{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-13","fingerprint":"ewai:us:97516d","proof":"sha256:4fe3b11871a52757ba72969082cb54b27f1c2eaf96088a7c7b89b8d590bdfd27","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","jurisdiction":"us","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"United States Court of Appeals","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"For the First Circuit","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"No. 25-1404","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8"]},{"title":"APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS","paragraphs":["para_11"]},{"title":"Before","paragraphs":["para_13","para_14"]},{"title":"Alan H. Crede, with whom Robert S. Mantell was on brief, for","paragraphs":["para_16"]},{"title":"Lisa Stephanian Burton, with whom Laurielle M. Howe and","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C. were on brief, for","paragraphs":["para_19"]},{"title":"March 24, 2026","paragraphs":["para_21"]},{"title":"KAYATTA, Circuit Judge. Sandy Harris, Jr., appeals the","paragraphs":["para_23","para_24"]},{"title":"Grid\"), on his claims of unlawful retaliation under Massachusetts","paragraphs":["para_26","para_27","para_28"]},{"title":"Harris's protected activity caused his termination. Our reasoning","paragraphs":["para_30","para_31"]},{"title":"National Grid, a utility company, employed Harris as a","paragraphs":["para_33","para_34"]},{"title":"York -- from his base in Massachusetts. In July 2020, during the","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"COVID-19 pandemic, Harris took time off work to travel to Ohio and","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"California to visit family. On July 28, the day after his vacation","paragraphs":["para_38","para_39"]},{"title":"Massachusetts and was looking to work from Ohio or California under","paragraphs":["para_41","para_42"]},{"title":"The company did have a policy allowing employees to temporarily","paragraphs":["para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48"]},{"title":"Judith Dunn, sent Harris an email with a letter stating that he","paragraphs":["para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58"]},{"title":"Harris has conceded that it was not until his July 30","paragraphs":["para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64"]},{"title":"1 The policy also required employees to continue to perform","paragraphs":["para_66","para_67","para_68"]},{"title":"2 Harris initially expressed interest in a severance","paragraphs":["para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88"]},{"title":"3 Harris nevertheless argues that, separate from this July 30","paragraphs":["para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94"]},{"title":"Indus. Demolition LLC, 138 F.4th 17, 34 (1st Cir. 2025) (requiring","paragraphs":["para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100"]},{"title":"Harris did not supply the requested documentation. Nor","paragraphs":["para_102","para_103","para_104","para_105","para_106"]},{"title":"While Harris's complaint sought to advance several","paragraphs":["para_108","para_109","para_110"]},{"title":"F.4th 153, 161 (1st Cir. 2024) (\"Summary judgment is appropriate","paragraphs":["para_112","para_113"]},{"title":"He does not press any claim that National Grid improperly failed","paragraphs":["para_115","para_116","para_117"]},{"title":"See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 151B, § 4(4)–(4A); 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654.4","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Harris's retaliation claims require him to prove a","paragraphs":["para_120","para_121"]},{"title":"4 Harris acknowledges that these claims are \"largely","paragraphs":["para_123","para_124","para_125","para_126","para_127","para_128","para_129","para_130"]},{"title":"Indeed, it so informed him on July 30, and it was only in response","paragraphs":["para_132","para_133"]},{"title":"Given this chronology, Harris's assertion to National","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Grid that he had some medical condition requiring him to work","paragraphs":["para_136","para_137","para_138","para_139","para_140"]},{"title":"F.3d 36, 42 (1st Cir. 2013) (finding there was \"no causal link\"","paragraphs":["para_142","para_143","para_144"]},{"title":"Nationwide Life Ins., 696 F.3d 78, 90 (1st Cir. 2012) (\"When an","paragraphs":["para_146","para_147","para_148","para_149","para_150","para_151","para_152","para_153","para_154"]},{"title":"Nor is there otherwise any indication that Harris would","paragraphs":["para_156","para_157"]},{"title":"(holding plaintiff had not shown causation where, although only a","paragraphs":["para_159","para_160","para_161","para_162","para_163"]},{"title":"Grid considered that request. The company's medical department","paragraphs":["para_165","para_166","para_167","para_168","para_169","para_170","para_171","para_172","para_173","para_174"]},{"title":"Similarly, the fact that National Grid checked to ensure","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Harris had not submitted a request for FMLA leave on the eve of","paragraphs":["para_177","para_178"]},{"title":"Instead, Dunn's August 18 email to National Grid's medical","paragraphs":["para_180","para_181","para_182","para_183"]},{"title":"National Grid was on alert for any medical documentation or leave","paragraphs":["para_185","para_186"]},{"title":"We therefore agree with the district court that Harris","paragraphs":["para_188","para_189","para_190","para_191","para_192"]},{"title":"We affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment","paragraphs":["para_194"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"United States Court of Appeals","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"For the First Circuit","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"No. 25-1404","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"SANDY HARRIS, JR.,","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"Plaintiff, Appellant,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"v.","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"NATIONAL GRID USA SERVICE COMPANY, INC.,","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"Defendant, Appellee.","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"[Hon. Angel Kelley, U.S. District Judge]","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Before","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Montecalvo, Kayatta, and Rikelman,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"Circuit Judges.","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"Alan H. Crede, with whom Robert S. Mantell was on brief, for","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"appellant.","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"Lisa Stephanian Burton, with whom Laurielle M. Howe and","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"Ogletree, Deakins, Nash, Smoak & Stewart, P.C. were on brief, for","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"appellee.","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"March 24, 2026","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"- 2 -","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"KAYATTA, Circuit Judge. Sandy Harris, Jr., appeals the","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of his former","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"employer, National Grid USA Service Company, Inc. (\"National","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"Grid\"), on his claims of unlawful retaliation under Massachusetts","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"and federal law. The district court found Harris had failed to","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"show the causal nexus required to sustain his claims. We agree","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"that the clear chronology of events precludes any finding that","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"Harris's protected activity caused his termination. Our reasoning","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"follows.","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"I.","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"National Grid, a utility company, employed Harris as a","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"\"Change Analyst,\" which required him to travel throughout his","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"service territory -- Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and part of New","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"York -- from his base in Massachusetts. In July 2020, during the","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"COVID-19 pandemic, Harris took time off work to travel to Ohio and","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"California to visit family. On July 28, the day after his vacation","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"ended, he informed his boss that, because he was not required to","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"be on-site \"due to COVID-19 concerns,\" he had not returned to","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"Massachusetts and was looking to work from Ohio or California under","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"a company policy permitting employees who would not be appearing","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"on-site to work outside their service areas on a temporary basis.","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"The company did have a policy allowing employees to temporarily","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"work from outside their territories, but only if they had the","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"- 3 -","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"approval of their supervisors.1 Harris had not received that","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"approval.","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"On July 30, National Grid's Director of Human Resources,","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"Judith Dunn, sent Harris an email with a letter stating that he","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"had \"violated company policy by not seeking management approval to","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"work out of state at the completion of [his] vacation\" and that he","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"would be deemed to have resigned unless he returned to his","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"territory immediately. Dunn also offered Harris the possibility","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"of a severance agreement.2 Harris replied to Dunn's email that","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"same day, stating that he did not intend to resign but was","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"\"requesting to work out of state on a temporary basis.\" He vowed","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"to return to his service territory immediately if his request was","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"not approved.","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"Harris has conceded that it was not until his July 30","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"reply to Dunn -- sent after he received Dunn's letter telling him","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"he had to return to his territory or be deemed to have","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"resigned -- that he \"stated, for the first time, that he had","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"preexisting conditions\" placing him at a \"higher risk for COVID\"","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"and that he was requesting a \"reasonable accommodation\" allowing","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"1 The policy also required employees to continue to perform","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"\"storm duty assignments,\" which require employees to work during","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"certain storms, and to consult with a tax advisor before working","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"from out of state.","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"2 Harris initially expressed interest in a severance","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"agreement but eventually rejected the offer.","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"- 4 -","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"him to work off-site.3 Harris also does not contend that he in","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"any way suggested that he suffered any condition that prevented","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"him from returning to his territory and working off-site from","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"there. In response, Dunn reiterated that Harris had not sought or","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"received managerial approval prior to working from outside of his","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"service territory and again directed him to immediately return.","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"Harris did not return to his service territory. Instead,","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"he filed and then withdrew a request for leave under the Family","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"and Medical Leave Act (FMLA). He also provided National Grid with","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"a brief letter from his doctor stating merely: \"It is my medical","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"opinion that Sandy Harris would benefit from an accommodation to","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"work remotely during the COVID pandemic.\" The letter did not","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"suggest that there was any medical reason why Harris could not","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"work remotely from his home in his territory instead of from Ohio","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"or California. On August 12, National Grid notified Harris that","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"this letter was insufficient and asked for more documentation by","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"August 18.","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"3 Harris nevertheless argues that, separate from this July 30","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"reply to Dunn, he also made a \"general request for reasonable","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"accommodation\" on July 22. Appellant's Br. 36. But Harris does","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"not elaborate on what accommodation he requested, and the record","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"is bereft of evidence that any request he purportedly made that","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"day meets the legal standard for protected conduct. See Moore v.","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"Indus. Demolition LLC, 138 F.4th 17, 34 (1st Cir. 2025) (requiring","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"a reasonable accommodation request to \"[a]t the least . . .","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"identify some desired accommodation and explain how the desired","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"accommodation is linked to some handicap\" to qualify as protected","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"conduct under the Massachusetts law on which Harris relies).","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"- 5 -","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"Harris did not supply the requested documentation. Nor","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"did Harris ever assert that there was any medical reason why he","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"could not return to his territory, whether or not he appeared","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"on-site at the workplace. National Grid then terminated his","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"employment on August 19.","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"II.","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"While Harris's complaint sought to advance several","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"claims, he challenges on appeal only the district court's grant of","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"summary judgment for National Grid on his retaliation claims, which","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"we review de novo. See Alam & Sarker, LLC v. United States, 113","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"F.4th 153, 161 (1st Cir. 2024) (\"Summary judgment is appropriate","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"if the moving party shows that no genuine issue of material fact","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"exists and that it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.\").","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"He does not press any claim that National Grid improperly failed","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"to accommodate any disability. Instead, he contends that he was","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"fired because he asserted his right to seek accommodation of a","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"disability under Massachusetts law and/or relief under the FMLA.","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"See Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 151B, § 4(4)–(4A); 29 U.S.C. §§ 2601–2654.4","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"Harris's retaliation claims require him to prove a","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"causal connection between conduct protected by those laws and his","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"termination. See Moore v. Indus. Demolition LLC, 138 F.4th 17, 32","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"4 Harris acknowledges that these claims are \"largely","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"duplicative,\" and, accordingly, we address them together.","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"Appellant's Br. 56.","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"- 6 -","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"(1st Cir. 2025) (Massachusetts law); Stratton v. Bentley Univ.,","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"113 F.4th 25, 48 (1st Cir. 2024) (FMLA). The record is clear,","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"though, that before National Grid learned Harris was going to apply","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"for any accommodation or other relief, it had already decided to","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"fire him if he refused to return to his territory immediately.","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"Indeed, it so informed him on July 30, and it was only in response","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"to that ultimatum that Harris first claimed to have a preexisting","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"condition requiring some accommodation.","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"Given this chronology, Harris's assertion to National","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"Grid that he had some medical condition requiring him to work","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"off-site cannot have caused National Grid to issue the ultimatum","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"that Harris return to his service territory or be let go.","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"\"Causation moves forward, not backwards, and no protected conduct","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"after an adverse employment action can serve as the predicate for","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"a retaliation claim.\" Pearson v. Mass. Bay Transp. Auth., 723","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"F.3d 36, 42 (1st Cir. 2013) (finding there was \"no causal link\"","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"between an employee's protected conduct and his termination for","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"the \"obvious\" reason that his employer \"recommended firing [him]","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"before\" the protected conduct occurred); see also Jones v.","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"Nationwide Life Ins., 696 F.3d 78, 90 (1st Cir. 2012) (\"When an","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"employee requests an accommodation for the first time only after","paragraph_id":"para_146"},{"text":"it becomes clear that an adverse employment action is imminent,","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"such a request can be too little, too late.\" (cleaned up)); Mesnick","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"v. Gen. Elec. Co., 950 F.2d 816, 828 (1st Cir. 1991) (explaining","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"- 7 -","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"that, \"[w]ere the rule otherwise, then a disgruntled employee, no","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"matter how poor his performance or how contemptuous his attitude","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"toward his supervisors, could effectively inhibit a well-deserved","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"discharge by merely\" engaging in subsequent protected conduct).","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"Nor is there otherwise any indication that Harris would","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"have retained his job if he had not requested accommodation or","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"exercised his rights under the FMLA. See Pearson, 723 F.3d at 42","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"(holding plaintiff had not shown causation where, although only a","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"recommendation to terminate and not the final decision to do so","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"predated his protected conduct, he \"point[ed] to no evidence that","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"this recommendation would have been rejected\" if not for that","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"conduct). Instead, it appears Harris's request for an","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"accommodation actually postponed his termination while National","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"Grid considered that request. The company's medical department","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"provided Harris with detailed guidance regarding the medical","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"documentation necessary and the deadline to submit the same. It","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"was only when Harris failed to submit appropriate documentation to","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"support his claim that National Grid finally terminated his","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"employment, almost three weeks after the company told him his","paragraph_id":"para_169"},{"text":"failure to return immediately from outside his territory would be","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"considered job abandonment. This sequence of events manifests","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"bend-over-backwards respect for, rather than retaliation against,","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"Harris's assertion of his rights.","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"- 8 -","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"Similarly, the fact that National Grid checked to ensure","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"Harris had not submitted a request for FMLA leave on the eve of","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"his termination does not suggest they were \"dedicated to ending","paragraph_id":"para_177"},{"text":"his employment before he would file.\" Appellant's Br. 59.","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"Instead, Dunn's August 18 email to National Grid's medical","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"department, asking for an update regarding whether Harris had","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"submitted medical documentation or had requested FMLA leave,","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"explicitly stated that she \"want[ed] to ensure [National Grid]","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"ha[d] given [Harris] the agreed time to respond.\" The fact that","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"National Grid was on alert for any medical documentation or leave","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"requests from Harris again suggests they were being sensitive to,","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"rather than antagonistic toward, his rights.","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"We therefore agree with the district court that Harris","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"has not produced evidence from which a reasonable jury could","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"conclude that he was terminated for requesting reasonable","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"accommodation under Massachusetts law or for exercising his rights","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"under the FMLA.","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"III.","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"We affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"in full.","paragraph_id":"para_194"}],"word_count":1686,"cites":["138 F.4th 17","113\nF.4th 153","113 F.4th 25","723\nF.3d 36","696 F.3d 78","950 F.2d 816"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"b71b635a0909b5ba8ca79668908079ed37025b689605f5c494c43b573ac98305","source_url":"https://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/sites/ca1/files/opnfiles/25-1404P-01A.pdf","fetched_at":"2026-10-02T08:08:46.773+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/us/ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","verification":{"stored_sha256":"b71b635a0909b5ba8ca79668908079ed37025b689605f5c494c43b573ac98305","recomputed_sha256":"b71b635a0909b5ba8ca79668908079ed37025b689605f5c494c43b573ac98305","intact":true,"checked_at":"2026-10-13T06:08:18.447Z"}},"hash":"sha256:4fe3b11871a52757ba72969082cb54b27f1c2eaf96088a7c7b89b8d590bdfd27","version":"legal-2026-10-13","expires":"2026-10-14T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-10-13+legal-2026-10-13+2026-10-13T05:59:05","content_hash":"sha256:4fe3b11871a52757ba72969082cb54b27f1c2eaf96088a7c7b89b8d590bdfd27","revalidate_after":"2026-10-13T07:08:18.599Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/us-praxis/agent?id=us:ca1-25-1404-2026-03-24"},{"rel":"obligations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=us"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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