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    "sections": [
      {
        "title": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_2",
          "para_3"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_5",
          "para_6",
          "para_7",
          "para_8",
          "para_9",
          "para_10",
          "para_11"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Appeal from the United States District Court",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_13"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "USDC No. 2:22-CR-16-1",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_15",
          "para_16"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge:",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Devin Chaney pleaded guilty, per a written plea agreement, to two",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_19",
          "para_20",
          "para_21",
          "para_22",
          "para_23"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney appeals the sentence on the ground that the district court",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_25"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Fifth Circuit",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "FILED",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "November 8, 2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Lyle W. Cayce",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Clerk",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "2",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_35",
          "para_36",
          "para_37",
          "para_38"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "At sentencing, the district court determined that Chaney qualified as",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_40",
          "para_41",
          "para_42",
          "para_43",
          "para_44",
          "para_45",
          "para_46"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney objected to the career-offender enhancement, contending",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_48",
          "para_49",
          "para_50",
          "para_51",
          "para_52",
          "para_53"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "During the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Chaney’s",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_55",
          "para_56",
          "para_57"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney timely appealed, but the government invokes the waiver-of-appeal",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_59",
          "para_60",
          "para_61"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "3",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "United States v. Keele, 755 F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up) (citing",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "United States v. Baymon, 312 F.3d 725, 727 (5th Cir. 2002)). “We analyze",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_67",
          "para_68"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "185 F.3d 298, 304 (5th Cir. 1999)). And “waiver[s] of appeal [are] enforcea-",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_70",
          "para_71",
          "para_72",
          "para_73",
          "para_74",
          "para_75",
          "para_76",
          "para_77",
          "para_78",
          "para_79"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Applying the two-step analysis of Bond, we hold that Chaney know-",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_81"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney pleaded guilty to two of the eleven counts in the superseding",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_83",
          "para_84",
          "para_85",
          "para_86",
          "para_87",
          "para_88",
          "para_89",
          "para_90"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "3 Keele, 755 F.3d at 754 (quoting United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_92"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "4",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "His plea deal also contained an appeal waiver, which stated that",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney “knowingly and voluntarily”",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_98",
          "para_99",
          "para_100",
          "para_101",
          "para_102",
          "para_103",
          "para_104",
          "para_105",
          "para_106",
          "para_107"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "ROA.267 (plea agreement) (cleaned up). The government did not ask",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney to waive his “right to bring a direct appeal of any sentence imposed",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_110",
          "para_111"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney asserts that his waiver “was inherently unknowing and invol-",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_113",
          "para_114",
          "para_115",
          "para_116",
          "para_117"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney also contends that enforcement of the waiver provision in the",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_119",
          "para_120"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "4 ROA.267. See United States v. Barnes, 953 F.3d 383, 388–89 (5th Cir. 2020) (rec-",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_122",
          "para_123",
          "para_124",
          "para_125"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "5",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_129",
          "para_130",
          "para_131"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney’s waiver was both knowing and voluntary. He initialed every",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_133",
          "para_134",
          "para_135",
          "para_136",
          "para_137",
          "para_138"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Chaney answered in the affirmative. In sum, the record amply supports that",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_140"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Finally, the plain language of Chaney’s appeal waiver applies to his",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_142"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Hobbs Act Robbery, much less the 25-year maximum for Armed Bank",
        "paragraphs": []
      },
      {
        "title": "Robbery. Therefore, “his claim . . . falls within the waiver provision and is",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_145"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Accordingly, the motion to dismiss is GRANTED, and the appeal is",
        "paragraphs": [
          "para_147",
          "para_148",
          "para_149",
          "para_150"
        ]
      },
      {
        "title": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraphs": []
      }
    ],
    "paragraphs": [
      {
        "text": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraph_id": "para_1"
      },
      {
        "text": "for the Fifth Circuit",
        "paragraph_id": "para_2"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_3"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraph_id": "para_4"
      },
      {
        "text": "____________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_5"
      },
      {
        "text": "United States of America,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_6"
      },
      {
        "text": "Plaintiff—Appellee,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_7"
      },
      {
        "text": "versus",
        "paragraph_id": "para_8"
      },
      {
        "text": "Devin Chaney,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_9"
      },
      {
        "text": "Defendant—Appellant.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_10"
      },
      {
        "text": "______________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_11"
      },
      {
        "text": "Appeal from the United States District Court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_12"
      },
      {
        "text": "for the Eastern District of Louisiana",
        "paragraph_id": "para_13"
      },
      {
        "text": "USDC No. 2:22-CR-16-1",
        "paragraph_id": "para_14"
      },
      {
        "text": "______________________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_15"
      },
      {
        "text": "Before Smith, Clement, and Higginson, Circuit Judges.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_16"
      },
      {
        "text": "Jerry E. Smith, Circuit Judge:",
        "paragraph_id": "para_17"
      },
      {
        "text": "Devin Chaney pleaded guilty, per a written plea agreement, to two",
        "paragraph_id": "para_18"
      },
      {
        "text": "counts of an eleven-count indictment: Hobbs Act Robbery (Count Three) in",
        "paragraph_id": "para_19"
      },
      {
        "text": "violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1951(a) and Armed Bank Robbery (Count Nine) in",
        "paragraph_id": "para_20"
      },
      {
        "text": "violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a), (d). In the plea agreement, Chaney waived",
        "paragraph_id": "para_21"
      },
      {
        "text": "his right to appeal, except to appeal a sentence above the statutory maximum",
        "paragraph_id": "para_22"
      },
      {
        "text": "or to assert ineffective assistance of counsel.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_23"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney appeals the sentence on the ground that the district court",
        "paragraph_id": "para_24"
      },
      {
        "text": "improperly sentenced him as a career offender under U.S.S.G. § 4B1.1. The",
        "paragraph_id": "para_25"
      },
      {
        "text": "United States Court of Appeals",
        "paragraph_id": "para_26"
      },
      {
        "text": "Fifth Circuit",
        "paragraph_id": "para_27"
      },
      {
        "text": "FILED",
        "paragraph_id": "para_28"
      },
      {
        "text": "November 8, 2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_29"
      },
      {
        "text": "Lyle W. Cayce",
        "paragraph_id": "para_30"
      },
      {
        "text": "Clerk",
        "paragraph_id": "para_31"
      },
      {
        "text": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 1 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_32"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraph_id": "para_33"
      },
      {
        "text": "2",
        "paragraph_id": "para_34"
      },
      {
        "text": "government has moved to dismiss the appeal on the ground that Chaney’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_35"
      },
      {
        "text": "appeal waiver is valid and enforceable. Because Chaney knowingly and vol-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_36"
      },
      {
        "text": "untarily waived his right to this appeal, we grant the motion to dismiss.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_37"
      },
      {
        "text": "I.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_38"
      },
      {
        "text": "At sentencing, the district court determined that Chaney qualified as",
        "paragraph_id": "para_39"
      },
      {
        "text": "a career offender under § 4B1.1 because he had been convicted of at least two",
        "paragraph_id": "para_40"
      },
      {
        "text": "controlled substance offenses—a 2012 Louisiana conviction of possession",
        "paragraph_id": "para_41"
      },
      {
        "text": "with intent to distribute cocaine and a 2019 Louisiana conviction of distri-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_42"
      },
      {
        "text": "bution of a controlled dangerous substance less than 2.5 pounds and pos-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_43"
      },
      {
        "text": "session with intent to distribute marihuana less than 2.5 pounds. With an",
        "paragraph_id": "para_44"
      },
      {
        "text": "offense level of 31 and a criminal history category of VI, Chaney’s guideline",
        "paragraph_id": "para_45"
      },
      {
        "text": "range of imprisonment was 188 to 235 months.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_46"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney objected to the career-offender enhancement, contending",
        "paragraph_id": "para_47"
      },
      {
        "text": "that his 2019 conviction did not qualify as a predicate controlled substance",
        "paragraph_id": "para_48"
      },
      {
        "text": "offense because Louisiana’s marihuana prohibition was broader than federal",
        "paragraph_id": "para_49"
      },
      {
        "text": "law—the state had not yet decriminalized hemp. The government respond-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_50"
      },
      {
        "text": "ed that Chaney could not meet his burden to demonstrate that Louisiana’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_51"
      },
      {
        "text": "definition of marihuana was overbroad. Similarly, the probation officer main-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_52"
      },
      {
        "text": "tained that Chaney had at least two qualifying predicate offenses.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_53"
      },
      {
        "text": "During the sentencing hearing, the district court overruled Chaney’s",
        "paragraph_id": "para_54"
      },
      {
        "text": "objection and imposed a bottom-of-the-guidelines sentence of 188 months for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_55"
      },
      {
        "text": "each count, to be served concurrently, followed by a four-year term of super-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_56"
      },
      {
        "text": "vised release. The court also ordered Chaney to pay $4,706 in restitution.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_57"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney timely appealed, but the government invokes the waiver-of-appeal",
        "paragraph_id": "para_58"
      },
      {
        "text": "provision in the plea agreement and asks this court to dismiss the appeal.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_59"
      },
      {
        "text": "II.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_60"
      },
      {
        "text": "“This court reviews de novo whether an appeal waiver bars an appeal.”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_61"
      },
      {
        "text": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 2 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_62"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraph_id": "para_63"
      },
      {
        "text": "3",
        "paragraph_id": "para_64"
      },
      {
        "text": "United States v. Keele, 755 F.3d 752, 754 (5th Cir. 2014) (cleaned up) (citing",
        "paragraph_id": "para_65"
      },
      {
        "text": "United States v. Baymon, 312 F.3d 725, 727 (5th Cir. 2002)). “We analyze",
        "paragraph_id": "para_66"
      },
      {
        "text": "waivers of appeal in plea agreements using contract law.” United States v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_67"
      },
      {
        "text": "Story, 439 F.3d 226, 231 (5th Cir. 2006) (citing United States v. Cantu,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_68"
      },
      {
        "text": "185 F.3d 298, 304 (5th Cir. 1999)). And “waiver[s] of appeal [are] enforcea-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_69"
      },
      {
        "text": "ble to the extent that the government invokes the waiver provision in [the]",
        "paragraph_id": "para_70"
      },
      {
        "text": "plea agreement.” Id.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_71"
      },
      {
        "text": "“To determine the validity of an appeal waiver, this court conducts ‘a",
        "paragraph_id": "para_72"
      },
      {
        "text": "two-step inquiry.’”1 We must ask whether (1) “the waiver was knowing and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_73"
      },
      {
        "text": "voluntary” and (2) “under the plain language of the plea agreement, the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_74"
      },
      {
        "text": "waiver applies to the circumstances at issue.”2 “A waiver is both knowing",
        "paragraph_id": "para_75"
      },
      {
        "text": "and voluntary if the defendant indicates that he read and understood the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_76"
      },
      {
        "text": "agreement and the agreement contains an ‘explicit, unambiguous waiver of",
        "paragraph_id": "para_77"
      },
      {
        "text": "appeal.’”3",
        "paragraph_id": "para_78"
      },
      {
        "text": "III.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_79"
      },
      {
        "text": "Applying the two-step analysis of Bond, we hold that Chaney know-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_80"
      },
      {
        "text": "ingly and voluntarily waived his appeal and that the waiver covers his claims.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_81"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney pleaded guilty to two of the eleven counts in the superseding",
        "paragraph_id": "para_82"
      },
      {
        "text": "indictment, and, in return, the government agreed to dismiss the remaining",
        "paragraph_id": "para_83"
      },
      {
        "text": "nine counts. As part of that plea deal, Chaney acknowledged that his statu-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_84"
      },
      {
        "text": "tory maximum was 20 years for Hobbs Act Robbery and 25 years for Armed",
        "paragraph_id": "para_85"
      },
      {
        "text": "Bank Robbery.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_86"
      },
      {
        "text": "_____________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_87"
      },
      {
        "text": "1 Keele, 755 F.3d at 754 (quoting United States v. Bond, 414 F.3d 542, 544 (5th Cir.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_88"
      },
      {
        "text": "2005)).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_89"
      },
      {
        "text": "2 Id. (citing Bond, 414 F.3d at 544); see also Story, 439 F.3d at 231.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_90"
      },
      {
        "text": "3 Keele, 755 F.3d at 754 (quoting United States v. McKinney, 406 F.3d 744, 746 (5th",
        "paragraph_id": "para_91"
      },
      {
        "text": "Cir. 2005)).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_92"
      },
      {
        "text": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 3 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_93"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraph_id": "para_94"
      },
      {
        "text": "4",
        "paragraph_id": "para_95"
      },
      {
        "text": "His plea deal also contained an appeal waiver, which stated that",
        "paragraph_id": "para_96"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney “knowingly and voluntarily”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_97"
      },
      {
        "text": "a. Waives and gives up any right to appeal or contest",
        "paragraph_id": "para_98"
      },
      {
        "text": "his sentence, including any right to appeal any aspect",
        "paragraph_id": "para_99"
      },
      {
        "text": "of his sentence, including but not limited to any and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_100"
      },
      {
        "text": "all rights which arise under 18 U.S.C. § 3742 and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_101"
      },
      {
        "text": "28 U.S.C. § 1291.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_102"
      },
      {
        "text": "b. Waives and gives up any right to challenge the man-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_103"
      },
      {
        "text": "ner in which his sentence was determined and to",
        "paragraph_id": "para_104"
      },
      {
        "text": "challenge any U.S.S.G. determinations and their ap-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_105"
      },
      {
        "text": "plication by any judge to the defendant’s sentence",
        "paragraph_id": "para_106"
      },
      {
        "text": "and judgment.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_107"
      },
      {
        "text": "ROA.267 (plea agreement) (cleaned up). The government did not ask",
        "paragraph_id": "para_108"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney to waive his “right to bring a direct appeal of any sentence imposed",
        "paragraph_id": "para_109"
      },
      {
        "text": "in excess of the statutory maximum” or “to raise a claim of ineffective",
        "paragraph_id": "para_110"
      },
      {
        "text": "assistance of counsel.”4",
        "paragraph_id": "para_111"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney asserts that his waiver “was inherently unknowing and invol-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_112"
      },
      {
        "text": "untary” because, unlike “the constitutional rights waived by a guilty plea,”",
        "paragraph_id": "para_113"
      },
      {
        "text": "sentence-related appeal rights are unknown at the time they are waived.5 But,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_114"
      },
      {
        "text": "as Chaney acknowledges, this court has long rejected that position, and it",
        "paragraph_id": "para_115"
      },
      {
        "text": "remains foreclosed. See Barnes, 953 F.3d at 386–87 (citing United States v.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_116"
      },
      {
        "text": "Creadell Burns, 433 F.3d 442 (5th Cir. 2005)).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_117"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney also contends that enforcement of the waiver provision in the",
        "paragraph_id": "para_118"
      },
      {
        "text": "plea agreement would result in a miscarriage of justice. We have not adopted",
        "paragraph_id": "para_119"
      },
      {
        "text": "_____________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_120"
      },
      {
        "text": "4 ROA.267. See United States v. Barnes, 953 F.3d 383, 388–89 (5th Cir. 2020) (rec-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_121"
      },
      {
        "text": "ognizing “only two exceptions to the general rule that knowing and voluntary appellate and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_122"
      },
      {
        "text": "collateral-review waivers are enforceable: first, ineffective assistance of counsel, and sec-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_123"
      },
      {
        "text": "ond, a sentence exceeding the statutory maximum”) (citations omitted).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_124"
      },
      {
        "text": "5 Opp. to Mot. to Dismiss Appeal at 5, 7; see also id. at 5–13.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_125"
      },
      {
        "text": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 4 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_126"
      },
      {
        "text": "No. 23-30454",
        "paragraph_id": "para_127"
      },
      {
        "text": "5",
        "paragraph_id": "para_128"
      },
      {
        "text": "a miscarriage-of-justice exception for appeal waivers, and we decline to do so",
        "paragraph_id": "para_129"
      },
      {
        "text": "here. See id. at 389 (explaining that this circuit has not recognized a “miscar-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_130"
      },
      {
        "text": "riage of justice” exception).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_131"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney’s waiver was both knowing and voluntary. He initialed every",
        "paragraph_id": "para_132"
      },
      {
        "text": "page and signed the final page of the plea agreement. See ROA.265–69; see",
        "paragraph_id": "para_133"
      },
      {
        "text": "also ROA.244. He confirmed having read the superseding indictment and",
        "paragraph_id": "para_134"
      },
      {
        "text": "having it explained to him. ROA.235. The judge clearly explained the maxi-",
        "paragraph_id": "para_135"
      },
      {
        "text": "mum possible sentences, see ROA.238–39, and questioned whether Chaney",
        "paragraph_id": "para_136"
      },
      {
        "text": "“underst[oo]d that under [his] plea agreement, [he] ha[s] expressly waived",
        "paragraph_id": "para_137"
      },
      {
        "text": "[his] right to a direct appeal as set forth in the agreement.” ROA.247.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_138"
      },
      {
        "text": "Chaney answered in the affirmative. In sum, the record amply supports that",
        "paragraph_id": "para_139"
      },
      {
        "text": "he knowingly and voluntarily waived his appellate rights.6",
        "paragraph_id": "para_140"
      },
      {
        "text": "Finally, the plain language of Chaney’s appeal waiver applies to his",
        "paragraph_id": "para_141"
      },
      {
        "text": "appeal. His 188-month sentence falls well short of the 20-year maximum for",
        "paragraph_id": "para_142"
      },
      {
        "text": "Hobbs Act Robbery, much less the 25-year maximum for Armed Bank",
        "paragraph_id": "para_143"
      },
      {
        "text": "Robbery. Therefore, “his claim . . . falls within the waiver provision and is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_144"
      },
      {
        "text": "waived on appeal.” Higgins, 739 F.3d at 737; see also Bond, 414 F.3d at 546.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_145"
      },
      {
        "text": "Accordingly, the motion to dismiss is GRANTED, and the appeal is",
        "paragraph_id": "para_146"
      },
      {
        "text": "DISMISSED.",
        "paragraph_id": "para_147"
      },
      {
        "text": "_____________________",
        "paragraph_id": "para_148"
      },
      {
        "text": "6 Cf. United States v. Walters, 732 F.3d 489, 491 (5th Cir. 2013); McKinney,",
        "paragraph_id": "para_149"
      },
      {
        "text": "406 F.3d at 746; United States v. Higgins, 739 F.3d 733, 736–37 (5th Cir. 2014).",
        "paragraph_id": "para_150"
      },
      {
        "text": "Case: 23-30454 Document: 111-1 Page: 5 Date Filed: 11/08/2024",
        "paragraph_id": "para_151"
      }
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