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    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "For the Eighth Circuit",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_3"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 25-1599",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_5"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Calvin J. Williams",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Plaintiff - Appellant",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_8"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Moberly Correctional Center; Marcus Groza, In his individual and official",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_10"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Defendants - Appellees",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_12"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Appeal from United States District Court",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_14",
          "para_15"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Submitted: June 9, 2026",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Filed: October 8, 2026",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_18",
          "para_19",
          "para_20",
          "para_21"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "After filing suit to contest several conditions of his confinement at Moberly",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Correctional Center in Missouri, Calvin Williams moved to proceed in forma",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_24",
          "para_25",
          "para_26",
          "para_27",
          "para_28"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "I. Analysis",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Williams argues the district court erred in counting one of his prior",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_31",
          "para_32"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "See Castillo-Alvarez v. Krukow, 768 F.3d 1219, 1219 (8th Cir. 2014). The PLRA’s",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_34",
          "para_35",
          "para_36"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Ortiz-Marquez, 590 U.S. 595, 597 (2020) (alterations in original) (quoting",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_38",
          "para_39",
          "para_40"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "In Schafer v. Moore, we held that a Heck-barred complaint “was properly",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_42"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Armentrout v. Tyra, 175 F.3d 1023 (8th Cir. 1999) (unpublished table decision).2",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "1The Honorable Audrey G. Fleissig, United States District Judge for the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_45"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "2The Third, Fourth, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits also treat a Heck dismissal",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_47",
          "para_48"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "2 F.4th 494, 497–99 (5th Cir. 2021); Smith v. Veterans Admin., 636 F.3d 1306, 1312",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_50"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Seventh, and Ninth Circuits do not categorically do so. See Cotton v. Noeth, 96 F.4th",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "249, 257 (2d Cir. 2024); Holmes v. Marion Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 141 F.4th 818, 822",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_53"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Williams attempts to distinguish Schafer by recasting its holding as a passing",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_55",
          "para_56",
          "para_57",
          "para_58",
          "para_59",
          "para_60",
          "para_61",
          "para_62",
          "para_63"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Although not expressly articulated, underlying Schafer’s holding is the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_65",
          "para_66",
          "para_67",
          "para_68",
          "para_69",
          "para_70"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Entzi v. Redmann, 485 F.3d 998, 1003 (8th Cir. 2007)). Under Heck, “a § 1983",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_72",
          "para_73",
          "para_74"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). And the favorable-termination requirement",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_76",
          "para_77",
          "para_78"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Moreover, Heck-barred claims are not cognizable because “a § 1983 cause of",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_80"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(7th Cir. 2025); Washington v. L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 833 F.3d 1048, 1055 (9th",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_82",
          "para_83",
          "para_84"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "489–90. A claim typically accrues “when the plaintiff has a complete and present",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_86",
          "para_87",
          "para_88"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "547, 555 (2016)). Because a Heck-type claim cannot accrue until the underlying",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_90",
          "para_91",
          "para_92",
          "para_93"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heck’s reasoning further bears out this point. “In defining the contours and",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_95",
          "para_96",
          "para_97",
          "para_98",
          "para_99",
          "para_100",
          "para_101",
          "para_102",
          "para_103",
          "para_104",
          "para_105"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Because favorable termination is an element of a Heck-type claim, a plaintiff",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_107",
          "para_108"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Heck-barred claims are “properly dismissed for failure to state a claim.” Schafer, 46",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_110"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Williams raises three arguments to the contrary: (1) Heck-barred claims are",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_112",
          "para_113"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(2) Heck dismissals are like exhaustion- or abstention-based dismissals; and (3) the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_115",
          "para_116",
          "para_117"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "See supra note 2. But they are inconsistent with our holding in Schafer, so we need",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_119"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "II. Conclusion",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "In sum, a Heck dismissal is a dismissal for failure to state a claim, so it counts",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_122",
          "para_123"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "3Williams also argues that his prior Heck-barred suit should be treated as a",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_125",
          "para_126",
          "para_127",
          "para_128"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "3083 (W.D. Mo. Feb. 28, 2005), Dkt. No. 1. “Habeas is the exclusive remedy . . . for",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_130",
          "para_131"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "(2005)). So it “is not the appropriate remedy to seek correction of alleged",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_133"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "1970). Instead, complaints regarding prison discipline or segregation are properly",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_135"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Williams plainly chose to prosecute a § 1983 action, and we decline his invitation to",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_137"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "95 F.3d 580, 583 (7th Cir. 1996) (“Where . . . a pro se plaintiff is represented by",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_139",
          "para_140"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "text": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraph_id": "para_1"
      },
      {
        "text": "For the Eighth Circuit",
        "paragraph_id": "para_2"
      },
      {
        "text": "___________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_3"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 25-1599",
        "paragraph_id": "para_4"
      },
      {
        "text": "___________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_5"
      },
      {
        "text": "Calvin J. Williams",
        "paragraph_id": "para_6"
      },
      {
        "text": "Plaintiff - Appellant",
        "paragraph_id": "para_7"
      },
      {
        "text": "v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_8"
      },
      {
        "text": "Moberly Correctional Center; Marcus Groza, In his individual and official",
        "paragraph_id": "para_9"
      },
      {
        "text": "capacity; Mike Hanline, In his individual and official capacity",
        "paragraph_id": "para_10"
      },
      {
        "text": "Defendants - Appellees",
        "paragraph_id": "para_11"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_12"
      },
      {
        "text": "Appeal from United States District Court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_13"
      },
      {
        "text": "for the Eastern District of Missouri - Hannibal",
        "paragraph_id": "para_14"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_15"
      },
      {
        "text": "Submitted: June 9, 2026",
        "paragraph_id": "para_16"
      },
      {
        "text": "Filed: October 8, 2026",
        "paragraph_id": "para_17"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_18"
      },
      {
        "text": "Before COLLOTON, Chief Judge, ARNOLD and GRASZ, Circuit Judges.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_19"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_20"
      },
      {
        "text": "GRASZ, Circuit Judge.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_21"
      },
      {
        "text": "After filing suit to contest several conditions of his confinement at Moberly",
        "paragraph_id": "para_22"
      },
      {
        "text": "Correctional Center in Missouri, Calvin Williams moved to proceed in forma",
        "paragraph_id": "para_23"
      },
      {
        "text": "-2-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_24"
      },
      {
        "text": "pauperis (IFP) — i.e., without prepaying the filing fee. The district court1",
        "paragraph_id": "para_25"
      },
      {
        "text": "determined that Williams had three prior suits dismissed for failure to state a claim,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_26"
      },
      {
        "text": "so it denied his IFP motion under the Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (PLRA)’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_27"
      },
      {
        "text": "three-strikes rule. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). Williams appeals, and we affirm.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_28"
      },
      {
        "text": "I. Analysis",
        "paragraph_id": "para_29"
      },
      {
        "text": "Williams argues the district court erred in counting one of his prior",
        "paragraph_id": "para_30"
      },
      {
        "text": "suits — which was dismissed under Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994) — as a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_31"
      },
      {
        "text": "PLRA strike. We review de novo whether a prior dismissal counts as a PLRA strike.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_32"
      },
      {
        "text": "See Castillo-Alvarez v. Krukow, 768 F.3d 1219, 1219 (8th Cir. 2014). The PLRA’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_33"
      },
      {
        "text": "three-strikes rule generally prevents prisoners from proceeding IFP if they have “had",
        "paragraph_id": "para_34"
      },
      {
        "text": "three or more prior suits ‘dismissed on the grounds that [they were] frivolous,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_35"
      },
      {
        "text": "malicious, or fail[ed] to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.’” Lomax v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_36"
      },
      {
        "text": "Ortiz-Marquez, 590 U.S. 595, 597 (2020) (alterations in original) (quoting",
        "paragraph_id": "para_37"
      },
      {
        "text": "§ 1915(g)). According to Williams, his Heck-barred suit is not a PLRA strike",
        "paragraph_id": "para_38"
      },
      {
        "text": "because it was not dismissed for “fail[ure] to state a claim . . . .” § 1915(g).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_39"
      },
      {
        "text": "We disagree.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_40"
      },
      {
        "text": "In Schafer v. Moore, we held that a Heck-barred complaint “was properly",
        "paragraph_id": "para_41"
      },
      {
        "text": "dismissed for failure to state a claim.” 46 F.3d 43, 45 (8th Cir. 1995); see also",
        "paragraph_id": "para_42"
      },
      {
        "text": "Armentrout v. Tyra, 175 F.3d 1023 (8th Cir. 1999) (unpublished table decision).2",
        "paragraph_id": "para_43"
      },
      {
        "text": "1The Honorable Audrey G. Fleissig, United States District Judge for the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_44"
      },
      {
        "text": "Eastern District of Missouri.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_45"
      },
      {
        "text": "2The Third, Fourth, Fifth, Tenth, and D.C. Circuits also treat a Heck dismissal",
        "paragraph_id": "para_46"
      },
      {
        "text": "as one for failure to state a claim. See Garrett v. Murphy, 17 F.4th 419, 427–28 (3d",
        "paragraph_id": "para_47"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2021); Brunson v. Stein, 116 F.4th 301, 309 (4th Cir. 2024); Colvin v. LeBlanc,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_48"
      },
      {
        "text": "2 F.4th 494, 497–99 (5th Cir. 2021); Smith v. Veterans Admin., 636 F.3d 1306, 1312",
        "paragraph_id": "para_49"
      },
      {
        "text": "(10th Cir. 2011); In re Jones, 652 F.3d 36, 38 (D.C. Cir. 2011). But the Second,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_50"
      },
      {
        "text": "Seventh, and Ninth Circuits do not categorically do so. See Cotton v. Noeth, 96 F.4th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_51"
      },
      {
        "text": "249, 257 (2d Cir. 2024); Holmes v. Marion Cnty. Sheriff’s Off., 141 F.4th 818, 822",
        "paragraph_id": "para_52"
      },
      {
        "text": "-3-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_53"
      },
      {
        "text": "Williams attempts to distinguish Schafer by recasting its holding as a passing",
        "paragraph_id": "para_54"
      },
      {
        "text": "characterization of Heck dismissals. This attempt fails, however, because “it is not",
        "paragraph_id": "para_55"
      },
      {
        "text": "only the result but also those portions of the opinion necessary to that result by which",
        "paragraph_id": "para_56"
      },
      {
        "text": "we are bound.” Seminole Tribe v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 67 (1996). Schafer reasoned",
        "paragraph_id": "para_57"
      },
      {
        "text": "that “no claim for damages lies” unless a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 plaintiff clears the Heck",
        "paragraph_id": "para_58"
      },
      {
        "text": "bar. Schafer, 46 F.3d at 45. So it concluded that the plaintiff’s failure to clear the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_59"
      },
      {
        "text": "bar properly resulted in a dismissal “for failure to state a claim.” Id. This reasoning",
        "paragraph_id": "para_60"
      },
      {
        "text": "was not a passing characterization; it was the “exclusive basis of [Schafer’s]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_61"
      },
      {
        "text": "judgment” affirming the dismissal of the plaintiff’s complaint. Seminole Tribe, 517",
        "paragraph_id": "para_62"
      },
      {
        "text": "U.S. at 67.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_63"
      },
      {
        "text": "Although not expressly articulated, underlying Schafer’s holding is the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_64"
      },
      {
        "text": "necessary implication that when Heck applies, it adds an element to the plaintiff’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_65"
      },
      {
        "text": "claim. See Schafer, 46 F.3d at 45. If judgment in the plaintiff’s favor on a § 1983",
        "paragraph_id": "para_66"
      },
      {
        "text": "claim “would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence,” Heck",
        "paragraph_id": "para_67"
      },
      {
        "text": "requires the plaintiff to “demonstrate that the conviction or sentence has already been",
        "paragraph_id": "para_68"
      },
      {
        "text": "invalidated.” 512 U.S. at 487. We have labeled this “the ‘favorable-termination’",
        "paragraph_id": "para_69"
      },
      {
        "text": "requirement.” Mitchell v. Kirchmeier, 28 F.4th 888, 895 (8th Cir. 2022) (quoting",
        "paragraph_id": "para_70"
      },
      {
        "text": "Entzi v. Redmann, 485 F.3d 998, 1003 (8th Cir. 2007)). Under Heck, “a § 1983",
        "paragraph_id": "para_71"
      },
      {
        "text": "plaintiff must prove” favorable termination; otherwise, his claim “is not cognizable",
        "paragraph_id": "para_72"
      },
      {
        "text": "under § 1983.” 512 U.S. at 486–87. The very definition of an “element” is “[a]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_73"
      },
      {
        "text": "constituent part of a claim that must be proved for the claim to succeed.” Element,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_74"
      },
      {
        "text": "Black’s Law Dictionary (12th ed. 2024). And the favorable-termination requirement",
        "paragraph_id": "para_75"
      },
      {
        "text": "fits that definition. To the extent there is any ambiguity remaining about the nature",
        "paragraph_id": "para_76"
      },
      {
        "text": "of our holding in Schafer, due to its brevity, we reiterate that when Heck applies, it",
        "paragraph_id": "para_77"
      },
      {
        "text": "adds an element to the plaintiff’s claim.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_78"
      },
      {
        "text": "Moreover, Heck-barred claims are not cognizable because “a § 1983 cause of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_79"
      },
      {
        "text": "action for damages attributable to an unconstitutional conviction or sentence does",
        "paragraph_id": "para_80"
      },
      {
        "text": "(7th Cir. 2025); Washington v. L.A. Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 833 F.3d 1048, 1055 (9th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_81"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2016).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_82"
      },
      {
        "text": "-4-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_83"
      },
      {
        "text": "not accrue until the conviction or sentence has been invalidated.” Heck, 512 U.S. at",
        "paragraph_id": "para_84"
      },
      {
        "text": "489–90. A claim typically accrues “when the plaintiff has a complete and present",
        "paragraph_id": "para_85"
      },
      {
        "text": "cause of action.” McDonough v. Smith, 588 U.S. 109, 115 (2019) (cleaned up). And",
        "paragraph_id": "para_86"
      },
      {
        "text": "a cause of action is “complete and present” when all its elements are met. E.g., Smith",
        "paragraph_id": "para_87"
      },
      {
        "text": "v. Travelpiece, 31 F.4th 878, 883 (4th Cir. 2022) (citing Green v. Brennan, 578 U.S.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_88"
      },
      {
        "text": "547, 555 (2016)). Because a Heck-type claim cannot accrue until the underlying",
        "paragraph_id": "para_89"
      },
      {
        "text": "conviction or sentence has been invalidated, it follows that favorable termination is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_90"
      },
      {
        "text": "an element that must be met for a plaintiff to have a “complete and present cause of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_91"
      },
      {
        "text": "action.” McDonough, 588 U.S. at 115 (cleaned up); see also, e.g., Brunson v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_92"
      },
      {
        "text": "Stein, 116 F.4th 301, 306–07 (4th Cir. 2024).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_93"
      },
      {
        "text": "Heck’s reasoning further bears out this point. “In defining the contours and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_94"
      },
      {
        "text": "prerequisites of a § 1983 claim, including its rule of accrual, courts . . . look first to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_95"
      },
      {
        "text": "the common law of torts.” Manuel v. City of Joliet, 580 U.S. 357, 370 (2017). Heck",
        "paragraph_id": "para_96"
      },
      {
        "text": "took this approach by analogizing the common-law tort of malicious prosecution to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_97"
      },
      {
        "text": "§ 1983 claims that would imply the invalidity of the plaintiff’s conviction or",
        "paragraph_id": "para_98"
      },
      {
        "text": "sentence. 512 U.S. at 484. As the Supreme Court observed, “[o]ne element that",
        "paragraph_id": "para_99"
      },
      {
        "text": "must be alleged and proved in a malicious prosecution action is termination of the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_100"
      },
      {
        "text": "prior criminal proceeding in favor of the accused.” Id. So the Court applied the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_101"
      },
      {
        "text": "same requirement to Heck-type claims, “just as it has always applied to actions for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_102"
      },
      {
        "text": "malicious prosecution.” Id. at 486. This implies that if the favorable-termination",
        "paragraph_id": "para_103"
      },
      {
        "text": "requirement is an element of malicious prosecution, then it is an element of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_104"
      },
      {
        "text": "Heck-type claims as well. See id.; see also, e.g., Brunson, 116 F.4th at 307.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_105"
      },
      {
        "text": "Because favorable termination is an element of a Heck-type claim, a plaintiff",
        "paragraph_id": "para_106"
      },
      {
        "text": "who cannot plausibly allege that element fails “to state a claim upon which relief can",
        "paragraph_id": "para_107"
      },
      {
        "text": "be granted.” Brown v. Simmons, 478 F.3d 922, 924 (8th Cir. 2007). As a result,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_108"
      },
      {
        "text": "Heck-barred claims are “properly dismissed for failure to state a claim.” Schafer, 46",
        "paragraph_id": "para_109"
      },
      {
        "text": "F.3d at 45.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_110"
      },
      {
        "text": "Williams raises three arguments to the contrary: (1) Heck-barred claims are",
        "paragraph_id": "para_111"
      },
      {
        "text": "dismissed for prematurity rather than failure to state a claim on the merits;",
        "paragraph_id": "para_112"
      },
      {
        "text": "-5-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_113"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2) Heck dismissals are like exhaustion- or abstention-based dismissals; and (3) the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_114"
      },
      {
        "text": "favorable termination requirement is merely a threshold determination, not an",
        "paragraph_id": "para_115"
      },
      {
        "text": "element, because it does not apply to all § 1983 claims. These arguments broadly",
        "paragraph_id": "para_116"
      },
      {
        "text": "reflect the views of those circuits that have taken the minority position on this issue.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_117"
      },
      {
        "text": "See supra note 2. But they are inconsistent with our holding in Schafer, so we need",
        "paragraph_id": "para_118"
      },
      {
        "text": "not address them further.3",
        "paragraph_id": "para_119"
      },
      {
        "text": "II. Conclusion",
        "paragraph_id": "para_120"
      },
      {
        "text": "In sum, a Heck dismissal is a dismissal for failure to state a claim, so it counts",
        "paragraph_id": "para_121"
      },
      {
        "text": "as a PLRA strike. We therefore affirm the district court’s judgment.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_122"
      },
      {
        "text": "______________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_123"
      },
      {
        "text": "3Williams also argues that his prior Heck-barred suit should be treated as a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_124"
      },
      {
        "text": "mislabeled habeas petition, which would not be subject to the PLRA’s three-strikes",
        "paragraph_id": "para_125"
      },
      {
        "text": "rule. Williams’s prior suit sought damages and injunctive relief under § 1983",
        "paragraph_id": "para_126"
      },
      {
        "text": "because he was placed in disciplinary segregation based on an allegedly fabricated",
        "paragraph_id": "para_127"
      },
      {
        "text": "conduct violation report. Compl. at 4–6, 10–11, Williams v. Manthey, No. 6:05-CV-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_128"
      },
      {
        "text": "3083 (W.D. Mo. Feb. 28, 2005), Dkt. No. 1. “Habeas is the exclusive remedy . . . for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_129"
      },
      {
        "text": "the prisoner who seeks ‘immediate or speedier release’ from confinement.” Skinner",
        "paragraph_id": "para_130"
      },
      {
        "text": "v. Switzer, 562 U.S. 521, 525 (2011) (quoting Wilkinson v. Dotson, 544 U.S. 74, 82",
        "paragraph_id": "para_131"
      },
      {
        "text": "(2005)). So it “is not the appropriate remedy to seek correction of alleged",
        "paragraph_id": "para_132"
      },
      {
        "text": "unconstitutional prison discipline.” Cates v. Ciccone, 422 F.2d 926, 927 (8th Cir.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_133"
      },
      {
        "text": "1970). Instead, complaints regarding prison discipline or segregation are properly",
        "paragraph_id": "para_134"
      },
      {
        "text": "brought under § 1983. See Khaimov v. Crist, 297 F.3d 783, 785–86 (8th Cir. 2002).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_135"
      },
      {
        "text": "Williams plainly chose to prosecute a § 1983 action, and we decline his invitation to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_136"
      },
      {
        "text": "retroactively rewrite his complaint into a habeas petition. Cf. Hamlin v. Vaudenberg,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_137"
      },
      {
        "text": "95 F.3d 580, 583 (7th Cir. 1996) (“Where . . . a pro se plaintiff is represented by",
        "paragraph_id": "para_138"
      },
      {
        "text": "counsel on appeal, we will not permit creative appellate advocacy to rewrite a faulty",
        "paragraph_id": "para_139"
      },
      {
        "text": "complaint.” (cleaned up)).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_140"
      }
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      "652 F.3d 36",
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