when it",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_109",
          "para_110",
          "para_111",
          "para_112"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Walz, 30 F.4th 720, 726 (8th Cir. 2022) (explaining that damages “redress” a",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_114",
          "para_115",
          "para_116",
          "para_117"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(concluding that an “injunction prohibiting” enforcement would redress a chilling",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_119",
          "para_120"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "The real battle is over whether Dr. Jensen alleged a sufficiently “concrete and",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_122",
          "para_123",
          "para_124",
          "para_125",
          "para_126",
          "para_127"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Dr. Jensen’s past injuries fall into two categories. The first is the time and",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_129"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "See TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 425 (classifying “monetary harms” as concrete",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_131"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Dakotans for Health v. Noem, 52 F.4th 381, 386 (8th Cir. 2022). The question is",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_133",
          "para_134",
          "para_135",
          "para_136"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "A “pocketbook” harm is a “classic” Article III injury. See Tyler v. Hennepin",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "County, 598 U.S. 631, 636 (2023). In general, monetary harm is an injury precisely",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_139",
          "para_140"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "U.S. at 425 (explaining that, as a “tangible” injury, “monetary harm[]” is",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_142",
          "para_143",
          "para_144",
          "para_145",
          "para_146",
          "para_147",
          "para_148"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Brakebill v. Jaeger, 932 F.3d 671, 677 (8th Cir. 2019). Here, according to the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_150",
          "para_151",
          "para_152",
          "para_153",
          "para_154",
          "para_155",
          "para_156",
          "para_157"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(citation omitted)). Regardless of whether the Board thinks Dr. Jensen should have",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_159"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "636; see Demarais v. Gurstel Chargo, P.A., 869 F.3d 685, 693 (8th Cir. 2017)",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "(explaining that losing “even a small amount of money is ordinarily an ‘injury’”",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_162",
          "para_163",
          "para_164"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Jensen to change his “message to . . . constituents” and “decline invitations to",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_166"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "1The “pocketbook injury” supports his claim for damages under both the First",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_168",
          "para_169"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "78–79 (2026) (discussing the harms to a candidate for public office). But given the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_171",
          "para_172",
          "para_173",
          "para_174",
          "para_175",
          "para_176",
          "para_177"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "12 Sch. Dist., 163 F.4th 478, 492 (8th Cir. 2025) (en banc) (citation omitted). It",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_179",
          "para_180"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "In dismissing the case, the district court wanted “specifics,” including the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_182",
          "para_183",
          "para_184",
          "para_185",
          "para_186",
          "para_187",
          "para_188",
          "para_189"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Liberty v. Brevard Pub. Sch., 118 F.4th 1324, 1330–31 (11th Cir. 2024) (determining",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_191",
          "para_192",
          "para_193",
          "para_194"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "A reasonable person in his position would have reacted the same way. See",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "281 Care Comm. v. Arneson, 638 F.3d 621, 627–28 (8th Cir. 2011) (requiring the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_197",
          "para_198",
          "para_199"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "159 (2014); see Henderson, 163 F.4th at 493 (treating threats of “adverse",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_201"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Care Comm., 638 F.3d at 630 (explaining that a fear of prosecution was “reasonable”",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_203",
          "para_204",
          "para_205",
          "para_206"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Henderson, 163 F.4th at 492 (holding that threats of being “asked to leave",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_208",
          "para_209"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "It makes no difference that Dr. Jensen “tailored his message” rather than",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_211",
          "para_212",
          "para_213"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "F.3d 474, 500 (4th Cir. 2005) (explaining that the test is whether speech was",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_215",
          "para_216",
          "para_217",
          "para_218"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 423; see id. at 425 (pointing to the abridgment of free",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_220",
          "para_221",
          "para_222"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "The chilling effect he continues to experience also qualifies as an “ongoing”",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_224"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "409, 415 (2013); see Frost v. Sioux City, Iowa, 920 F.3d 1158, 1162 (8th Cir. 2019)",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "(requiring an “ongoing” or “immediate threat of injury” to establish standing for",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_227"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(D.C. Cir. 2011)). Again a candidate for public office, Dr. Jensen continues to be",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_229",
          "para_230"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "2As before, general factual allegations are enough to “plausibl[y]” make this",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_232"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(2009)); see Jones, 947 F.3d at 1103–04 (noting that general allegations suffice to",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_234",
          "para_235",
          "para_236",
          "para_237",
          "para_238",
          "para_239",
          "para_240"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "It is hard to imagine a situation in which the “threat of future enforcement”",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_242",
          "para_243",
          "para_244"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "List, 573 U.S. at 164 (citation omitted); see Chiles v. Salazar, 146 S. Ct. 1010, 1019",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_246",
          "para_247",
          "para_248",
          "para_249",
          "para_250",
          "para_251",
          "para_252"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Finally, the merits. Both sides want us to decide them, even though the bulk",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_254",
          "para_255",
          "para_256"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "3The same goes for his facial-overbreadth claim. To the extent our cases",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_258",
          "para_259"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Board investigated for pandemic-related speech. See Josephine Havlak",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Photographer, Inc. v. Village of Twin Oaks, 864 F.3d 905, 912 (8th Cir. 2017);",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Willson v. City of Bel-Nor, 924 F.3d 995, 1002 (8th Cir. 2019) (discussing other",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_263",
          "para_264",
          "para_265",
          "para_266",
          "para_267",
          "para_268"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "We accordingly reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_270",
          "para_271"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "text": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraph_id": "para_1"
      },
      {
        "text": "For the Eighth Circuit",
        "paragraph_id": "para_2"
      },
      {
        "text": "___________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_3"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 25-1812",
        "paragraph_id": "para_4"
      },
      {
        "text": "___________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_5"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dr. Scott Jensen",
        "paragraph_id": "para_6"
      },
      {
        "text": "Plaintiff - Appellant",
        "paragraph_id": "para_7"
      },
      {
        "text": "v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_8"
      },
      {
        "text": "Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; Ruth Martinez, in both their individual and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_9"
      },
      {
        "text": "official capacities as members of the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_10"
      },
      {
        "text": "Elizabeth A. Huntley; Cheryl L. Bailey, in both their individual and official",
        "paragraph_id": "para_11"
      },
      {
        "text": "capacities as members of the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; John M.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_12"
      },
      {
        "text": "Manahan; Peter J. Henry; Brian Anderson, in his individual and official capacity as",
        "paragraph_id": "para_13"
      },
      {
        "text": "a medical regulations analyst for the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; Jane",
        "paragraph_id": "para_14"
      },
      {
        "text": "Roes, 1-12 in both their individual and official capacities as members of the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_15"
      },
      {
        "text": "Minnesota Board of Medical Practice; John Does, 1-4 in both their individual and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_16"
      },
      {
        "text": "official capacities as members of the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice",
        "paragraph_id": "para_17"
      },
      {
        "text": "Defendants - Appellees",
        "paragraph_id": "para_18"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_19"
      },
      {
        "text": "Appeal from United States District Court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_20"
      },
      {
        "text": "for the District of Minnesota",
        "paragraph_id": "para_21"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_22"
      },
      {
        "text": "Submitted: February 11, 2026",
        "paragraph_id": "para_23"
      },
      {
        "text": "Filed: September 15, 2026",
        "paragraph_id": "para_24"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_25"
      },
      {
        "text": "Before LOKEN, L.R. SMITH, and STRAS, Circuit Judges.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_26"
      },
      {
        "text": "________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_27"
      },
      {
        "text": "-2-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_28"
      },
      {
        "text": "STRAS, Circuit Judge.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_29"
      },
      {
        "text": "Years of investigations by the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice caused",
        "paragraph_id": "para_30"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dr. Scott Jensen to speak less and spend more. Either would be enough for a court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_31"
      },
      {
        "text": "to hear his case, so we reverse.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_32"
      },
      {
        "text": "I.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_33"
      },
      {
        "text": "Like the rest of the country, the COVID-19 pandemic divided Minnesotans.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_34"
      },
      {
        "text": "Some public officials, including Governor Tim Walz, pushed for aggressive",
        "paragraph_id": "para_35"
      },
      {
        "text": "measures to “stop the spread” of the virus. Others like Dr. Scott Jensen, then a state",
        "paragraph_id": "para_36"
      },
      {
        "text": "senator, had a different view. He opposed vaccine mandates and believed it was a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_37"
      },
      {
        "text": "mistake to close businesses and schools. He ran on that message as the Republican",
        "paragraph_id": "para_38"
      },
      {
        "text": "nominee for governor in the 2022 election.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_39"
      },
      {
        "text": "Not everyone liked what he had to say. So much so that, from the pandemic’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_40"
      },
      {
        "text": "start until mid-2022, the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice received 18",
        "paragraph_id": "para_41"
      },
      {
        "text": "complaints about him. See Minn. Stat. § 214.103, subd. 2 (laying out the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_42"
      },
      {
        "text": "“investigat[ory]” process for “[h]ealth-related licensing boards”). The objection was",
        "paragraph_id": "para_43"
      },
      {
        "text": "almost always the same: Dr. Jensen was “spreading misinformation” and posed a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_44"
      },
      {
        "text": "“danger to public health.”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_45"
      },
      {
        "text": "In these situations, the Board has broad investigative powers, starting with a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_46"
      },
      {
        "text": "“review” of whether the complaints “allege[] or impl[y] a violation of a statute or",
        "paragraph_id": "para_47"
      },
      {
        "text": "rule which [it] is empowered to enforce.” Id. Three options exist for any that do:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_48"
      },
      {
        "text": "“authorize a field investigation,” refer the matter to the Attorney General, or try to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_49"
      },
      {
        "text": "“resolve” the complaint itself. Id. § 214.103, subds. 2, 5, 6. From there, a range of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_50"
      },
      {
        "text": "disciplinary measures are available, up to and including “revok[ing]” a physician’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_51"
      },
      {
        "text": "license. Id. § 147.141; see id. § 147.02, subd. 5.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_52"
      },
      {
        "text": "Here, the 18 complaints led to four investigations. At the start of each one,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_53"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Board sent him a letter detailing the allegations. Two asked him to “respond[]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_54"
      },
      {
        "text": "-3-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_55"
      },
      {
        "text": "in writing[]” and reminded him that, “as a licensee of the Board,” he was “required",
        "paragraph_id": "para_56"
      },
      {
        "text": "to cooperate fully.” See id. § 147.131 (requiring doctors to “respond[] fully and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_57"
      },
      {
        "text": "promptly to any question” asked by the Board). When he replied to those, he",
        "paragraph_id": "para_58"
      },
      {
        "text": "provided the Board with hundreds of pages of information, including news stories",
        "paragraph_id": "para_59"
      },
      {
        "text": "about the pandemic, medical studies, and patient records.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_60"
      },
      {
        "text": "One, which lasted more than a year, took on a life of its own. Like the others,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_61"
      },
      {
        "text": "it began with a letter informing him that the Board was investigating an allegation",
        "paragraph_id": "para_62"
      },
      {
        "text": "that he had “politiciz[ed] public health.” See id. § 147.091, subd. 1(g)(2)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_63"
      },
      {
        "text": "(prohibiting conduct “likely to harm the public”). He cooperated, but the Board",
        "paragraph_id": "para_64"
      },
      {
        "text": "waited until after the election to request an “in-person conference.” The notice listed",
        "paragraph_id": "para_65"
      },
      {
        "text": "multiple possible violations, including “unethical or improper conduct” and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_66"
      },
      {
        "text": "“depart[ing] from or fail[ing] to conform to the minimal standards of acceptable and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_67"
      },
      {
        "text": "prevailing medical practice.” Id. § 147.091, subd. 1(g), (k), (o), (s). The subject line",
        "paragraph_id": "para_68"
      },
      {
        "text": "underscored the high stakes involved: “In the Matter of the Medical License of Scott",
        "paragraph_id": "para_69"
      },
      {
        "text": "M. Jensen, M.D.” He hired a lawyer and spent countless hours preparing. After the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_70"
      },
      {
        "text": "conference ended, so did the investigation.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_71"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dr. Jensen is concerned that continuing to share his political views will only",
        "paragraph_id": "para_72"
      },
      {
        "text": "invite further investigations. His amended complaint alleges multiple constitutional",
        "paragraph_id": "para_73"
      },
      {
        "text": "claims, each seeking an injunction preventing future interference with his “speech",
        "paragraph_id": "para_74"
      },
      {
        "text": "on matters of public concern made outside . . . the doctor-patient relationship” and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_75"
      },
      {
        "text": "damages to compensate him for the harm he has already suffered. The district court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_76"
      },
      {
        "text": "granted the Board’s motion to dismiss for lack of standing. We start there. See City",
        "paragraph_id": "para_77"
      },
      {
        "text": "of Clarkson Valley v. Mineta, 495 F.3d 567, 569 (8th Cir. 2007) (calling standing a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_78"
      },
      {
        "text": "“threshold inquiry that eschews evaluation on the merits” (citation omitted)).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_79"
      },
      {
        "text": "II.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_80"
      },
      {
        "text": "Grounded in the case-or-controversy requirement of Article III, see Spokeo,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_81"
      },
      {
        "text": "Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 340 (2016), standing ensures that the person suing—",
        "paragraph_id": "para_82"
      },
      {
        "text": "here, Dr. Jensen—has the “personal stake” necessary for a federal court to intervene,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_83"
      },
      {
        "text": "-4-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_84"
      },
      {
        "text": "Gill v. Whitford, 585 U.S. 48, 54 (2018). Satisfying it requires “(1) an injury in fact;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_85"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2) a causal connection between the injury and the challenged [action]; and (3) a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_86"
      },
      {
        "text": "likelihood of redressability.” Hershey v. Jasinski, 86 F.4th 1224, 1229 (8th Cir.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_87"
      },
      {
        "text": "2023). Plaintiffs “must demonstrate standing for each claim that they press and for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_88"
      },
      {
        "text": "each form of relief that they seek.” TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez, 594 U.S. 413, 431",
        "paragraph_id": "para_89"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2021).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_90"
      },
      {
        "text": "In applying these requirements, the district court set the bar too high. At the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_91"
      },
      {
        "text": "motion-to-dismiss stage, “we [must] assume the allegations in the complaint are true",
        "paragraph_id": "para_92"
      },
      {
        "text": "and view them in the light most favorable to [Dr. Jensen].” Telescope Media Grp.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_93"
      },
      {
        "text": "v. Lucero, 936 F.3d 740, 749 (8th Cir. 2019). Even “general factual allegations of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_94"
      },
      {
        "text": "injury resulting from the defendant’s conduct” are enough because “we presum[e]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_95"
      },
      {
        "text": "that [they] embrace those specific facts that are necessary to support the claim.”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_96"
      },
      {
        "text": "Bennett v. Spear, 520 U.S. 154, 168 (1997) (first alteration in original) (citation",
        "paragraph_id": "para_97"
      },
      {
        "text": "omitted); see, e.g., Huizenga v. Indep. Sch. Dist. No. 11, 44 F.4th 806, 811–12 (8th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_98"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2022) (per curiam); Jones v. Jegley, 947 F.3d 1100, 1103–04 (8th Cir. 2020).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_99"
      },
      {
        "text": "They can—and often do—lead to plausible inferences that satisfy all three standing",
        "paragraph_id": "para_100"
      },
      {
        "text": "requirements. See Muransky v. Godiva Chocolatier, Inc., 979 F.3d 917, 924 (11th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_101"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2020) (en banc) (differentiating between “general factual allegations,” which",
        "paragraph_id": "para_102"
      },
      {
        "text": "“can suffice,” and “conclusory statements,” which “do not”); see also Rydholm v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_103"
      },
      {
        "text": "Equifax Info. Servs. LLC, 44 F.4th 1105, 1108 (8th Cir. 2022) (“At the pleadings",
        "paragraph_id": "para_104"
      },
      {
        "text": "stage, general factual allegations suffice to support standing.”); Wieland v. U.S.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_105"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dep’t of Health & Hum. Servs., 793 F.3d 949, 954 (8th Cir. 2015) (reaching the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_106"
      },
      {
        "text": "same conclusion).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_107"
      },
      {
        "text": "We have little doubt that Dr. Jensen’s complaint clears these hurdles when it",
        "paragraph_id": "para_108"
      },
      {
        "text": "comes to causation and redressability. At a minimum, the alleged “ever-present",
        "paragraph_id": "para_109"
      },
      {
        "text": "threat of further investigation,” backed by a list of past investigations, adequately",
        "paragraph_id": "para_110"
      },
      {
        "text": "connects his chilled speech and time and money spent responding to what the Board",
        "paragraph_id": "para_111"
      },
      {
        "text": "did. Money damages would redress those injuries. See Heights Apartments, LLC v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_112"
      },
      {
        "text": "Walz, 30 F.4th 720, 726 (8th Cir. 2022) (explaining that damages “redress” a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_113"
      },
      {
        "text": "“completed violation of a legal right” (citation omitted)). And to the extent these",
        "paragraph_id": "para_114"
      },
      {
        "text": "-5-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_115"
      },
      {
        "text": "past investigations affect his present and future willingness to speak, an injunction",
        "paragraph_id": "para_116"
      },
      {
        "text": "would remedy it. See Rodgers v. Bryant, 942 F.3d 451, 455 (8th Cir. 2019)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_117"
      },
      {
        "text": "(concluding that an “injunction prohibiting” enforcement would redress a chilling",
        "paragraph_id": "para_118"
      },
      {
        "text": "injury). Indeed, when it comes to causation and redressability, the Board hardly puts",
        "paragraph_id": "para_119"
      },
      {
        "text": "up a fight.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_120"
      },
      {
        "text": "The real battle is over whether Dr. Jensen alleged a sufficiently “concrete and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_121"
      },
      {
        "text": "particularized” injury. Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 334 (emphasis and citation omitted). The",
        "paragraph_id": "para_122"
      },
      {
        "text": "district court said no because the allegations in the complaint were “too conclusory”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_123"
      },
      {
        "text": "without “a specific instance of speech deterred []or facts suggesting an imminent",
        "paragraph_id": "para_124"
      },
      {
        "text": "threat of enforcement.” (Emphasis added). It made a mistake in demanding too",
        "paragraph_id": "para_125"
      },
      {
        "text": "much.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_126"
      },
      {
        "text": "A.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_127"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dr. Jensen’s past injuries fall into two categories. The first is the time and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_128"
      },
      {
        "text": "money he spent preparing responses, hiring counsel, and assembling the paperwork.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_129"
      },
      {
        "text": "See TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 425 (classifying “monetary harms” as concrete",
        "paragraph_id": "para_130"
      },
      {
        "text": "injuries). The second was “self-censor[ship]” during the run-up to the 2022 election.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_131"
      },
      {
        "text": "Dakotans for Health v. Noem, 52 F.4th 381, 386 (8th Cir. 2022). The question is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_132"
      },
      {
        "text": "whether these injuries support his claim for damages. See generally Garcia v. City",
        "paragraph_id": "para_133"
      },
      {
        "text": "of Trenton, 348 F.3d 726 (8th Cir. 2003) (upholding a jury verdict for damages based",
        "paragraph_id": "para_134"
      },
      {
        "text": "on a chilling claim).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_135"
      },
      {
        "text": "1.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_136"
      },
      {
        "text": "A “pocketbook” harm is a “classic” Article III injury. See Tyler v. Hennepin",
        "paragraph_id": "para_137"
      },
      {
        "text": "County, 598 U.S. 631, 636 (2023). In general, monetary harm is an injury precisely",
        "paragraph_id": "para_138"
      },
      {
        "text": "because it is both concrete and particularized. Concreteness comes from the fact that",
        "paragraph_id": "para_139"
      },
      {
        "text": "it is “real” and “actually exist[s].” Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 340; see TransUnion, 594",
        "paragraph_id": "para_140"
      },
      {
        "text": "U.S. at 425 (explaining that, as a “tangible” injury, “monetary harm[]” is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_141"
      },
      {
        "text": "“obvious[ly]” concrete). And it is “particularized” because it affected Dr. Jensen “in",
        "paragraph_id": "para_142"
      },
      {
        "text": "-6-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_143"
      },
      {
        "text": "a personal and individual way.” Spokeo, 578 U.S. at 339 (citation omitted). Once",
        "paragraph_id": "para_144"
      },
      {
        "text": "the Board opened the investigations, he had an obligation to “cooperate fully,”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_145"
      },
      {
        "text": "including “fully and promptly” answering any questions and “providing copies of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_146"
      },
      {
        "text": "patient medical records.” Minn. Stat. § 147.131.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_147"
      },
      {
        "text": "Even a minor expenditure of “time and resources” counts as an injury.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_148"
      },
      {
        "text": "Brakebill v. Jaeger, 932 F.3d 671, 677 (8th Cir. 2019). Here, according to the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_149"
      },
      {
        "text": "amended complaint, Dr. Jensen did more, far more. For the first few investigations,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_150"
      },
      {
        "text": "he was “forced to spend hours of his time” responding. But for the last one, which",
        "paragraph_id": "para_151"
      },
      {
        "text": "went on for more than a year, he spent countless hours working on his responses,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_152"
      },
      {
        "text": "including compiling documents and eventually hiring a lawyer. These steps, arising",
        "paragraph_id": "para_153"
      },
      {
        "text": "out of his obligation to “cooperate fully,” Minn. Stat. § 147.131, led to out-of-pocket",
        "paragraph_id": "para_154"
      },
      {
        "text": "expenses and resulted in “lost revenue because he took on fewer patients.” See Bost",
        "paragraph_id": "para_155"
      },
      {
        "text": "v. Illinois Board of Elections, 607 U.S. 71, 82 (2026) (requiring the costs to come",
        "paragraph_id": "para_156"
      },
      {
        "text": "from “mitigat[ing] or avoid[ing] a substantial risk of some independent harm”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_157"
      },
      {
        "text": "(citation omitted)). Regardless of whether the Board thinks Dr. Jensen should have",
        "paragraph_id": "para_158"
      },
      {
        "text": "taken those actions, they are “classic pocketbook injur[ies].”1 Tyler, 598 U.S. at",
        "paragraph_id": "para_159"
      },
      {
        "text": "636; see Demarais v. Gurstel Chargo, P.A., 869 F.3d 685, 693 (8th Cir. 2017)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_160"
      },
      {
        "text": "(explaining that losing “even a small amount of money is ordinarily an ‘injury’”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_161"
      },
      {
        "text": "(quoting Czyzewski v. Jevic Holding Corp., 580 U.S. 451, 464 (2017))).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_162"
      },
      {
        "text": "2.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_163"
      },
      {
        "text": "According to the amended complaint, the investigations also caused Dr.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_164"
      },
      {
        "text": "Jensen to change his “message to . . . constituents” and “decline invitations to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_165"
      },
      {
        "text": "public[-]speaking events.” These general allegations are enough to create a plausible",
        "paragraph_id": "para_166"
      },
      {
        "text": "1The “pocketbook injury” supports his claim for damages under both the First",
        "paragraph_id": "para_167"
      },
      {
        "text": "and Fourteenth Amendments. Arguably so does the time he lost “communicating",
        "paragraph_id": "para_168"
      },
      {
        "text": "with voters on the campaign trail” during the 2022 election. Cf. Bost, 607 U.S. at",
        "paragraph_id": "para_169"
      },
      {
        "text": "78–79 (2026) (discussing the harms to a candidate for public office). But given the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_170"
      },
      {
        "text": "other particularized and concrete injuries he suffered, there is no need to decide",
        "paragraph_id": "para_171"
      },
      {
        "text": "whether the harm to his campaign adds another.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_172"
      },
      {
        "text": "-7-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_173"
      },
      {
        "text": "inference that his speech was chilled, something he allegedly told the Board in 2020,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_174"
      },
      {
        "text": "shortly after the first investigation began. As we have explained, “one type of injury",
        "paragraph_id": "para_175"
      },
      {
        "text": "that confers Article III standing” in First Amendment cases is “when a plaintiff is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_176"
      },
      {
        "text": "chilled from exercising h[is] right to free expression.” Henderson v. Springfield R-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_177"
      },
      {
        "text": "12 Sch. Dist., 163 F.4th 478, 492 (8th Cir. 2025) (en banc) (citation omitted). It",
        "paragraph_id": "para_178"
      },
      {
        "text": "happens when a “government official’s conduct would cause a person of ordinary",
        "paragraph_id": "para_179"
      },
      {
        "text": "firmness to self-censor.” Id. (citation omitted). Exactly the situation we have here.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_180"
      },
      {
        "text": "In dismissing the case, the district court wanted “specifics,” including the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_181"
      },
      {
        "text": "“speaking engagements he declined,” the “the topics he avoided,” and the “instances",
        "paragraph_id": "para_182"
      },
      {
        "text": "whe[n] he pulled back.” It once again set the bar too high. In addition to general",
        "paragraph_id": "para_183"
      },
      {
        "text": "allegations that he changed his message and declined multiple invitations, the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_184"
      },
      {
        "text": "amended complaint mentioned that he “took great care to make certain that people",
        "paragraph_id": "para_185"
      },
      {
        "text": "understood when he was speaking as a candidate and when he was speaking as a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_186"
      },
      {
        "text": "family doctor,” something none of his opponents had to do. See Rodgers, 942 F.3d",
        "paragraph_id": "para_187"
      },
      {
        "text": "at 453–55 (concluding an injury occurred when beggars changed “when, where, and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_188"
      },
      {
        "text": "how they beg[ged]” because of the possibility of prosecution); see also Moms for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_189"
      },
      {
        "text": "Liberty v. Brevard Pub. Sch., 118 F.4th 1324, 1330–31 (11th Cir. 2024) (determining",
        "paragraph_id": "para_190"
      },
      {
        "text": "chilling existed when parents were “very selective” in their speech at school-board",
        "paragraph_id": "para_191"
      },
      {
        "text": "meetings). In the face of professional sanctions, Dr. Jensen believed the risk of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_192"
      },
      {
        "text": "speaking “candidly and honestly” about “COVID-19 vaccines and other government",
        "paragraph_id": "para_193"
      },
      {
        "text": "interventions in personal-health care decisions” presented too great a risk.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_194"
      },
      {
        "text": "A reasonable person in his position would have reacted the same way. See",
        "paragraph_id": "para_195"
      },
      {
        "text": "281 Care Comm. v. Arneson, 638 F.3d 621, 627–28 (8th Cir. 2011) (requiring the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_196"
      },
      {
        "text": "chill to be “objectively reasonable”). After a steady stream of letters from the Board,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_197"
      },
      {
        "text": "anyone in Dr. Jensen’s shoes would have been concerned about a looming and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_198"
      },
      {
        "text": "“credible threat of enforcement.” Susan B. Anthony List v. Driehaus, 573 U.S. 149,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_199"
      },
      {
        "text": "159 (2014); see Henderson, 163 F.4th at 493 (treating threats of “adverse",
        "paragraph_id": "para_200"
      },
      {
        "text": "consequences” as an “objectively reasonable basis for self-censoring”); see also 281",
        "paragraph_id": "para_201"
      },
      {
        "text": "Care Comm., 638 F.3d at 630 (explaining that a fear of prosecution was “reasonable”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_202"
      },
      {
        "text": "when a plaintiff’s past speech had “triggered threats and the filing of one",
        "paragraph_id": "para_203"
      },
      {
        "text": "-8-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_204"
      },
      {
        "text": "complaint”). In fact, it would have been unreasonable to ignore the threat given the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_205"
      },
      {
        "text": "consequences, which included the potential loss of his medical license. See",
        "paragraph_id": "para_206"
      },
      {
        "text": "Henderson, 163 F.4th at 492 (holding that threats of being “asked to leave",
        "paragraph_id": "para_207"
      },
      {
        "text": "[mandatory] training,” not “receiv[ing] credit” for it, and losing pay were reasonably",
        "paragraph_id": "para_208"
      },
      {
        "text": "chilling).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_209"
      },
      {
        "text": "It makes no difference that Dr. Jensen “tailored his message” rather than",
        "paragraph_id": "para_210"
      },
      {
        "text": "abandoned it. See Dakotans for Health, 52 F.4th at 387 (determining there was",
        "paragraph_id": "para_211"
      },
      {
        "text": "standing when a law “limit[ed]” but did not eliminate a group’s ability to share its",
        "paragraph_id": "para_212"
      },
      {
        "text": "political message); Constantine v. Rectors & Visitors of George Mason Univ., 411",
        "paragraph_id": "para_213"
      },
      {
        "text": "F.3d 474, 500 (4th Cir. 2005) (explaining that the test is whether speech was",
        "paragraph_id": "para_214"
      },
      {
        "text": "“chill[ed],” not silenced). After all, changing the “when, where, and how” of speech",
        "paragraph_id": "para_215"
      },
      {
        "text": "is an injury. Rodgers, 942 F.3d at 455 (holding that, when it happens, the “chilling",
        "paragraph_id": "para_216"
      },
      {
        "text": "effect . . . create[s] standing” (citation omitted)). A chilling effect may not be as",
        "paragraph_id": "para_217"
      },
      {
        "text": "tangible as a pocketbook injury, but it is still a “concrete and particularized” harm.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_218"
      },
      {
        "text": "TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 423; see id. at 425 (pointing to the abridgment of free",
        "paragraph_id": "para_219"
      },
      {
        "text": "speech as a type of “intangible harm” that is “concrete”); see also Henderson, 163",
        "paragraph_id": "para_220"
      },
      {
        "text": "F.4th at 492–94 (discussing how a chilling effect can create standing).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_221"
      },
      {
        "text": "B.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_222"
      },
      {
        "text": "The chilling effect he continues to experience also qualifies as an “ongoing”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_223"
      },
      {
        "text": "injury supporting injunctive relief. Clapper v. Amnesty Int’l USA, 568 U.S. 398,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_224"
      },
      {
        "text": "409, 415 (2013); see Frost v. Sioux City, Iowa, 920 F.3d 1158, 1162 (8th Cir. 2019)",
        "paragraph_id": "para_225"
      },
      {
        "text": "(requiring an “ongoing” or “immediate threat of injury” to establish standing for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_226"
      },
      {
        "text": "“declaratory and injunctive relief” (quoting Dearth v. Holder, 641 F.3d 499, 501",
        "paragraph_id": "para_227"
      },
      {
        "text": "(D.C. Cir. 2011)). Again a candidate for public office, Dr. Jensen continues to be",
        "paragraph_id": "para_228"
      },
      {
        "text": "“active in the media” and interact with “members of the public” with the goal of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_229"
      },
      {
        "text": "educating them about how current officeholders mismanaged the pandemic.2 In",
        "paragraph_id": "para_230"
      },
      {
        "text": "2As before, general factual allegations are enough to “plausibl[y]” make this",
        "paragraph_id": "para_231"
      },
      {
        "text": "claim. Rydholm, 44 F.4th at 1108 (quoting Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678",
        "paragraph_id": "para_232"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2009)); see Jones, 947 F.3d at 1103–04 (noting that general allegations suffice to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_233"
      },
      {
        "text": "-9-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_234"
      },
      {
        "text": "other words, he is in the same position as before, seeking to engage in “substantially",
        "paragraph_id": "para_235"
      },
      {
        "text": "similar activity” without having to worry about potentially losing his medical",
        "paragraph_id": "para_236"
      },
      {
        "text": "license. Susan B. Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 161 (citation omitted); see Missourians",
        "paragraph_id": "para_237"
      },
      {
        "text": "for Fiscal Accountability v. Klahr, 830 F.3d 789, 794 (8th Cir. 2016) (explaining",
        "paragraph_id": "para_238"
      },
      {
        "text": "how a “credible threat of future” enforcement can create an “ongoing [chilling]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_239"
      },
      {
        "text": "injury” (quoting Ward v. Utah, 321 F.3d 1263, 1267 (10th Cir. 2003))).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_240"
      },
      {
        "text": "It is hard to imagine a situation in which the “threat of future enforcement”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_241"
      },
      {
        "text": "could be more credible. Susan B. Anthony List, at 164. After 18 complaints and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_242"
      },
      {
        "text": "four investigations, pretty “good evidence” of “past enforcement against the same",
        "paragraph_id": "para_243"
      },
      {
        "text": "conduct,” the threat against Dr. Jensen is far from “chimerical.” Susan B. Anthony",
        "paragraph_id": "para_244"
      },
      {
        "text": "List, 573 U.S. at 164 (citation omitted); see Chiles v. Salazar, 146 S. Ct. 1010, 1019",
        "paragraph_id": "para_245"
      },
      {
        "text": "n.* (2026) (concluding there was standing when the state had “fought” the “suit",
        "paragraph_id": "para_246"
      },
      {
        "text": "through three courts” and “expressly declined to disavow enforcement”). And the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_247"
      },
      {
        "text": "fact that anyone can file a complaint turns him into an “easy target[]” for “political",
        "paragraph_id": "para_248"
      },
      {
        "text": "opponents.” Susan B. Anthony List, 573 U.S. at 164. An appropriately tailored",
        "paragraph_id": "para_249"
      },
      {
        "text": "injunction focused on removing the threat would, if issued, redress the continuing",
        "paragraph_id": "para_250"
      },
      {
        "text": "chill he faces. See TransUnion, 594 U.S. at 435. At least he has standing to try.3",
        "paragraph_id": "para_251"
      },
      {
        "text": "III.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_252"
      },
      {
        "text": "Finally, the merits. Both sides want us to decide them, even though the bulk",
        "paragraph_id": "para_253"
      },
      {
        "text": "of the briefs focused on standing. Although we suspect that some of our analysis",
        "paragraph_id": "para_254"
      },
      {
        "text": "support standing at the pleading stage); In re SuperValu, Inc., 870 F.3d 763, 773 (8th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_255"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2017) (same). Dr. Jensen does not need to name specific times and places.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_256"
      },
      {
        "text": "3The same goes for his facial-overbreadth claim. To the extent our cases",
        "paragraph_id": "para_257"
      },
      {
        "text": "require an allegation “that third parties will be affected in [a] manner differently",
        "paragraph_id": "para_258"
      },
      {
        "text": "from” the plaintiff, the amended complaint discusses another physician whom the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_259"
      },
      {
        "text": "Board investigated for pandemic-related speech. See Josephine Havlak",
        "paragraph_id": "para_260"
      },
      {
        "text": "Photographer, Inc. v. Village of Twin Oaks, 864 F.3d 905, 912 (8th Cir. 2017);",
        "paragraph_id": "para_261"
      },
      {
        "text": "Willson v. City of Bel-Nor, 924 F.3d 995, 1002 (8th Cir. 2019) (discussing other",
        "paragraph_id": "para_262"
      },
      {
        "text": "potential applications).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_263"
      },
      {
        "text": "-10-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_264"
      },
      {
        "text": "will be helpful on remand, our usual approach in these circumstances is to let the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_265"
      },
      {
        "text": "district court have the first crack at them. See Tovar v. Essentia Health, 857 F.3d",
        "paragraph_id": "para_266"
      },
      {
        "text": "771, 779 (8th Cir. 2017). This case is no exception.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_267"
      },
      {
        "text": "IV.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_268"
      },
      {
        "text": "We accordingly reverse the judgment of the district court and remand for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_269"
      },
      {
        "text": "further proceedings.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_270"
      },
      {
        "text": "______________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_271"
      }
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