{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-843-24","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-843-24)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-11-02","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:f6410a","proof":"sha256:dbd1870da8a758c0501315c20ece09f49be6794e170e3b3537e89333d7c2ae5b","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-843-24","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"Front matter","paragraphs":["para_1","para_2","para_3","para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23"],"kind":"front_matter"},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":["para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28"],"kind":"assessment"},{"title":"Legal context","paragraphs":["para_29"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"European Union law","paragraphs":["para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36","para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"Hungarian law","paragraphs":["para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47"],"kind":"legal_framework"},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":["para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69","para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73","para_74","para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78"],"kind":"facts"},{"title":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraphs":["para_79"],"kind":"questions"},{"title":"The first question","paragraphs":["para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100","para_101","para_102","para_103","para_104","para_105","para_106","para_107","para_108"],"kind":"assessment"},{"title":"The second and third questions","paragraphs":["para_109","para_110","para_111"],"kind":"assessment"},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":["para_112","para_113","para_114"],"kind":"costs"},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (Fifth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_115","para_116","para_117","para_118","para_119"],"kind":"operative"}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"62024CJ0843","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fifth Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"21 May 2026 (\n *1\n )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 – Article 3 – Scope ratione temporis  – Article 29 – Transitional provisions – Publication in one Member State of a press article referencing the content of another article from another Member State – Allegedly false facts – Request for rectification – Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union – Article 2 TEU)","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Case C‑843/24,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Budapest-Capital Regional Court, Hungary), made by decision of 2 December 2024, received at the Court on 9 December 2024, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"Viktor Orbán","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"24.hu Szerkesztősége,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"THE COURT (Fifth Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"composed of M.L. Arastey Sahún, President of the Chamber, J. Passer, E. Regan (Rapporteur), D. Gratsias and B. Smulders, Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Advocate General: M. Szpunar,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"Mr Orbán, by Gy. Turi, ügyvéd,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"the Hungarian Government, by D. Csoknyai and M.Z. Fehér, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"the European Commission, by G. Conte, O. Gariazzo and A. Tokár, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"1","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU (European Media Freedom Act) (OJ L, 2024/1083), as well as Article 11 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’).","paragraph_id":"para_26","court_paragraph":1},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"The request has been made in proceedings between Mr Viktor Orbán and 24.hu Szerkesztősége, an online news website, concerning a request for rectification, in the press, of a press article published in Hungary which references content from another article published in another Member State and reporting a fact which is, allegedly, false.","paragraph_id":"para_28","court_paragraph":2},{"text":"Legal context","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"European Union law","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083, entitled ‘Right of recipients of media services’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_32","court_paragraph":3},{"text":"‘Member States shall respect the right of recipients of media services to have access to a plurality of editorially independent media content and ensure that framework conditions are in place in line with this Regulation to safeguard that right, to the benefit of free and democratic discourse.’","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"Article 29 of that regulation, entitled ‘Entry into force and application’, states:","paragraph_id":"para_35","court_paragraph":4},{"text":"‘This Regulation shall enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union .","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"This Regulation shall apply from 8 August 2025. However:","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"Article 3 shall apply from 8 November 2024;","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"…’","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"Hungarian law","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"Paragraph 12 of the a sajtószabadságról és a médiatartalmak alapvető szabályairól szóló 2010. évi CIV. törvény (Law No CIV of 2010 on the freedom of the press and the fundamental rules applicable to media content) ( Magyar Közlöny 2010/170), in the version applicable to the dispute in the main proceedings, provides, in subparagraph 1 thereof:","paragraph_id":"para_43","court_paragraph":5},{"text":"‘Where any form of media content asserts or disseminates false facts about a person, or distorts true facts about that person, the person concerned shall be entitled to demand the publication of a statement of rectification indicating which of the published assertions of fact are false or unfounded, or which facts have been distorted, and indicating, by contrast, the actual facts.’","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"Paragraph 496 of the a polgári perrendtartásról szóló 2016. évi CXXX. törvény (Law No CXXX of 2016 laying down the Code of Civil Procedure) ( Magyar Közlöny 2016/190), in the version applicable to the dispute in the main proceedings, provides, in subparagraph 1 thereof:","paragraph_id":"para_46","court_paragraph":6},{"text":"‘If the news media outlet fails to fulfil its obligation to publish a rectification within the time limit, or fails to do so in a manner consistent with the request for rectification, the person requesting rectification may bring an action against that news media outlet for publication of a statement of rectification. …’","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"On 17 March 2024, 24.hu Szerkesztősége published an article entitled ‘Spar has begun withdrawing its assets from Hungary’ (‘the article at issue in the main proceedings’). The article at issue in the main proceedings quoted, inter alia, a statement by the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of Spar Austri …","paragraph_id":"para_50","court_paragraph":7},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"On 3 April 2024, Mr Orbán, on the basis of Hungarian legislation, requested 24.hu Szerkesztősége to rectify, in the press, the content of the article at issue in the main proceedings. 24.hu Szerkesztősége did not grant that request. However, on 10 April 2024, it added a supplement to the end of that …","paragraph_id":"para_52","court_paragraph":8},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"Taking the view that 24.hu Szerkesztősége had failed to fulfil its obligation to publish the requested rectification, Mr Orbán brought an action before the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Budapest-Capital Regional Court, Hungary), which is the referring court. That court indicates that the proceedings must be reopened as the judgment which it handed down on 17 May 2024 has been set aside as being vitiated by a procedural defect.","paragraph_id":"para_54","court_paragraph":9},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"In his application, without disputing that the statement at issue in the main proceedings was faithfully reproduced in the article at issue in the main proceedings, Mr Orbán requests that 24.hu Szerkesztősége be ordered, in accordance with Hungarian legislation, to publish a statement of rectificati …","paragraph_id":"para_56","court_paragraph":10},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"In its defence, 24.hu Szerkesztősége maintains that the statement at issue in the main proceedings does not constitute the communication of a fact, but the expression of the opinion and value judgement of one of its journalists, which is protected by law. Furthermore, 24.hu Szerkesztősége contends t …","paragraph_id":"para_58","court_paragraph":11},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"The referring court indicates that, in the Hungarian legal order, rectification in the press is an instrument provided for in civil law to protect personality rights and is capable of effectively remedying public damage to those rights. The possibility of submitting a request for rectification is op …","paragraph_id":"para_60","court_paragraph":12},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"The referring court specifies that the assessment criteria to be taken into consideration when applying the rules relating to the procedures for rectification in the press are, as regards the issues relating to proof which are relevant to the dispute in the main proceedings, set out in opinion No 14 …","paragraph_id":"para_62","court_paragraph":13},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"In that context, the referring court questions whether the act, as provided for in the national legislation at issue in the main proceedings, of imposing on the media, as a general rule, an obligation to establish the veracity of what has been reported, in the case of the referencing of a form of me …","paragraph_id":"para_64","court_paragraph":14},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"The referring court considers that the procedures for rectification in the press are procedures implementing Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083, with the result that the Charter is also applicable in accordance with Article 51(1) thereof. The principles and objectives of that regulation must, inter alia, be applied to those procedures, which constitute an important part of guaranteeing media freedom, and media pluralism cannot be restricted by means of those procedures.","paragraph_id":"para_66","court_paragraph":15},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"That being so, that court notes that the date of publication of the article at issue in the main proceedings is 17 March 2024, whereas Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 has been applicable, pursuant to Article 29 thereof, only since 8 November 2024. The question therefore arises as to whether the application of Article 3 of that regulation in the dispute in the main proceedings would be tantamount to a prohibited retroactive application of that provision.","paragraph_id":"para_68","court_paragraph":16},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"Furthermore, it can be seen from Article 2 TEU that the European Union is founded on values, such as the rule of law, which are common to the Member States in a society in which, inter alia, justice prevails. In the dispute in the main proceedings, given that it follows from the case-law of the Cour …","paragraph_id":"para_70","court_paragraph":17},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the Fővárosi Törvényszék (Budapest-Capital Regional Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_72","court_paragraph":18},{"text":"‘(1)","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"Must Article 3 of Regulation [2024/1083], applicable with effect from 8 November 2024, be applied by [a] national court after 8 November 2024 …, taking account of the fact that the press release which led to the dispute was published on 17 March 2024?","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"(2)","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"If Question 1 is answered in the affirmative, must Article 3 of Regulation [2024/1083], in conjunction with the right to freedom of expression and information guaranteed by Article 11 of [the Charter], be interpreted as meaning that, where media content published under editorial responsibility in an …","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"(3)","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"If Question 2 is answered in the negative, is national case-law in accordance with which a news media outlet may present content published in another news media outlet of a different Member State only if it is able to substantiate the referenced news content, even though the press release clearly indicates that it is referenced news content, compatible with EU law, in particular Article 11 of the Charter?’","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"The first question","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"By its first question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 is to be interpreted as applying to a dispute concerning a request for rectification in the press, pursuant to the legislation of a Member State, in respect of a press article that disseminates an …","paragraph_id":"para_82","court_paragraph":19},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"It should be borne in mind that a new rule of law applies from the entry into force of the act introducing it, and, while it does not apply to legal situations that have arisen and become definitive under the old law, it does apply to their future effects, and to new legal situations. It is otherwis …","paragraph_id":"para_84","court_paragraph":20},{"text":"21","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"In the light of the foregoing considerations, it must be found, in the first place, that Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 constitutes a substantive law rule, inasmuch as it provides that Member States are to respect the right of recipients of media services to have access to a plurality of editoria …","paragraph_id":"para_86","court_paragraph":21},{"text":"22","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"In addition, Article 29 of Regulation 2024/1083 provides that that regulation is to enter into force on the twentieth day following that of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union . As that regulation was published on 17 April 2024, it thus entered into force on 8 May 2024. Tha …","paragraph_id":"para_88","court_paragraph":22},{"text":"23","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"In the second place, regarding the dispute in the main proceedings, it is apparent from the information provided by the referring court that, pursuant to Hungarian legislation, the right to rectification in the press is intended to remedy public damage to personality rights and is directly linked to …","paragraph_id":"para_90","court_paragraph":23},{"text":"24","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"Therefore, the situation at issue in the main proceedings became definitive with effect from 17 March 2024, the date on which the article at issue in those proceedings was published, without that finding being capable of being called into question by the judicial proceedings brought with a view to asserting that right to rectification in the press (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 October 2022, Stadt Mainz, C‑544/21 , EU:C:2022:843 , paragraph  23 ).","paragraph_id":"para_92","court_paragraph":24},{"text":"25","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"Accordingly, given that that situation became definitive before the date on which Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 became applicable, that article does not apply ratione temporis to the dispute at issue in the main proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_94","court_paragraph":25},{"text":"26","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"In order to provide an answer that will be fully of use to the referring court, which alludes to the possible application of Article 11 of the Charter, it should also be borne in mind that, under Article 51(1) of the Charter, the provisions of the Charter are addressed to the Member States only when they are implementing Union law.","paragraph_id":"para_96","court_paragraph":26},{"text":"27","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"The fundamental rights guaranteed in the legal order of the European Union are thus applicable in all situations governed by EU law, but not outside such situations (see judgments of 26 February 2013, Åkerberg Fransson, C‑617/10 , EU:C:2013:105 , paragraph  19 , and of 26 February 2026, Commission v Hungary (Right to provide media services in a radio frequency), C‑92/23 , EU:C:2026:108 , paragraph  95 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_98","court_paragraph":27},{"text":"28","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"Moreover, it should be borne in mind that, according to the case-law of the Court, where a legal situation does not come within the scope of EU law, the Court does not have jurisdiction to rule on it and any provisions of the Charter relied upon cannot, of themselves, form the basis for such jurisdi …","paragraph_id":"para_100","court_paragraph":28},{"text":"29","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"First, as has been explained in paragraph 25 of the present judgment, Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 is not applicable ratione temporis to the dispute in the main proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_102","court_paragraph":29},{"text":"30","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"Second, the application of Article 11 of the Charter to that dispute cannot be justified solely through the referring court’s reliance on the values enshrined in Article 2 TEU. Indeed, Article 2 TEU cannot deprive the limits imposed on the scope of other provisions of EU law, and, in particular, the …","paragraph_id":"para_104","court_paragraph":30},{"text":"31","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"In those circumstances, given that the order for reference does not reveal any connection with other provisions of EU law, it must be held that Article 11 of the Charter is not applicable to the dispute in the main proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_106","court_paragraph":31},{"text":"32","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"Having regard to all the foregoing considerations, the answer to the first question is that Article 3 of Regulation 2024/1083 must be interpreted as not applying to a dispute concerning a request for rectification in the press, pursuant to the legislation of a Member State, in respect of a press art …","paragraph_id":"para_108","court_paragraph":32},{"text":"The second and third questions","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"33","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"In view of the answer given to the first question, there is no need to answer the second and third questions.","paragraph_id":"para_111","court_paragraph":33},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"34","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_114","court_paragraph":34},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (Fifth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"Article 3 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU (European Media Freedom Act)","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"must be interpreted as not applying to a dispute concerning a request for rectification in the press, pursuant to the legislation of a Member State, in respect of a press article that disseminates an allegedly false fact included in a publication from another Member State where that press article was published on a date preceding the date on which that provision, pursuant to Article 29 of that regulation, became applicable.","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"(\n *1\n ) Language of the case: Hungarian.","paragraph_id":"para_119"}],"operative_part":"On those grounds, the Court (Fifth Chamber) hereby rules:\n\nArticle 3 of Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU (European Media Freedom Act)\n\nm …","word_count":3528,"cites":["C-645/19","C-544/21","C-617/10","C-92/23","C-650/13","C-769/22"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"363d276c461c95acf8bb82581dff712c677acb163bd99b82b322e81324ec42e0","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62024CJ0843.ENG.xhtml.ECR_62024CJ0843_EN_01.html","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T21:08:01.031+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-843-24","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-843-24","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-843-24","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-843-24","verification_scope":{"stored_hash_is_source_verification":false,"official_source_comparison":"not_performed","legal_review":"not_assessed"},"decision_object":{"schema_version":"1","object_id":"decision:eu:c-843-24","judgment_class":"E","operative_part":"present","cites_count":6,"word_count":3528,"decision_url":null},"agent_links":{"agent_root":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent.json","agent_overview":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/rapid/agent/overview"}},"hash":"sha256:dbd1870da8a758c0501315c20ece09f49be6794e170e3b3537e89333d7c2ae5b","version":"legal-2026-11-02","expires":"2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-11-02+legal-2026-11-02+2026-11-02T16:22:18","content_hash":"sha256:dbd1870da8a758c0501315c20ece09f49be6794e170e3b3537e89333d7c2ae5b","revalidate_after":"2026-11-03T04:14:43.470Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-843-24","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-843-24"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-843-24"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-843-24"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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