{ "attribution": { "source": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca3-26-1011-2026-09-23", "cite_as": "NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca3-26-1011-2026-09-23)", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision", "version": "legal-2026-10-07", "fingerprint": "ewai:se:9dbc3a", "proof": "sha256:7ec6983b73f9f8077dd20fdba4857a38cf4d844f854a4a9079345ff10d903137", "jurisdiction": "se", "lang": "en", "publisher": "NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal", "terms": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om" }, "brand_source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "item": { "schema_version": "1.0.0", "id": "us:ca3-26-1011-2026-09-23", "jurisdiction": "us", "lang": "en", "brand_source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "brand": { "product": "NovaCopilot", "platform": "ExploreWorldAI", "infrastructure": "ExploreWorld Legal", "infrastructure_url": "legal.exploreworldai.com", "legal_entity": "Valkiv Ventures AB", "permanent_url": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot", "source": "Source: NovaCopilot", "powered_by": "Powered by NovaCopilot", "license": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor" }, "sections": [ { "title": "Front matter", "paragraphs": [ "para_1", "para_2", "para_3", "para_4", "para_5", "para_6", "para_7", "para_8", "para_9", "para_10", "para_11", "para_12", "para_13", "para_14", "para_15", "para_16", "para_17", "para_18", "para_19", "para_20", "para_21", "para_22", "para_23", "para_24", "para_25", "para_26", "para_27", "para_28", "para_29", "para_30", "para_31", "para_32", "para_33", "para_34", "para_35", "para_36", "para_37", "para_38", "para_39", "para_40", "para_41", "para_42", "para_43", "para_44", "para_45", "para_46", "para_47", "para_48", "para_49", "para_50", "para_51", "para_52", "para_53", "para_54", "para_55", "para_56", "para_57", "para_58", "para_59", "para_60", "para_61", "para_62", "para_63", "para_64", "para_65", "para_66", "para_67", "para_68", "para_69", "para_70", "para_71", "para_72", "para_73", "para_74", "para_75", "para_76", "para_77", "para_78", "para_79", "para_80", "para_81", "para_82", "para_83", "para_84", "para_85", "para_86", "para_87", "para_88", "para_89", "para_90", "para_91", "para_92", "para_93", "para_94", "para_95", "para_96", "para_97", "para_98", "para_99", "para_100", "para_101", "para_102", "para_103", "para_104", "para_105", "para_106", "para_107", "para_108", "para_109", "para_110", "para_111", "para_112", "para_113", "para_114", "para_115", "para_116", "para_117", "para_118", "para_119", "para_120", "para_121", "para_122", "para_123", "para_124", "para_125", "para_126", "para_127", "para_128", "para_129", "para_130", "para_131", "para_132", "para_133", "para_134", "para_135", "para_136", "para_137", "para_138", "para_139", "para_140", "para_141", "para_142", "para_143", "para_144", "para_145", "para_146", "para_147", "para_148", "para_149", "para_150", "para_151", "para_152", "para_153", "para_154", "para_155", "para_156", "para_157", "para_158", "para_159", "para_160", "para_161", "para_162", "para_163", "para_164", "para_165", "para_166", "para_167", "para_168", "para_169", "para_170", "para_171", "para_172", "para_173", "para_174", "para_175", "para_176", "para_177", "para_178", "para_179", "para_180", "para_181", "para_182", "para_183", "para_184", "para_185", "para_186", "para_187", "para_188", "para_189", "para_190", "para_191", "para_192", "para_193", "para_194", "para_195", "para_196", "para_197", "para_198", "para_199", "para_200" ], "kind": "front_matter" } ], "paragraphs": [ { "text": "UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT", "paragraph_id": "para_1" }, { "text": "No. 26-1011", "paragraph_id": "para_2" }, { "text": "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA", "paragraph_id": "para_3" }, { "text": "v.", "paragraph_id": "para_4" }, { "text": "JOSE GABRIEL SANTANA-ROBLES,", "paragraph_id": "para_5" }, { "text": "Appellant", "paragraph_id": "para_6" }, { "text": "_____________________________", "paragraph_id": "para_7" }, { "text": "On Appeal from the U.S. District Court, M.D. Pa.", "paragraph_id": "para_8" }, { "text": "Judge Malachy E. Mannion, No. 3:23-cr-00262-001", "paragraph_id": "para_9" }, { "text": "Before: HARDIMAN, BIBAS, AND RENDELL, Circuit Judges", "paragraph_id": "para_10" }, { "text": "Submitted: Sept. 18, 2026; Filed: Sept. 23, 2026", "paragraph_id": "para_11" }, { "text": "_____________________________", "paragraph_id": "para_12" }, { "text": "OPINION OF THE COURT", "paragraph_id": "para_13" }, { "text": "RENDELL, Circuit Judge. Appellant Jose Santana-", "paragraph_id": "para_14" }, { "text": "Robles challenges the denial of his motion for termination of", "paragraph_id": "para_15" }, { "text": "supervised release. Because the District Court was without", "paragraph_id": "para_16" }, { "text": "authority to grant his motion, we will affirm.", "paragraph_id": "para_17" }, { "text": "I. FACTS & PROCEDURAL HISTORY", "paragraph_id": "para_18" }, { "text": "Appellant was charged in the District of Puerto Rico", "paragraph_id": "para_19" }, { "text": "with possessing firearms and drugs. He pled guilty to", "paragraph_id": "para_20" }, { "text": "possessing a firearm in furtherance of drug-trafficking crimes", "paragraph_id": "para_21" }, { "text": "2", "paragraph_id": "para_22" }, { "text": "and possessing marijuana with intent to distribute. �e District", "paragraph_id": "para_23", "court_paragraph": 2 }, { "text": "Court sentenced him to 60 months of imprisonment and 60", "paragraph_id": "para_24" }, { "text": "months of supervised release.", "paragraph_id": "para_25" }, { "text": "In July 2022, he began his term of supervised release,", "paragraph_id": "para_26" }, { "text": "which was later transferred to the Middle District of", "paragraph_id": "para_27" }, { "text": "Pennsylvania. He accumulated violations, including for testing", "paragraph_id": "para_28" }, { "text": "positive for marijuana and leaving the jurisdiction without", "paragraph_id": "para_29" }, { "text": "permission. In February 2024, the District Court issued a", "paragraph_id": "para_30" }, { "text": "warrant for arrest for his violations. Over a year later, he was", "paragraph_id": "para_31" }, { "text": "arrested in Oregon and was transported to Pennsylvania.", "paragraph_id": "para_32" }, { "text": "During his revocation hearing, he pled guilty to Grade", "paragraph_id": "para_33" }, { "text": "C supervised release violations. His counsel acknowledged", "paragraph_id": "para_34" }, { "text": "that Appellant needed rehabilitation, but noted that he had", "paragraph_id": "para_35" }, { "text": "moved to Oregon to be with his girlfriend and had established", "paragraph_id": "para_36" }, { "text": "a stable life with her and worked as a barber. �e District Court", "paragraph_id": "para_37" }, { "text": "then sentenced Appellant to four months of imprisonment,", "paragraph_id": "para_38" }, { "text": "followed by 24 months of supervised release.", "paragraph_id": "para_39" }, { "text": "After Appellant served his prison term, his Probation", "paragraph_id": "para_40" }, { "text": "Officer attempted to transfer supervision to the District of", "paragraph_id": "para_41" }, { "text": "Oregon, which did not accept the transfer. In November 2025,", "paragraph_id": "para_42" }, { "text": "Appellant commenced his term of supervision. In December", "paragraph_id": "para_43" }, { "text": "2025, Appellant moved to terminate supervised release. �e", "paragraph_id": "para_44" }, { "text": "District Court denied the motion, noting that it denied the", "paragraph_id": "para_45" }, { "text": "motion “for the reasons previously placed on the record at his", "paragraph_id": "para_46" }, { "text": "Supervised Release violation sentencing.” App. 1.", "paragraph_id": "para_47" }, { "text": "3", "paragraph_id": "para_48" }, { "text": "II. JURISDICTION & STANDARD OF REVIEW", "paragraph_id": "para_49", "court_paragraph": 3 }, { "text": "We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. See", "paragraph_id": "para_50" }, { "text": "United States v. Melvin, 978 F.3d 49, 52 (3d Cir. 2020). We", "paragraph_id": "para_51" }, { "text": "review a district court’s denial of a motion for early termination", "paragraph_id": "para_52" }, { "text": "of supervised release for abuse of discretion. See United States", "paragraph_id": "para_53" }, { "text": "v. Sheppard, 17 F.4th 449, 454 (3d Cir. 2021). “An abuse of", "paragraph_id": "para_54" }, { "text": "discretion ‘can occur if [a district court] fails to apply the", "paragraph_id": "para_55" }, { "text": "proper legal standard[.]’” Melvin, 978 F.3d at 52 (quoting", "paragraph_id": "para_56" }, { "text": "United States v. Tomko, 562 F.3d 558, 565 (3d Cir. 2009) (en", "paragraph_id": "para_57" }, { "text": "banc)). “We may affirm a district court for any reason supported", "paragraph_id": "para_58" }, { "text": "by the record.” Brightwell v. Lehman, 637 F.3d 187, 191 (3d", "paragraph_id": "para_59" }, { "text": "Cir. 2011).", "paragraph_id": "para_60" }, { "text": "III. ANALYSIS", "paragraph_id": "para_61" }, { "text": "On appeal, Appellant argues that the District Court", "paragraph_id": "para_62" }, { "text": "abused its discretion in denying his motion to terminate", "paragraph_id": "para_63" }, { "text": "supervised release. In response, the Government argues that the", "paragraph_id": "para_64" }, { "text": "District Court did not have authority to grant relief because", "paragraph_id": "para_65" }, { "text": "Appellant’s motion was premature under 18 U.S.C. §", "paragraph_id": "para_66" }, { "text": "3583(e)(1). We agree with the Government.", "paragraph_id": "para_67" }, { "text": "Section 3583(e)(1) contemplates the termination of a", "paragraph_id": "para_68" }, { "text": "term of supervised release only after a defendant has served", "paragraph_id": "para_69" }, { "text": "one year of supervised release. 18 U.S.C. § 3583(e) (“�e court", "paragraph_id": "para_70" }, { "text": "may . . . terminate a term of supervised release and discharge", "paragraph_id": "para_71" }, { "text": "the defendant released at any time after the expiration of one", "paragraph_id": "para_72" }, { "text": "4", "paragraph_id": "para_73" }, { "text": "year of supervised release[.]”). Appellant and the Government", "paragraph_id": "para_74", "court_paragraph": 4 }, { "text": "disagree as to when that one-year clock begins. �e", "paragraph_id": "para_75" }, { "text": "Government contends it begins with each term of supervised", "paragraph_id": "para_76" }, { "text": "release, while Appellant argues it just requires the defendant to", "paragraph_id": "para_77" }, { "text": "have previously served one year of supervised release,", "paragraph_id": "para_78" }, { "text": "regardless of revocation or the imposition of a new term.", "paragraph_id": "para_79" }, { "text": "Our job is to interpret the words consistent with their", "paragraph_id": "para_80" }, { "text": "“ordinary meaning . . . at the time Congress enacted the", "paragraph_id": "para_81" }, { "text": "statute.” Perrin v. United States, 444 U.S. 37, 42 (1979).", "paragraph_id": "para_82" }, { "text": "Looking at the contemporaneous dictionary definitions when", "paragraph_id": "para_83" }, { "text": "the statute was enacted, “term” refers to “[a] portion of time", "paragraph_id": "para_84" }, { "text": "having definite limits; a period, esp. a set or appointed period;", "paragraph_id": "para_85" }, { "text": "the space of time through which something lasts or is intended", "paragraph_id": "para_86" }, { "text": "to last; duration, length of time.” Term, Oxford English", "paragraph_id": "para_87" }, { "text": "Dictionary (2nd ed. 1989),", "paragraph_id": "para_88" }, { "text": "https://www.oed.com/oedv2/00249353; see also Term, Black’s", "paragraph_id": "para_89" }, { "text": "Law Dictionary (6th ed. 1990) (“Period of determined or", "paragraph_id": "para_90" }, { "text": "prescribed duration. A specified period of time; e.g. term of", "paragraph_id": "para_91" }, { "text": "lease, loan, contract, court session, public office, sentence.”).", "paragraph_id": "para_92" }, { "text": "�e word “term” can be modified, e.g., with modifiers like", "paragraph_id": "para_93" }, { "text": "“first,” “last,” “new,” “old,” or “two-year.” But the word’s", "paragraph_id": "para_94" }, { "text": "meaning itself is not inherently changed, it is simply specified.", "paragraph_id": "para_95" }, { "text": "Accordingly, as originally understood, “term” referred to the", "paragraph_id": "para_96" }, { "text": "set period of supervised release imposed by the court.", "paragraph_id": "para_97" }, { "text": "As “[s]tatutory language cannot be construed in a", "paragraph_id": "para_98" }, { "text": "vacuum,” we turn next to the context. Weyerhaeuser Co. v. U.S.", "paragraph_id": "para_99" }, { "text": "Fish & Wildlife Serv., 586 U.S. 9, 20 (2018) (alteration in", "paragraph_id": "para_100" }, { "text": "5", "paragraph_id": "para_101" }, { "text": "original) (citation omitted). Reading the provision in full, the", "paragraph_id": "para_102", "court_paragraph": 5 }, { "text": "common sense reading of § 3583(e)(1) suggests that", "paragraph_id": "para_103" }, { "text": "“supervised release” refers to the same “term of supervised", "paragraph_id": "para_104" }, { "text": "release” that is the subject of the motion for termination", "paragraph_id": "para_105" }, { "text": "permitted by the provision. Accordingly, the “term of", "paragraph_id": "para_106" }, { "text": "supervised release” sought to be terminated is subject to the", "paragraph_id": "para_107" }, { "text": "requirement that the motion must be made after “the expiration", "paragraph_id": "para_108" }, { "text": "of one year of supervised release.” Put simply, a defendant", "paragraph_id": "para_109" }, { "text": "must have served a year of the term of supervised release that", "paragraph_id": "para_110" }, { "text": "he seeks to terminate.", "paragraph_id": "para_111" }, { "text": "Looking at the broader structure of the statute, § 3583", "paragraph_id": "para_112" }, { "text": "details the permitted term of supervised release, along with", "paragraph_id": "para_113" }, { "text": "revocation and early termination or modification. �e Supreme", "paragraph_id": "para_114" }, { "text": "Court recently explained that the Sentencing Reform Act", "paragraph_id": "para_115" }, { "text": "instructs that “a term of supervised release starts ‘the day the", "paragraph_id": "para_116" }, { "text": "person is released from imprisonment,’” and it must end before", "paragraph_id": "para_117" }, { "text": "it exceeds its maximum length, depending on the severity of", "paragraph_id": "para_118" }, { "text": "the defendant’s underlying offense. Rico v. United States, 146", "paragraph_id": "para_119" }, { "text": "S. Ct. 947, 953 (2026) (holding that the Sentencing Reform Act", "paragraph_id": "para_120" }, { "text": "does not authorize a rule automatically extending a term of", "paragraph_id": "para_121" }, { "text": "supervised release when the defendant absconds). �e Court", "paragraph_id": "para_122" }, { "text": "then addressed absconders of supervised release, like", "paragraph_id": "para_123" }, { "text": "Appellant, noting that “[s]hould a defendant violate those . . .", "paragraph_id": "para_124" }, { "text": "conditions, a court may (and sometimes must) revoke his", "paragraph_id": "para_125" }, { "text": "supervised release and send him back to prison with a new term", "paragraph_id": "para_126" }, { "text": "of supervised release to follow.” Id. (citing. §§ 3583(e)(3), (g))", "paragraph_id": "para_127" }, { "text": "(emphasis added). �e Government also identifies case law in", "paragraph_id": "para_128" }, { "text": "which we, and our sister circuits, utilize similar language to", "paragraph_id": "para_129" }, { "text": "6", "paragraph_id": "para_130" }, { "text": "distinguish the terms of supervised release between the pre-", "paragraph_id": "para_131", "court_paragraph": 6 }, { "text": "revocation or original term, and the post-revocation term. See,", "paragraph_id": "para_132" }, { "text": "e.g., United States v. Clark, 726 F.3d 496, 501 (3d Cir. 2013)", "paragraph_id": "para_133" }, { "text": "(“If the court revokes supervised release and sentences the", "paragraph_id": "para_134" }, { "text": "defendant to a new term of imprisonment, it may include a new", "paragraph_id": "para_135" }, { "text": "term of supervised release as well.” (emphasis added)); United", "paragraph_id": "para_136" }, { "text": "States v. Wing, 682 F.3d 861, 872 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Under the", "paragraph_id": "para_137" }, { "text": "statutory scheme Congress has chosen, once a term of", "paragraph_id": "para_138" }, { "text": "supervised release is revoked, that term ends, and any term of", "paragraph_id": "para_139" }, { "text": "supervised release commencing after imprisonment . . . is a", "paragraph_id": "para_140" }, { "text": "new and separate term.” (emphasis added)). �is language also", "paragraph_id": "para_141" }, { "text": "supports a reading of the statute that requires one year of the", "paragraph_id": "para_142" }, { "text": "term of supervised release that the defendant seeks to", "paragraph_id": "para_143" }, { "text": "terminate. And while it is true that supervised release,", "paragraph_id": "para_144" }, { "text": "including the possibility of revocation, constitutes part of the", "paragraph_id": "para_145" }, { "text": "original sentence, there are still separate terms of supervised", "paragraph_id": "para_146" }, { "text": "release. See United States v. Smalls, 155 F.4th 216, 222–23 (3d", "paragraph_id": "para_147" }, { "text": "Cir. 2025). As we have explained, a term of supervised release", "paragraph_id": "para_148" }, { "text": "imposed upon revocation is a new and separate term of", "paragraph_id": "para_149" }, { "text": "supervised release for purposes of § 3583(e)(1).", "paragraph_id": "para_150" }, { "text": "Looking at the purpose of § 3583 generally further", "paragraph_id": "para_151" }, { "text": "reinforces that conclusion. “�e congressional policy in", "paragraph_id": "para_152" }, { "text": "providing for a term of supervised release after incarceration is", "paragraph_id": "para_153" }, { "text": "to improve the odds of a successful transition from the prison", "paragraph_id": "para_154" }, { "text": "to liberty.” Johnson v. United States, 529 U.S. 694, 708–09", "paragraph_id": "para_155" }, { "text": "(2000). “�e Senate Report was quite explicit about this,", "paragraph_id": "para_156" }, { "text": "stating that the goal of supervised release is ‘to ease the", "paragraph_id": "para_157" }, { "text": "defendant’s transition into the community after the service of a", "paragraph_id": "para_158" }, { "text": "7", "paragraph_id": "para_159" }, { "text": "long prison term for a particularly serious offense, or to provide", "paragraph_id": "para_160", "court_paragraph": 7 }, { "text": "rehabilitation to a defendant who has spent a fairly short period", "paragraph_id": "para_161" }, { "text": "in prison for punishment or other purposes but still needs", "paragraph_id": "para_162" }, { "text": "supervision and training programs after release.’” Id. at 709", "paragraph_id": "para_163" }, { "text": "(quoting S.Rep. No. 98–225, p. 124 (1983)). �e plain reading", "paragraph_id": "para_164" }, { "text": "of a one-year requirement of the term of supervised release", "paragraph_id": "para_165" }, { "text": "before that term is eligible for termination thus comports with", "paragraph_id": "para_166" }, { "text": "the purpose in providing rehabilitation and easing the", "paragraph_id": "para_167" }, { "text": "defendant’s transition from imprisonment.", "paragraph_id": "para_168" }, { "text": "�e statutory history further supports this reading.", "paragraph_id": "para_169" }, { "text": "Section 3583(h) was added in 1994 and permits a district court", "paragraph_id": "para_170" }, { "text": "to include a term of supervised release following a revocation-", "paragraph_id": "para_171" }, { "text": "imprisonment term. See 18 U.S.C. § 3583(h) (“When a term of", "paragraph_id": "para_172" }, { "text": "supervised release is revoked and the defendant is required to", "paragraph_id": "para_173" }, { "text": "serve a term of imprisonment, the court may include a", "paragraph_id": "para_174" }, { "text": "requirement that the defendant be placed on a term of", "paragraph_id": "para_175" }, { "text": "supervised release after imprisonment.”). �e addition of this", "paragraph_id": "para_176" }, { "text": "provision reinforces that the post-revocation term of", "paragraph_id": "para_177" }, { "text": "supervised release is meant to function as a new supervisory", "paragraph_id": "para_178" }, { "text": "period, and thus contains its own one-year requirement before", "paragraph_id": "para_179" }, { "text": "termination under Subsection (e)(1) is available.", "paragraph_id": "para_180" }, { "text": "In sum, the text, purpose, and history all support the", "paragraph_id": "para_181" }, { "text": "common sense reading that the one-year clock starts from the", "paragraph_id": "para_182" }, { "text": "beginning of the current term of supervised release that a", "paragraph_id": "para_183" }, { "text": "defendant may seek to terminate. Because Appellant filed his", "paragraph_id": "para_184" }, { "text": "motion less than two months into his term of supervised", "paragraph_id": "para_185" }, { "text": "release, his request was foreclosed by Section 3583(e)(1) and", "paragraph_id": "para_186" }, { "text": "8", "paragraph_id": "para_187" }, { "text": "the District Court did not have the authority to grant his", "paragraph_id": "para_188", "court_paragraph": 8 }, { "text": "request.", "paragraph_id": "para_189" }, { "text": "* * * * *", "paragraph_id": "para_190" }, { "text": "Accordingly, we will AFFIRM the District Court’s", "paragraph_id": "para_191" }, { "text": "order denying Appellant’s motion for termination of", "paragraph_id": "para_192" }, { "text": "supervised release.", "paragraph_id": "para_193" }, { "text": "Counsel for Appellant", "paragraph_id": "para_194" }, { "text": "Jason F. Ullman", "paragraph_id": "para_195" }, { "text": "Office of Federal Public Defender", "paragraph_id": "para_196" }, { "text": "Counsel for Appellee", "paragraph_id": "para_197" }, { "text": "Jeffery F. St. John", "paragraph_id": "para_198" }, { "text": "Carlo D. 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