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EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF HEALTH", "paragraph_id": "para_10" }, { "text": "AND HUMAN SERVICES, in the individual and official capacities;", "paragraph_id": "para_11" }, { "text": "JERRY MCDONALD, in the individual and official capacities; DOES", "paragraph_id": "para_12" }, { "text": "1 THROUGH X, INCLUSIVE, AND ROE BUSINESS ENTITIES I THROUGH X", "paragraph_id": "para_13" }, { "text": "INCLUSIVE, presently unknown,", "paragraph_id": "para_14" }, { "text": "Defendants, Appellees.", "paragraph_id": "para_15" }, { "text": "APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT", "paragraph_id": "para_16" }, { "text": "FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS", "paragraph_id": "para_17" }, { "text": "[Hon. William G. Young, U.S. District Judge]", "paragraph_id": "para_18" }, { "text": "Before", "paragraph_id": "para_19" }, { "text": "Gelpí, Montecalvo, Dunlap,", "paragraph_id": "para_20" }, { "text": "Circuit Judges.", "paragraph_id": "para_21" }, { "text": "Kelechi Linardon, pro se, on brief for appellant.", "paragraph_id": "para_22" }, { "text": "Jennifer R. O'Shea, Lane T. Dubreuil, and Winget, Spadafora", "paragraph_id": "para_23" }, { "text": "& Schwartzberg, LLP on brief for appellees.", "paragraph_id": "para_24" }, { "text": "September 11, 2026", "paragraph_id": "para_25" }, { "text": "- 2 -", "paragraph_id": "para_26" }, { "text": "PER CURIAM. Plaintiff-Appellant Kelechi Linardon", "paragraph_id": "para_27" }, { "text": "(\"appellant\") appeals from the judgment entered in the underlying", "paragraph_id": "para_28" }, { "text": "matter. We conclude that affirmance is in order as to the district", "paragraph_id": "para_29" }, { "text": "court's dismissal of certain claims but that partial vacatur and", "paragraph_id": "para_30" }, { "text": "remand are in order as to the district court's disposition of other", "paragraph_id": "para_31" }, { "text": "claims, the latter conclusion guided by Seventh Amendment", "paragraph_id": "para_32" }, { "text": "concerns.", "paragraph_id": "para_33" }, { "text": "In the operative complaint, appellant invoked multiple", "paragraph_id": "para_34" }, { "text": "federal statutes and common law causes of action, and she sought,", "paragraph_id": "para_35" }, { "text": "among other things, preliminary and permanent injunctive relief,", "paragraph_id": "para_36" }, { "text": "declaratory relief, and compensatory damages. At the heart of the", "paragraph_id": "para_37" }, { "text": "matter were allegations of disability discrimination related to", "paragraph_id": "para_38" }, { "text": "appellant's access to and use of transportation services.", "paragraph_id": "para_39" }, { "text": "Appellant demanded a jury as to all issues so triable, both in the", "paragraph_id": "para_40" }, { "text": "operative complaint and in subsequent filings.", "paragraph_id": "para_41" }, { "text": "The district court disposed of the claims against", "paragraph_id": "para_42" }, { "text": "Defendant-Appellee Executive Office of Health and Human Services", "paragraph_id": "para_43" }, { "text": "(\"EOHHS\"), as well as the claims against EOHHS official Kate Walsh,", "paragraph_id": "para_44" }, { "text": "by granting a motion to dismiss invoking Federal Rules of Civil", "paragraph_id": "para_45" }, { "text": "Procedure 12(b)(1) and (b)6). As for the remainder of the case,", "paragraph_id": "para_46" }, { "text": "appellant's claims against Defendant-Appellee Montachusett", "paragraph_id": "para_47" }, { "text": "Regional Transit Authority (\"MART\") and MART official Jerry", "paragraph_id": "para_48" }, { "text": "McDonald, the district court conducted a series of hearings that", "paragraph_id": "para_49" }, { "text": "- 3 -", "paragraph_id": "para_50" }, { "text": "it ultimately treated as a bench trial. The district court", "paragraph_id": "para_51" }, { "text": "seemingly proceeded under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure", "paragraph_id": "para_52" }, { "text": "65(a)(2), which allows a court to consolidate preliminary", "paragraph_id": "para_53" }, { "text": "injunction proceedings and trial on the merits under some", "paragraph_id": "para_54" }, { "text": "circumstances. At the conclusion of the bench trial, the district", "paragraph_id": "para_55" }, { "text": "court made certain findings of fact and conclusions of law and", "paragraph_id": "para_56" }, { "text": "concluded that judgment should enter against appellant as to all", "paragraph_id": "para_57" }, { "text": "of her remaining claims and requests for relief. The district court", "paragraph_id": "para_58" }, { "text": "proceeded to enter such a judgment on the docket, and appellant", "paragraph_id": "para_59" }, { "text": "timely noticed this appeal, which has seen full briefing.", "paragraph_id": "para_60" }, { "text": "We have considered carefully the arguments appellant develops", "paragraph_id": "para_61" }, { "text": "in briefing concerning dismissal of the claims against EOHHS and", "paragraph_id": "para_62" }, { "text": "Kate Walsh, and we conclude that appellant has failed to", "paragraph_id": "para_63" }, { "text": "demonstrate any error as to that ruling. See Douglas v. Hirshon,", "paragraph_id": "para_64" }, { "text": "63 F.4th 49, 54-55 (1st Cir. 2023) (setting out standard of review", "paragraph_id": "para_65" }, { "text": "for dismissal based on Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6)", "paragraph_id": "para_66" }, { "text": "and discussing plausibility pleading standard prescribed in", "paragraph_id": "para_67" }, { "text": "decisions like Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662 (2009)).", "paragraph_id": "para_68" }, { "text": "Accordingly, we conclude that affirmance is in order as to the", "paragraph_id": "para_69" }, { "text": "district court's dismissal of the claims against EOHHS and Kate", "paragraph_id": "para_70" }, { "text": "Walsh.", "paragraph_id": "para_71" }, { "text": "Appellant's arguments concerning the district court's", "paragraph_id": "para_72" }, { "text": "handling of her claims against MART and Jerry McDonald lead us to", "paragraph_id": "para_73" }, { "text": "conclude that partial vacatur and remand are in order due to the", "paragraph_id": "para_74" }, { "text": "- 4 -", "paragraph_id": "para_75" }, { "text": "district court's handling of appellant's demands for a trial by", "paragraph_id": "para_76" }, { "text": "jury.", "paragraph_id": "para_77" }, { "text": "\"The Jury Trial Clause of the Seventh Amendment provides that", "paragraph_id": "para_78" }, { "text": "'[i]n Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall", "paragraph_id": "para_79" }, { "text": "exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be", "paragraph_id": "para_80" }, { "text": "preserved.'\" Full Spectrum Software, Inc. v. Forte Automation", "paragraph_id": "para_81" }, { "text": "Sys., Inc., 858 F.3d 666, 675 (1st Cir. 2017) (quoting U.S. Const.", "paragraph_id": "para_82" }, { "text": "amend. VII). \"The phrase 'suits at common law' refers not only to", "paragraph_id": "para_83" }, { "text": "causes of action that existed in 1791, when the Seventh Amendment", "paragraph_id": "para_84" }, { "text": "was adopted, but also to new causes of action created by statute,", "paragraph_id": "para_85" }, { "text": "as long as those statutes 'create[ ] legal rights and remedies,", "paragraph_id": "para_86" }, { "text": "enforceable in an action for damages in the ordinary courts of", "paragraph_id": "para_87" }, { "text": "law.'\" Id. (first quoting U.S. Const. amend. VII; and then quoting", "paragraph_id": "para_88" }, { "text": "Curtis v. Loether, 415 U.S. 189, 192 (1974)).", "paragraph_id": "para_89" }, { "text": "\"The Supreme Court has long counseled that '[m]aintenance of", "paragraph_id": "para_90" }, { "text": "the jury as a fact-finding body is of such importance and occupies", "paragraph_id": "para_91" }, { "text": "so firm a place in our history and jurisprudence that any seeming", "paragraph_id": "para_92" }, { "text": "curtailment of the right to a jury trial should be scrutinized", "paragraph_id": "para_93" }, { "text": "with the utmost care.'\" Lamex Foods, Inc. v. Audeliz Lebron Corp.,", "paragraph_id": "para_94" }, { "text": "646 F.3d 100, 106 (1st Cir. 2011) (quoting Dimick v. Schiedt, 293", "paragraph_id": "para_95" }, { "text": "U.S. 474, 486 (1935)). Thus, \"once a party files a proper demand", "paragraph_id": "para_96" }, { "text": "for a jury trial on its legal claims, see Fed. R. Civ. P. 38, that", "paragraph_id": "para_97" }, { "text": "demand must be honored unless the parties expressly consent to", "paragraph_id": "para_98" }, { "text": "withdraw the demand, or subsequently waive their jury trial right", "paragraph_id": "para_99" }, { "text": "- 5 -", "paragraph_id": "para_100" }, { "text": "by either expressly or implicitly agreeing to a bench trial.\" Id.", "paragraph_id": "para_101" }, { "text": "(some citations omitted). As noted above, Federal Rule of Civil", "paragraph_id": "para_102" }, { "text": "Procedure 65(a)(2) allows a district court to combine preliminary", "paragraph_id": "para_103" }, { "text": "injunction proceedings and trial on the merits, but that provision", "paragraph_id": "para_104" }, { "text": "specifically states that \"the court must preserve any party's right", "paragraph_id": "para_105" }, { "text": "to a jury trial.\"", "paragraph_id": "para_106" }, { "text": "Again, appellant's complaint included a mix of common law and", "paragraph_id": "para_107" }, { "text": "statutory causes of action and included a prayer for, inter alia,", "paragraph_id": "para_108" }, { "text": "an award of compensatory damages based on those causes of action.", "paragraph_id": "para_109" }, { "text": "Thus, the Seventh Amendment was implicated. As noted at the outset,", "paragraph_id": "para_110" }, { "text": "appellant demanded a jury in the operative complaint and reiterated", "paragraph_id": "para_111" }, { "text": "that demand in multiple subsequent filings. The district court", "paragraph_id": "para_112" }, { "text": "concluded that what remained of the case following", "paragraph_id": "para_113" }, { "text": "motion-to-dismiss proceedings, including appellant's prayer for an", "paragraph_id": "para_114" }, { "text": "award of compensatory damages as to remaining claims, was fit for", "paragraph_id": "para_115" }, { "text": "trial, but, despite appellant's invocation of her right to a jury", "paragraph_id": "para_116" }, { "text": "trial, the district court ultimately conducted only a bench trial.", "paragraph_id": "para_117" }, { "text": "Cross-referencing the foregoing with relevant precedent leads us", "paragraph_id": "para_118" }, { "text": "to conclude that partial vacatur and remand are in order, as", "paragraph_id": "para_119" }, { "text": "appellant unambiguously invoked her right to trial by jury and, on", "paragraph_id": "para_120" }, { "text": "this record, cannot be said to have waived the right to a jury", "paragraph_id": "para_121" }, { "text": "trial, either expressly or implicitly.", "paragraph_id": "para_122" }, { "text": "We have reviewed relevant transcripts carefully, with an eye", "paragraph_id": "para_123" }, { "text": "toward the district court's interactions with appellant on the", "paragraph_id": "para_124" }, { "text": "- 6 -", "paragraph_id": "para_125" }, { "text": "matter of a potential jury. To wit, at a May 13, 2025, hearing,", "paragraph_id": "para_126" }, { "text": "appellant asked, \"Does it require a judge? A jury?\"; the district", "paragraph_id": "para_127" }, { "text": "court responded, \"Well you don't have a jury, all you want is an", "paragraph_id": "para_128" }, { "text": "injunction.\" Then, at a May 20, 2025, hearing, appellant stated,", "paragraph_id": "para_129" }, { "text": "\"It feels like we're in a jury, but when there's no jury,\" and the", "paragraph_id": "para_130" }, { "text": "district court responded, \"Well, you understand very well that", "paragraph_id": "para_131" }, { "text": "when what you seek is an injunction, you're not, under the -- under", "paragraph_id": "para_132" }, { "text": "the Constitution, you're not entitled to the jury. I'm [] the", "paragraph_id": "para_133" }, { "text": "factfinder and I take that very seriously.\" Relevant transcripts", "paragraph_id": "para_134" }, { "text": "reflect additional exchanges along these lines.1", "paragraph_id": "para_135" }, { "text": "These exchanges reveal a certain pattern. Appellant would", "paragraph_id": "para_136" }, { "text": "invoke her right to a jury, and the district court would counter", "paragraph_id": "para_137" }, { "text": "that appellant had no right to a jury because only the matter of", "paragraph_id": "para_138" }, { "text": "preliminary injunctive relief was being addressed; the district", "paragraph_id": "para_139" }, { "text": "court then would make statements suggesting that relevant", "paragraph_id": "para_140" }, { "text": "proceedings were meant to address all that remained of the case.", "paragraph_id": "para_141" }, { "text": "Appellant seemed confused during relevant exchanges, and, in light", "paragraph_id": "para_142" }, { "text": "of that confusion and other factors, we reject any argument that", "paragraph_id": "para_143" }, { "text": "1 A final round of bench-trial proceedings was conducted on", "paragraph_id": "para_144" }, { "text": "June 2, 2025. At the outset of those proceedings, the district", "paragraph_id": "para_145" }, { "text": "court stated, \"This is the final argument in this jury-waived", "paragraph_id": "para_146" }, { "text": "matter.\" It is unclear what might have led the district court to", "paragraph_id": "para_147" }, { "text": "describe the matter as \"jury-waived.\" In any event, it does not", "paragraph_id": "para_148" }, { "text": "appear that the matter of a potential jury was discussed at the", "paragraph_id": "para_149" }, { "text": "June 2 hearing. However, appellant did make comments at the June", "paragraph_id": "para_150" }, { "text": "2 hearing regarding the pace and form of proceedings, stating at", "paragraph_id": "para_151" }, { "text": "one point, \"I'd like to address the Court on the concern that I", "paragraph_id": "para_152" }, { "text": "have in my due process right.\"", "paragraph_id": "para_153" }, { "text": "- 7 -", "paragraph_id": "para_154" }, { "text": "appellant should be viewed as having waived her jury rights", "paragraph_id": "para_155" }, { "text": "implicitly by continuing to participate in proceedings. There were", "paragraph_id": "para_156" }, { "text": "too many contradictory statements during relevant exchanges and", "paragraph_id": "para_157" }, { "text": "too many indicia of confusion for this court to conclude that", "paragraph_id": "para_158" }, { "text": "appellant's continuing participation in the proceedings entailed", "paragraph_id": "para_159" }, { "text": "an understanding on her part that all the remaining claims and", "paragraph_id": "para_160" }, { "text": "requests for relief from her complaint, including claims for", "paragraph_id": "para_161" }, { "text": "compensatory damages, would be addressed by way of the relevant", "paragraph_id": "para_162" }, { "text": "jury-free proceedings. See Lamex, 646 F.3d at 110-11 (looking to", "paragraph_id": "para_163" }, { "text": "specifics of complaining party's litigation conduct to determine", "paragraph_id": "para_164" }, { "text": "whether that party \"implicitly waived its right to a jury trial\"", "paragraph_id": "para_165" }, { "text": "by \"participat[ing] in what it understood to be a bench trial on", "paragraph_id": "para_166" }, { "text": "all the remaining legal issues\").", "paragraph_id": "para_167" }, { "text": "This case bears a strong resemblance to the case addressed by", "paragraph_id": "para_168" }, { "text": "this court in the above-cited Lamex decision. There, the court", "paragraph_id": "para_169" }, { "text": "vacated and remanded because the district court had made opaque", "paragraph_id": "para_170" }, { "text": "statements as to what all claims and requests for relief would be", "paragraph_id": "para_171" }, { "text": "resolved by way of a bench trial and because, as a result of those", "paragraph_id": "para_172" }, { "text": "statements, the complaining party could not be said to have", "paragraph_id": "para_173" }, { "text": "implicitly waived the right to a jury by continuing to participate", "paragraph_id": "para_174" }, { "text": "in proceedings. See id. For similar reasons, we conclude that", "paragraph_id": "para_175" }, { "text": "vacatur and remand are in order here insofar as the district", "paragraph_id": "para_176" }, { "text": "court's disposition of the claims for compensatory damages against", "paragraph_id": "para_177" }, { "text": "- 8 -", "paragraph_id": "para_178" }, { "text": "MART and Jerry McDonald is concerned.2", "paragraph_id": "para_179" }, { "text": "However, we deny appellant's request that the action be", "paragraph_id": "para_180" }, { "text": "ordered reassigned to a different district court judge. Further,", "paragraph_id": "para_181" }, { "text": "we express no opinion at this time as to the merits of the case or", "paragraph_id": "para_182" }, { "text": "as to the proper procedural course on remand. The district court,", "paragraph_id": "para_183" }, { "text": "of course, is not required to send a case to a jury if the case", "paragraph_id": "para_184" }, { "text": "properly may be resolved at an earlier juncture. See Singh v. Blue", "paragraph_id": "para_185" }, { "text": "Cross/Blue Shield of Mass., Inc., 308 F.3d 25, 36 (1st Cir. 2002)", "paragraph_id": "para_186" }, { "text": "(explaining that, if there is no triable issue of fact to place", "paragraph_id": "para_187" }, { "text": "before a jury, \"the entry of summary judgment does no violence to", "paragraph_id": "para_188" }, { "text": "the plaintiff's right to a jury trial\"). Thus, this partial vacatur", "paragraph_id": "para_189" }, { "text": "and remand should not be construed to mean that appellant is", "paragraph_id": "para_190" }, { "text": "automatically entitled to place relevant claims before a jury on", "paragraph_id": "para_191" }, { "text": "remand. Rather, the vacatur and remand are meant to roll the case", "paragraph_id": "para_192" }, { "text": "back to where it was just after the district court dismissed the", "paragraph_id": "para_193" }, { "text": "claims against EOHHS and Kate Walsh, and, from there, the district", "paragraph_id": "para_194" }, { "text": "court may direct any course of proceedings consistent with relevant", "paragraph_id": "para_195" }, { "text": "rules and statutes and consistent with the constitutional rights", "paragraph_id": "para_196" }, { "text": "of the parties. Put another way, the district court ultimately may", "paragraph_id": "para_197" }, { "text": "be in a position to adjudicate the matter without holding any trial", "paragraph_id": "para_198" }, { "text": "at all, but, if the district court ultimately does send to trial", "paragraph_id": "para_199" }, { "text": "2 We do not disturb the district court's denial of preliminary", "paragraph_id": "para_200" }, { "text": "injunctive relief. See Full Spectrum, 858 F.3d at 675 (describing", "paragraph_id": "para_201" }, { "text": "scope of Seventh Amendment and need to consider whether relief", "paragraph_id": "para_202" }, { "text": "sought is legal or equitable in nature).", "paragraph_id": "para_203" }, { "text": "- 9 -", "paragraph_id": "para_204" }, { "text": "any portion of the matter implicating appellant's jury rights,", "paragraph_id": "para_205" }, { "text": "those rights should be taken into account unless and until the", "paragraph_id": "para_206" }, { "text": "record reflects a valid waiver. See Lamex, 646 F.3d at 106", "paragraph_id": "para_207" }, { "text": "(discussing options to withdraw or waive jury demand). Nothing", "paragraph_id": "para_208" }, { "text": "herein is meant to preclude the district court from putting to an", "paragraph_id": "para_209" }, { "text": "appropriate use testimony or evidence received in prior", "paragraph_id": "para_210" }, { "text": "proceedings. Because we are vacating the district court's", "paragraph_id": "para_211" }, { "text": "disposition of relevant claims for the reasons set out above, we", "paragraph_id": "para_212" }, { "text": "need not address any additional arguments appellant has briefed as", "paragraph_id": "para_213" }, { "text": "to those claims.", "paragraph_id": "para_214" }, { "text": "In accordance with the foregoing, we affirm in part and vacate", "paragraph_id": "para_215" }, { "text": "and remand in part.", "paragraph_id": "para_216" } ], "word_count": 1976, "cites": [ "556 U.S. 662", "415 U.S. 189", "293\nU.S. 474", "63 F.4th 49", "858 F.3d 666", "646 F.3d 100", "308 F.3d 25" ], "cited_by": [], "sha256": "2b608310fa181163d0a0647705ceec81967f3d4d1c50a04fac9d7f3f8483127e", "source_url": "https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/sites/ca1/files/opnfiles/25-1541P-01A.pdf", "fetched_at": "2026-10-06T08:24:22.898+00:00", "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/ca1-25-1541-2026-09-11", "risk_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca1-25-1541-2026-09-11", "relations_graph": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca1-25-1541-2026-09-11", "changes": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes", "agent": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca1-25-1541-2026-09-11", "verification": { "stored_sha256": "2b608310fa181163d0a0647705ceec81967f3d4d1c50a04fac9d7f3f8483127e", "recomputed_sha256": "2b608310fa181163d0a0647705ceec81967f3d4d1c50a04fac9d7f3f8483127e", "intact": true, "checked_at": "2026-10-07T23:31:50.824Z" } }, "hash": "sha256:d5bd544553edfe2750f5fc83a752a462a824583edf986639277259826bf5d8b5", "version": "legal-2026-10-07", "expires": "2026-10-08T00:00:00.000Z", "dependency": { "index_version": "legal-2026-10-07+legal-2026-10-07+2026-10-07T16:38:30", "content_hash": "sha256:d5bd544553edfe2750f5fc83a752a462a824583edf986639277259826bf5d8b5", "revalidate_after": "2026-10-08T00:31:50.983Z", "max_copy_age_seconds": 3600, "policy": "revalidate-required; attribution-preferred", "changelog": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency", "verify": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify", "stale_copy_invalid": true }, "canonical": "https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca1-25-1541-2026-09-11", "disclaimer": "Source reference with official identifier. 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