{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-28","fingerprint":"ewai:us:4b7993","proof":"sha256:4f67979f497572eae09fe93ca72f7d4d19b1a125841e580f82cf7f1501896fa1","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"Front matter","paragraphs":["para_1","para_2","para_3","para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36","para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69","para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100","para_101","para_102","para_103","para_104","para_105","para_106","para_107","para_108","para_109","para_110","para_111","para_112","para_113","para_114","para_115","para_116","para_117","para_118","para_119","para_120","para_121","para_122","para_123","para_124","para_125","para_126","para_127","para_128","para_129","para_130","para_131","para_132","para_133","para_134","para_135","para_136","para_137","para_138","para_139","para_140","para_141","para_142","para_143","para_144","para_145","para_146","para_147","para_148","para_149","para_150","para_151","para_152","para_153","para_154","para_155","para_156","para_157","para_158","para_159","para_160","para_161","para_162","para_163","para_164","para_165","para_166","para_167","para_168","para_169","para_170","para_171","para_172","para_173","para_174","para_175","para_176","para_177","para_178","para_179","para_180","para_181","para_182","para_183","para_184","para_185","para_186","para_187","para_188","para_189","para_190","para_191","para_192","para_193","para_194","para_195","para_196","para_197","para_198","para_199","para_200","para_201","para_202","para_203","para_204","para_205","para_206","para_207","para_208","para_209","para_210","para_211","para_212","para_213","para_214","para_215","para_216","para_217","para_218","para_219"],"kind":"front_matter"}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"No. 25-1459","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"CHERYL HILEMAN,","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"Appellant","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"v.","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"WEST PENN ALLEGHENY HEALTH SYSTEM INC.,","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"d/b/a Forbes Hospital","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"_____________________________","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"On Appeal from the U.S. District Court, W.D. Pa.","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"Judge Marilyn J. Horan, No. 2:23-cv-01119","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Before: BIBAS, CHUNG, and MASCOTT, Circuit Judges","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Argued: June 25, 2026; Filed: July 20, 2026","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"_____________________________","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"OPINION OF THE COURT","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"BIBAS, Circuit Judge. The disability-discrimination and","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"medical-leave laws are shields against discrimination, not get-","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"out-of-discipline-free cards. An employee must notify her","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"employer of her disability and clearly communicate her desire","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"for an accommodation or intent to take leave before her employer","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"must accommodate her. Cheryl Hileman did not. She cannot","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"now recast her firing for sleeping on the job as discrimination,","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"retaliation, or failure to accommodate.","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"I. SLEEPING ON THE JOB","paragraph_id":"para_25","court_paragraph":2},{"text":"Hileman worked the midnight shift at Forbes Hospital, a","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"part of West Penn Allegheny Health System, doing CAT scans.","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"About a year into her job, she was reprimanded for calling out","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"of work too often. The reprimand form also advised her how to","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"ask for a disability accommodation or medical leave. She did","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"not.","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"Five months later, in July 2022, a coworker reported Hileman","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"for sleeping on duty, texting during work, and failing to stock","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"rooms. Though she “d[id] not know for a fact . . . if [Hileman]","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"[wa]s truly sleeping or not,” she raised “major concerns” that","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"Hileman was “nodding off multiple times in one shift” and","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"believed “she [wa]s truly sleeping.” App. 219. Hospital policy","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"forbade sleeping on duty or positioning oneself to sleep, warn-","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"ing employees that it could cost them their jobs.","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"So Hileman’s manager started an investigation. Less than","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"two weeks after the incident, he met with her to discuss the","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"accusation and get her side of the story. She denied sleeping","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"but admitted that she “might have shut [her] eyes” to alleviate","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"dry eye caused by a change in her diabetes medication that was","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"also causing fatigue. App. 267. That was the first time that she","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"disclosed her diabetes, which she had been diagnosed with before","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"starting her job. Though she later emailed him a statement that","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"she was “praying” for improvement and adjusting her medica-","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"tion, she did not ask for a disability accommodation or medical","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"leave. App. 174. Soon after, West Penn fired her for miscon-","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"duct.","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"Hileman then sued West Penn, claiming disability discrim-","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"ination, failure to accommodate, retaliation, and wrongful","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"termination under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)","paragraph_id":"para_55","court_paragraph":3},{"text":"and Pennsylvania Human Relations Act (PHRA), as well as in-","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"terference with medical leave under the Family and Medical","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"Leave Act. 42 U.S.C. § 12112; 43 Pa. Cons. Stat. § 951. The","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"District Court granted West Penn summary judgment because","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"she was fired for misconduct and never asked for reasonable","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"accommodation before the investigation, if at all, nor leave. We","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"review de novo. Tundo v. County of Passaic, 923 F.3d 283,","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"286–87 (3d Cir. 2019).","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"II. SANCTIONS FOR THE MOTION TO SUPPLEMENT","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"To start, Hileman asks us to expand the record by consider-","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"ing materials that she had but did not include at summary judg-","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"ment. We cannot. Ordinarily, we confine our review to the rec-","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"ord before the District Court. Fed. R. App. P. 10(a). And though","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"a party can supplement the record upon showing “exceptional","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"circumstances,” there are no such circumstances to require sup-","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"plementation here. Burton v. Teleflex Inc., 707 F.3d 417, 435–","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"36 (3d Cir. 2013); see Fed. R. App. P. 10(e)(2).","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"If that were not enough, Hileman’s motion to supplement","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"includes misquotations. We cannot tell if they were hallucina-","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"tions by artificial intelligence, since they cite real cases about","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"the same subject. Either way, misquotations are serious, and we","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"expect counsel to guard against them by checking citations.","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"Instead, Hileman’s lawyer, Joshua P. Ward, “submitted a","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"[motion] that relied on cases given to him and summarized by","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"a non-attorney.” McCarthy v. United States Drug Enf’t Admin.,","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"171 F.4th 245, 247 (3d Cir. 2026).","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"Plus, Ward has engaged in misconduct before a court in this","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"Circuit before. See Sofaly v. Portfolio Recovery Assocs., LLC,","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"155 F.4th 289 (3d Cir. 2025) (affirming sanctions against Ward","paragraph_id":"para_85","court_paragraph":4},{"text":"related to ginned-up Fair Credit Reporting Act lawsuits based","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"on false and misleading documents). And he still awaits the","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"outcome of other sanctions hearings. See Order to Show Cause,","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"Flament v. Allegheny Health Network, No. 2:24-cv-977 (W.D.","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"Pa. Mar. 24, 2026), ECF No. 147. One incident may be a mis-","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"take; two or three is a pattern. “A panel of this court ‘may im-","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"pose any sanction other than suspension or disbarment,’ ” in-","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"cluding “monetary sanctions,” after giving the lawyer in ques-","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"tion an opportunity to be heard. McCarthy, 171 F.4th at 245","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"(quoting Circuit Disciplinary R. 4.1, 3.1). Ward, a member of","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"the bar of this Court, falls within the ambit of our Disciplinary","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"Rules. In light of Ward’s past misconduct, we ordered him to","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"show cause why he should not be sanctioned for submitting a","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"motion containing misquotations. But he simply explained that","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"he did not check after a law clerk prepared the document. Find-","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"ing his response insufficient to foreclose sanctions, we order","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"him to reimburse West Penn for the attorney’s fees that it paid","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"to respond to his antics: $14,636.50. Ward may not recoup","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"those costs from Hileman, but must pay them himself.","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"III. EMPLOYEES MUST ASK FOR ACCOMMODATIONS","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"With the motion to supplement and sanctions out of the","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"way, we now proceed to the merits and conclude that Hileman’s","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"claims fail. To claim a failure to provide a disability accommo-","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"dation under the ADA or PHRA, an employee must first show","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"that her employer knew that she needed reasonable accommo-","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"dation yet failed to provide it. See Lawrence v. Nat’l Westmin-","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"ster Bank N.J., 98 F.3d 61, 69 (3d Cir. 1996); 42 U.S.C.","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"§ 12112(a) (“No covered entity shall discriminate against a","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"qualified individual on the basis of disability ….”);","paragraph_id":"para_115","court_paragraph":5},{"text":"§ 12112(b)(5)(A) (defining as forbidden discrimination the","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"failure to reasonably accommodate “known physical or mental","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"limitations of qualified” employees (emphasis added)). Like-","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"wise, before taking a “foreseeable” medical leave, an employee","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"must ask for it and give her employer at least thirty days’ notice","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"(or “such notice as is practicable”). 29 U.S.C. § 2612(e)(1); 29","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"C.F.R. § 825.302(a), (c). But Hileman never asked for an accom-","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"modation or leave or gave reasonable notice.","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"Indeed, the first time she mentioned her diabetes and med-","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"ication-related problems was when her supervisor confronted","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"her for sleeping on the job. Even then, she never suggested an","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"accommodation—she simply asked if there was “anything [she","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"could] do” to make things right and told her manager that she","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"was “praying” and adjusting her medication, but maintained","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"that she had never fallen asleep on the job. App. 271 (first quo-","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"tation), 214 (second one). So there was nothing for West Penn","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"to accommodate.","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"Nor was West Penn required to hunt for a possible accom-","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"modation request that was never made. See, e.g., Beck v. Univ.","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"of Wis. Bd. of Regents, 75 F.3d 1130, 1135 (7th Cir.","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"1996); Taylor v. Principal Fin. Grp., Inc., 93 F.3d 155, 165 (5th","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"Cir. 1996). The law draws a sensible line: When an employee’s","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"need for accommodation is obvious from visible or known","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"facts, an employer may need to construe even a vague remark","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"generously and follow up. See Conneen v. MBNA Am. Bank,","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"N.A., 334 F.3d 318, 332 (3d Cir. 2003) (“The law does not require","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"any formal mechanism or magic words, to notify an employer","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"…. ; however, either by direct communication or other appro-","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"priate means, the employee must make clear that … she wants","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"assistance for … her disability” (cleaned up)). In one case, for","paragraph_id":"para_146","court_paragraph":6},{"text":"example, the employer already knew that the employee had a","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"serious mental-health condition, had just suffered a breakdown","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"at school, and was hospitalized as a result. Taylor v. Phoe-","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"nixville Sch. Dist., 184 F.3d 296, 313–14 (3d Cir. 1999). In that","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"setting, a note from the employee’s son asking for an accom-","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"modation was adequate to serve as a request. Id. The need was","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"evident on the face of the facts. The other cases on which Hi-","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"leman relied similarly involve situations where the need for ac-","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"commodation was readily apparent from the known disability.","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"Colwell v. Rite Aid Corp., 602 F.3d 495, 507 (3d Cir. 2010);","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"Bultemeyer v. Fort Wayne Cmty. Schs., 100 F.3d 1281, 1286–","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"87 (7th Cir. 1996).","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"But Hileman waited until the last possible moment, on the","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"brink of being fired, to raise any work-related concerns. That","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"timing is weighty. And it has swayed our sister circuits in","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"assessing whether an employer had fair notice of a disability-","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"related need. Hrdlicka v. Gen. Motors, LLC, 63 F.4th 555, 571","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"(6th Cir. 2023); Schaffhauser v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 794","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"F.3d 899, 906 (8th Cir. 2015); Jones v. Nationwide Life Ins.","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"Co., 696 F.3d 78, 90 (1st Cir. 2012). More important still, noth-","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"ing in the record would have alerted West Penn that Hileman","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"was struggling with a medical condition affecting her ability to","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"work. Dry eye and fatigue are not uncommon, whether stem-","paragraph_id":"para_169"},{"text":"ming from a change in medication or not. There was no obvi-","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"ous impairment, no prior disclosure, and no circumstances that","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"would put the employer on notice that ordinary workplace issues","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"masked a disability.","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"Employers’ duty to accommodate is real, but it is not a li-","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"cense to speculate. They must respond to what they know—not","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"what they might imagine. “Employers cannot assume employ-","paragraph_id":"para_177","court_paragraph":7},{"text":"ees are disabled and need accommodations.” See Taylor v.","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"Phoenixville, 184 F.3d at 313. And they certainly need not go","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"digging for disabilities without a signal that one exists.","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"Even if Hileman’s statement could somehow qualify as an","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"accommodation request, the ADA did not require West Penn to","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"excuse her misconduct. Except in narrow circumstances, employ-","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"ers may enforce neutral workplace rules even when misconduct","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"stems from a disability. See Conneen, 334 F.3d at 331–33 (de-","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"spite repeated warnings about tardiness and the threat of firing,","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"employee failed to ask for a modified schedule until after she","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"was fired). Sleeping on duty violates a neutral policy. And Hi-","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"leman offers no evidence that West Penn’s stated reasons for","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"terminating her were pretextual or aimed at diabetics. She","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"points to no non-diabetic employees who committed compara-","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"ble violations yet kept their jobs. See Salley v. Cir. City Stores,","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"Inc., 160 F.3d 977, 981 (3d Cir. 1998). All she claims is that","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"one other technologist slept on duty. But that technologist was","paragraph_id":"para_194"},{"text":"not investigated or reported to the manager or to Human Re-","paragraph_id":"para_195"},{"text":"sources, who ultimately decided to fire Hileman.","paragraph_id":"para_196"},{"text":"So even if Hileman had made out a prima facie case of dis-","paragraph_id":"para_197"},{"text":"crimination, West Penn offered a legitimate, non-discrimina-","paragraph_id":"para_198"},{"text":"tory reason for firing her: misconduct. She offers no evidence","paragraph_id":"para_199"},{"text":"to suggest that she was instead fired for her medical condition.","paragraph_id":"para_200"},{"text":"This dooms Hileman’s retaliation and wrongful termination","paragraph_id":"para_201"},{"text":"claims, too. When an employee is about to be fired for miscon-","paragraph_id":"para_202"},{"text":"duct, she cannot save her job by belatedly telling her employer","paragraph_id":"para_203"},{"text":"about a disability or medical need. Hrdlicka, 63 F.4th at 571;","paragraph_id":"para_204"},{"text":"Schaffhauser, 794 F.3d at 906; Jones, 696 F.3d at 90.","paragraph_id":"para_205"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_206"},{"text":"* * * * *","paragraph_id":"para_207","court_paragraph":8},{"text":"Hileman never told West Penn of her diabetes until she was","paragraph_id":"para_208"},{"text":"confronted about sleeping on the job; even then, she never","paragraph_id":"para_209"},{"text":"asked for a reasonable accommodation or medical leave. So we","paragraph_id":"para_210"},{"text":"will AFFIRM.","paragraph_id":"para_211"},{"text":"Counsel for Appellant","paragraph_id":"para_212"},{"text":"Joshua Ward [Argued]","paragraph_id":"para_213"},{"text":"JP WARD & ASSOCIATES","paragraph_id":"para_214"},{"text":"Counsel for Appellee","paragraph_id":"para_215"},{"text":"Corinne Mishkin","paragraph_id":"para_216"},{"text":"Mariah H. McGrogan","paragraph_id":"para_217"},{"text":"Ted A. Hages [Argued]","paragraph_id":"para_218"},{"text":"REED SMITH","paragraph_id":"para_219"}],"word_count":1931,"cites":["923 F.3d 283","707 F.3d 417","171 F.4th 245","155 F.4th 289","98 F.3d 61","75 F.3d 1130","93 F.3d 155","334 F.3d 318","184 F.3d 296","602 F.3d 495","100 F.3d 1281","63 F.4th 555","794\nF.3d 899","696 F.3d 78","160 F.3d 977"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"50bb5ef93f7bcab8fb3e28889dc6f0e2fa6282b1a369ebc263e6308bd36f78aa","source_url":"https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/251459p.pdf","fetched_at":"2026-10-03T08:20:57.418+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca3-25-1459-2026-07-20","neighbors":[{"id":"us:ca11-23-12878-2026-09-04","name":"Dr. Lesley Williams v. 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