{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-672-23","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-672-23)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-11-03","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:96c5d4","proof":"sha256:1a03acafc566f2ef7e697048b76ab6a9cf29e0fdbabd392d5593b0b8fbf6e87b","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-672-23","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"62023CJ0672","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"16 April 2026 (\n *1\n )","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9"]},{"title":"Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC","paragraphs":["para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34"]},{"title":"Toscana Ondulati SpA","paragraphs":["para_36","para_37","para_38","para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44","para_45","para_46","para_47","para_48","para_49","para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53","para_54","para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67"]},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"1","paragraphs":["para_70"]},{"title":"2","paragraphs":["para_72"]},{"title":"The legal framework","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Regulation No 1215/2012","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"3","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Recitals 15, 16 and 21 of Regulation No 1215/2012 state:","paragraphs":["para_77","para_78"]},{"title":"(16)","paragraphs":["para_80","para_81"]},{"title":"(21)","paragraphs":["para_83"]},{"title":"4","paragraphs":["para_85"]},{"title":"5","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Under Article 4(1) of that regulation:","paragraphs":["para_88"]},{"title":"6","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 5(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 provides:","paragraphs":["para_91"]},{"title":"7","paragraphs":["para_93","para_94"]},{"title":"(1)","paragraphs":["para_96"]},{"title":"8","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Under Article 63(1) of that regulation:","paragraphs":["para_99"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_101"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_103"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_105"]},{"title":"Directive 2014/104/EU","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"9","paragraphs":["para_108","para_109"]},{"title":"10","paragraphs":["para_111","para_112"]},{"title":"11","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 2 of that directive, entitled ‘Definitions’, provides, in points 2, 3 and 6:","paragraphs":["para_115","para_116"]},{"title":"(2)","paragraphs":["para_118"]},{"title":"(3)","paragraphs":["para_120","para_121"]},{"title":"(6)","paragraphs":["para_123"]},{"title":"12","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Under Article 3 of that directive, entitled ‘Right to full compensation’:","paragraphs":["para_126","para_127","para_128"]},{"title":"13","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 9 of Directive 2014/104, entitled ‘Effect of national decisions’, provides:","paragraphs":["para_131","para_132","para_133"]},{"title":"14","paragraphs":["para_135","para_136"]},{"title":"The disputes in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Case C‑672/23","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"15","paragraphs":["para_140","para_141","para_142","para_143","para_144","para_145","para_146","para_147","para_148","para_149","para_150","para_151","para_152","para_153","para_154","para_155","para_156","para_157","para_158","para_159","para_160","para_161","para_162"]},{"title":"16","paragraphs":["para_164"]},{"title":"17","paragraphs":["para_166"]},{"title":"18","paragraphs":["para_168"]},{"title":"19","paragraphs":["para_170"]},{"title":"20","paragraphs":["para_172"]},{"title":"21","paragraphs":["para_174"]},{"title":"22","paragraphs":["para_176"]},{"title":"23","paragraphs":["para_178"]},{"title":"24","paragraphs":["para_180"]},{"title":"25","paragraphs":["para_182","para_183"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_185"]},{"title":"(i)","paragraphs":["para_187"]},{"title":"(ii)","paragraphs":["para_189","para_190","para_191","para_192","para_193"]},{"title":"In that regard, does it matter:","paragraphs":["para_195","para_196","para_197","para_198","para_199","para_200"]},{"title":"(i)","paragraphs":["para_202"]},{"title":"(ii)","paragraphs":["para_204","para_205","para_206","para_207","para_208","para_209","para_210"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_212"]},{"title":"(2)","paragraphs":["para_214"]},{"title":"(3)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_217"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_219"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_221"]},{"title":"(4)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_224"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_226"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_228"]},{"title":"Case C‑673/23","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"26","paragraphs":["para_231"]},{"title":"27","paragraphs":["para_233"]},{"title":"28","paragraphs":["para_235"]},{"title":"29","paragraphs":["para_237"]},{"title":"30","paragraphs":["para_239"]},{"title":"31","paragraphs":["para_241"]},{"title":"32","paragraphs":["para_243"]},{"title":"33","paragraphs":["para_245"]},{"title":"34","paragraphs":["para_247"]},{"title":"35","paragraphs":["para_249"]},{"title":"36","paragraphs":["para_251"]},{"title":"37","paragraphs":["para_253","para_254"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_256"]},{"title":"(i)","paragraphs":["para_258"]},{"title":"(ii)","paragraphs":["para_260","para_261","para_262","para_263","para_264"]},{"title":"In that regard, does it matter:","paragraphs":["para_266","para_267","para_268","para_269","para_270","para_271","para_272","para_273"]},{"title":"(i)","paragraphs":["para_275"]},{"title":"(ii)","paragraphs":["para_277","para_278","para_279","para_280","para_281","para_282","para_283"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_285"]},{"title":"(2)","paragraphs":["para_287"]},{"title":"(3)","paragraphs":["para_289"]},{"title":"(4)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_292"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_294"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_296"]},{"title":"The procedure before the Court","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"38","paragraphs":["para_299"]},{"title":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Point (a) of the first questions","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"39","paragraphs":["para_303"]},{"title":"40","paragraphs":["para_305"]},{"title":"41","paragraphs":["para_307"]},{"title":"42","paragraphs":["para_309"]},{"title":"43","paragraphs":["para_311"]},{"title":"44","paragraphs":["para_313"]},{"title":"45","paragraphs":["para_315"]},{"title":"46","paragraphs":["para_317"]},{"title":"47","paragraphs":["para_319"]},{"title":"48","paragraphs":["para_321"]},{"title":"49","paragraphs":["para_323"]},{"title":"50","paragraphs":["para_325"]},{"title":"51","paragraphs":["para_327"]},{"title":"52","paragraphs":["para_329"]},{"title":"53","paragraphs":["para_331"]},{"title":"54","paragraphs":["para_333"]},{"title":"55","paragraphs":["para_335"]},{"title":"56","paragraphs":["para_337"]},{"title":"57","paragraphs":["para_339"]},{"title":"58","paragraphs":["para_341"]},{"title":"59","paragraphs":["para_343"]},{"title":"60","paragraphs":["para_345"]},{"title":"61","paragraphs":["para_347"]},{"title":"62","paragraphs":["para_349"]},{"title":"63","paragraphs":["para_351"]},{"title":"64","paragraphs":["para_353"]},{"title":"65","paragraphs":["para_355"]},{"title":"66","paragraphs":["para_357"]},{"title":"67","paragraphs":["para_359"]},{"title":"68","paragraphs":["para_361"]},{"title":"69","paragraphs":["para_363"]},{"title":"70","paragraphs":["para_365"]},{"title":"71","paragraphs":["para_367"]},{"title":"72","paragraphs":["para_369"]},{"title":"73","paragraphs":["para_371"]},{"title":"Point (b) of the first questions","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"74","paragraphs":["para_374"]},{"title":"75","paragraphs":["para_376"]},{"title":"76","paragraphs":["para_378"]},{"title":"77","paragraphs":["para_380"]},{"title":"78","paragraphs":["para_382"]},{"title":"79","paragraphs":["para_384"]},{"title":"80","paragraphs":["para_386"]},{"title":"81","paragraphs":["para_388","para_389"]},{"title":"82","paragraphs":["para_391"]},{"title":"83","paragraphs":["para_393"]},{"title":"84","paragraphs":["para_395"]},{"title":"85","paragraphs":["para_397"]},{"title":"86","paragraphs":["para_399"]},{"title":"87","paragraphs":["para_401"]},{"title":"88","paragraphs":["para_403"]},{"title":"89","paragraphs":["para_405"]},{"title":"90","paragraphs":["para_407"]},{"title":"91","paragraphs":["para_409"]},{"title":"92","paragraphs":["para_411"]},{"title":"93","paragraphs":["para_413"]},{"title":"94","paragraphs":["para_415"]},{"title":"95","paragraphs":["para_417"]},{"title":"96","paragraphs":["para_419"]},{"title":"97","paragraphs":["para_421"]},{"title":"98","paragraphs":["para_423"]},{"title":"99","paragraphs":["para_425"]},{"title":"100","paragraphs":["para_427"]},{"title":"101","paragraphs":["para_429"]},{"title":"102","paragraphs":["para_431"]},{"title":"103","paragraphs":["para_433"]},{"title":"104","paragraphs":["para_435"]},{"title":"Point (b) of the fourth questions","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"105","paragraphs":["para_438"]},{"title":"106","paragraphs":["para_440"]},{"title":"107","paragraphs":["para_442"]},{"title":"108","paragraphs":["para_444"]},{"title":"109","paragraphs":["para_446"]},{"title":"110","paragraphs":["para_448"]},{"title":"111","paragraphs":["para_450"]},{"title":"112","paragraphs":["para_452"]},{"title":"113","paragraphs":["para_454"]},{"title":"Point (c) of the fourth questions","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"114","paragraphs":["para_457"]},{"title":"115","paragraphs":["para_459"]},{"title":"116","paragraphs":["para_461"]},{"title":"117","paragraphs":["para_463"]},{"title":"118","paragraphs":["para_465"]},{"title":"119","paragraphs":["para_467"]},{"title":"120","paragraphs":["para_469"]},{"title":"121","paragraphs":["para_471"]},{"title":"Point (a) of the fourth questions","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"122","paragraphs":["para_474"]},{"title":"123","paragraphs":["para_476"]},{"title":"124","paragraphs":["para_478"]},{"title":"125","paragraphs":["para_480"]},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"126","paragraphs":["para_483"]},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_485","para_486","para_487","para_488","para_489","para_490","para_491","para_492","para_493","para_494","para_495","para_496"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"62023CJ0672","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"16 April 2026 (\n *1\n )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Judicial cooperation in civil and commercial matters – Jurisdiction, recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters – Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 – Special jurisdiction – Article 8(1) – Multiple defendants – Claims so closely connected …","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Joined Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"TWO REQUESTS for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Gerechtshof Amsterdam (Court of Appeal, Amsterdam, Netherlands), made by decisions of 19 September 2023, received at the Court on 13 November 2023, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"Electricity & Water Authority of the Government of Bahrain,","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"GCC Interconnection Authority,","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Prysmian Netherlands BV,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Draka Holding BV,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"Prysmian Cavi e Sistemi Srl,","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"Pirelli & C SpA,","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"Prysmian SpA,","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"The Goldman Sachs Group Inc.,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"ABB BV,","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"ABB Holdings BV,","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"ABB AB,","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"ABB Ltd,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"Nexans Nederland BV,","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"Nexans Cabling Solutions BV,","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"Nexans Participations SA,","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"Nexans SA,","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"Nexans France SAS (C‑672/23),","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"and","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa Europe BV,","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"Smurfit International BV,","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa Italia SpA,","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"DS Smith Italy BV,","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"DS Smith plc,","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"DS Smith Packaging Italia SpA,","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"DS Smith Holding Italia SpA,","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"Toscana Ondulati SpA","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"Unilever Europe BV,","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"Unilever Supply Chain Company AG,","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"Unilever Italy Holdings Srl (C‑673/23),","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"THE COURT (First Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"composed of F. Biltgen (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, T. von Danwitz, Vice-President of the Court, acting as Judge of the First Chamber, I. Ziemele, A. Kumin and S. Gervasoni, Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"Advocate General: J. Kokott,","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Lamote, Administrator,","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 23 January 2025,","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"the Electricity & Water Authority of the Government of Bahrain, GCC Interconnection Authority, the Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water and Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC, by J.W. de Jong, advocaat,","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"Prysmian Netherlands BV, Draka Holding BV, Prysmian Cavi e Sistemi Srl and Prysmian SpA, by R.T. Bolland, J.S. Kortmann, A. van Vugt and R. Wesseling, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"Pirelli & C SpA, by P.N. Malanczuk, E. Mattioli, M.J. Schaufeli and J.P. van der Klein, advocaten, I. Perego and M. Roberti, avvocati,","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"The Goldman Sachs Group Inc., by D.A.M.H. W Strik, advocate,","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"ABB BV, ABB Holdings BV, ABB AB and ABB Ltd, by W. Knibbeler, M.H.J.M. Immerzeel, E. Di Pangrazio, A. Schurink and M. Sinninghe Damsté, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"Nexans Nederland BV, Nexans Cabling Solutions BV, Nexans Participations SA, Nexans SA and Nexans France SAS, by H.M. Cornelissen, A. Knigge and R. van Dijken, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa Europe BV, Smurfit International BV and Smurfit Kappa Italia SpA, by O.W. Brouwer, E. Di Pangrazio, A. Schurink and M. Sinninghe Damsté, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"DS Smith Italy BV, DS Smith plc, DS Smith Packaging Italia SpA, DS Smith Holding Italia SpA and Toscana Ondulati SpA, by M.G. Bredenoord-Spoek, J.K. de Pree and S.J. The, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"Unilever Europe BV, Unilever Supply Chain Company AG and Unilever Italy Holdings Srl, by R.J.G. Lamberti, C.C.A. van Rest and H.J. Vanderveen, advocaten,","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"the European Commission, by S. Noë, W. Wils and C. Zois, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 3 April 2025,","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"1","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"These requests for a preliminary ruling concern the interpretation of Article 8(1) of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters ( OJ 2012 L 351, p. 1 ).","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"The requests have been made in two sets of proceedings between, on the one hand, the Electricity & Water Authority of the Government of Bahrain, the GCC Interconnection Authority, the Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water and Oman Electricity Transmission Company SAOC (together, ‘EWAGB and Others …","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"The legal framework","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"Regulation No 1215/2012","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"Recitals 15, 16 and 21 of Regulation No 1215/2012 state:","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"‘(15)","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"The rules of jurisdiction should be highly predictable and founded on the principle that jurisdiction is generally based on the defendant’s domicile. Jurisdiction should always be available on this ground save in a few well-defined situations in which the subject matter of the dispute or the autonom …","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"(16)","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"In addition to the defendant’s domicile, there should be alternative grounds of jurisdiction based on a close connection between the court and the action or in order to facilitate the sound administration of justice. The existence of a close connection should ensure legal certainty and avoid the pos …","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"(21)","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"In the interests of the harmonious administration of justice it is necessary to minimise the possibility of concurrent proceedings and to ensure that irreconcilable judgments will not be given in different Member States. There should be a clear and effective mechanism for resolving cases of lis pend …","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"Chapter II of that regulation, entitled ‘Jurisdiction’, comprises ten sections. Section 1 of that chapter, entitled ‘General Provisions’, contains Articles 4 to 6 of that regulation.","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"Under Article 4(1) of that regulation:","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"‘Subject to this Regulation, persons domiciled in a Member State shall, whatever their nationality, be sued in the courts of that Member State.’","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"Article 5(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 provides:","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"‘Persons domiciled in a Member State may be sued in the courts of another Member State only by virtue of the rules set out in Sections 2 to 7 of this Chapter.’","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of that regulation, which appears in Section 2 of Chapter II, entitled ‘Special jurisdiction’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"‘A person domiciled in a Member State may also be sued:","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"(1)","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled, provided the claims are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings’.","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"Under Article 63(1) of that regulation:","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"‘For the purposes of this Regulation, a company or other legal person or association of natural or legal persons is domiciled at the place where it has its:","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"statutory seat;","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"central administration; or","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"principal place of business.’","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"Directive 2014/104/EU","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"According to recital 1 of Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union ( OJ 2014 L 349, p. 1 ):","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"‘Articles 101 and 102 [TFEU] are a matter of public policy and should be applied effectively throughout the [European] Union in order to ensure that competition in the internal market is not distorted.’","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"Article 1 of that directive, entitled ‘Subject matter and scope’, provides, in paragraph 2:","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"‘This Directive sets out rules coordinating the enforcement of the competition rules by competition authorities and the enforcement of those rules in damages actions before national courts.’","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"Article 2 of that directive, entitled ‘Definitions’, provides, in points 2, 3 and 6:","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"‘For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply:","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"(2)","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"“infringer” means an undertaking or association of undertakings which has committed an infringement of competition law;","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"(3)","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"“national competition law” means provisions of national law that predominantly pursue the same objective as Articles 101 and 102 TFEU and that are applied to the same case and in parallel to Union competition law pursuant to Article 3(1) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 [of 16 December 2002 on t …","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"(6)","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"“injured party” means a person that has suffered harm caused by an infringement of competition law’.","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"Under Article 3 of that directive, entitled ‘Right to full compensation’:","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"‘1.   Member States shall ensure that any natural or legal person who has suffered harm caused by an infringement of competition law is able to claim and to obtain full compensation for that harm.","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"2.   Full compensation shall place a person who has suffered harm in the position in which that person would have been had the infringement of competition law not been committed. It shall therefore cover the right to compensation for actual loss and for loss of profit, plus the payment of interest.","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"3.   Full compensation under this Directive shall not lead to overcompensation, whether by means of punitive, multiple or other types of damages.’","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"Article 9 of Directive 2014/104, entitled ‘Effect of national decisions’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"‘1.   Member States shall ensure that an infringement of competition law found by a final decision of a national competition authority or by a review court is deemed to be irrefutably established for the purposes of an action for damages brought before their national courts under Article 101 or 102 TFEU or under national competition law.","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"2.   Member States shall ensure that where a final decision referred to in paragraph 1 is taken in another Member State, that final decision may, in accordance with national law, be presented before their national courts as at least prima facie evidence that an infringement of competition law has occurred and, as appropriate, may be assessed along with any other evidence adduced by the parties.","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"3.   This Article is without prejudice to the rights and obligations of national courts under Article 267 TFEU.’","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"Article 11 of that directive, entitled ‘Joint and several liability’, provides, in paragraph 1:","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"‘Member States shall ensure that undertakings which have infringed competition law through joint behaviour are jointly and severally liable for the harm caused by the infringement of competition law; with the effect that each of those undertakings is bound to compensate for the harm in full, and the injured party has the right to require full compensation from any of them until he has been fully compensated.’","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"The disputes in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"Case C‑672/23","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"By Decision C(2014) 2139 final of 2 April 2014 relating to a proceeding under Article 101 TFEU and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement (Case AT.39610; ‘Power Cables’), the European Commission found that there had been a quasi-global cartel on the markets for submarine and underground power cables involving 26 legal persons, namely:","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"Nexans and Nexans France, established in France,","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"Prysmian SpA and Prysmian Cavi e Sistemi, established in Italy, and their former parent companies, Pirelli & C and The Goldman Sachs Group,","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"J-Power Systems Corporation and its joint venture parent companies, Hitachi Metals Ltd and Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd,","paragraph_id":"para_146"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"VISCAS Corporation and its joint venture parent companies, Furukawa Electric Co. Ltd and Fujikura Ltd,","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"ABB AB (formerly), whose rights were succeeded by ABB AB, established in Sweden, and ABB Ltd, as the parent company of ABB AB, established in Switzerland,","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"Brugg Kabel AG and Kabelwerke Brugg AG Holding,","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"Silec Cable SAS, its current parent company, General Cable Corporation, and its former parent company, Safran SA,","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"EXSYM Corporation and the joint venture parent companies, SWCC Showa Holdings Co. Ltd and Mitsubishi Cable Industries Ltd.,","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"LS Cable & System Ltd,","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"Taihan Electric Wire Co. Ltd and,","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"nkt cables GmbH and NKT Holding A/S.","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"It found that, during the period from 18 February 1999 to 29 January 2009, those companies had participated in a network of multilateral and bilateral meetings and contacts with a view to sharing markets and customers for underground and submarine power cable projects in specific territories. It found that those collusive practices constituted a continuing infringement of Article 101 TFEU and Article 53 of the EEA Agreement.","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"The Electricity & Water Authority of the Government of Bahrain, the Kuwait Ministry of Electricity and Water and Oman Electricity Transmission Company are public companies responsible for the development, operation and maintenance of high-voltage networks located in Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman, respect …","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"EWAGB and Others brought an action for a declaratory judgment before the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam, Netherlands), seeking, first, a declaration that Draka and Others are jointly and severally liable to them on account of their participation in the cartel in question and, second, …","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_169"},{"text":"That declaratory action is brought against several defendant companies belonging to the Prysmian Cavi e Sistemi, ABB AB (formerly) and Nexans groups. Some are established in the Netherlands, but outside the jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam), while others are establi …","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"Draka Holding, established in Amsterdam, is the only defendant company with its registered office within the jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) and is therefore the defendant that serves as the anchor for establishing the jurisdiction of the court seised (‘the anchor …","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"21","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"In a declaratory judgment, the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) declared itself competent, on the basis of Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, to hear actions brought against all the defendant companies established in the Netherlands. By contrast, it declared that it did not have …","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"22","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"EWAGB and Others appealed against that judgment to the Gerechtshof Amsterdam (Court of Appeal, Amsterdam, Netherlands), the referring court in the present case.","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"23","paragraph_id":"para_177"},{"text":"That court points out that the defendant companies established in the Netherlands did not challenge the decision of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) recognising its internal territorial jurisdiction to hear the action not only against Draka Holding, established within the territor …","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"24","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"However, the referring court questions whether there is a sufficiently close connection, within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, between, on the one hand, the action brought against Draka Holding or other defendant companies established in the Netherlands and, on the other hand, the actions brought against the defendant companies established outside the Netherlands.","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"25","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the Gerechtshof Amsterdam (Court of Appeal, Amsterdam) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"‘(1)","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"Is there a close connection within the meaning of Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012] between:","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"(i)","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"on the one hand, a claim against a lead defendant (also known as: anchor defendant) that is not an addressee of a Commission cartel decision but, as an entity alleged to belong to the undertaking within the meaning of European competition law …, is held liable downstream for the established infringement of the prohibition on cartels under EU law and,","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"(ii)","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"on the other hand, a claim against:","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"a co-defendant who is an addressee of that decision, and/or","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"a co-defendant who is not an addressee of the decision in respect of which it is alleged that, as a legal entity, it belongs to an [u]ndertaking which has been held publicly liable in the decision for the infringement of the prohibition on cartels under EU law?","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"In that regard, does it matter:","paragraph_id":"para_194"},{"text":"[1.]","paragraph_id":"para_195"},{"text":"whether the anchor defendant being held liable downstream merely held and managed shares during the cartel period;","paragraph_id":"para_196"},{"text":"[2.]","paragraph_id":"para_197"},{"text":"if Question 4[(a)] is answered in the affirmative – whether the anchor defendant being held liable downstream was involved in producing, distributing, selling and/or supplying cartelised products and/or providing cartelised services;","paragraph_id":"para_198"},{"text":"[3.]","paragraph_id":"para_199"},{"text":"whether the co-defendant who is an addressee of the decision has been designated in the order as","paragraph_id":"para_200"},{"text":"(i)","paragraph_id":"para_201"},{"text":"an actual cartel participant – in the sense that it actually participated in the infringing agreement(s) and/or concerted practice(s) found or","paragraph_id":"para_202"},{"text":"(ii)","paragraph_id":"para_203"},{"text":"as a legal entity forming part of the [u]ndertaking which has been held publicly liable for the infringement of the prohibition on cartels under EU law;","paragraph_id":"para_204"},{"text":"[4.]","paragraph_id":"para_205"},{"text":"whether the co-defendant who is not an addressee of the decision actually produced, distributed, sold and/or supplied cartelised products and/or services;","paragraph_id":"para_206"},{"text":"[5.]","paragraph_id":"para_207"},{"text":"whether or not the anchor defendant and the co-defendant belong to the same [u]ndertaking,","paragraph_id":"para_208"},{"text":"[6.]","paragraph_id":"para_209"},{"text":"the [claimants] have directly or indirectly purchased or received products and/or services from the anchor defendant and/or the co-defendant?","paragraph_id":"para_210"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_211"},{"text":"Is it relevant to the answer to Question 1[(a)] whether or not it is foreseeable that the relevant co-defendant will be sued in the court of that anchor defendant? If so, is that foreseeability a separate criterion when applying Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012]? Is that foreseeability given …","paragraph_id":"para_212"},{"text":"(2)","paragraph_id":"para_213"},{"text":"In determining jurisdiction, should consideration be given also to the admissibility of the claim against the anchor defendant? If so, is it sufficient for that assessment that it cannot be excluded in advance that the claim will be upheld?","paragraph_id":"para_214"},{"text":"(3)","paragraph_id":"para_215"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_216"},{"text":"Does the right under EU law of any person to damages following an established breach of the prohibition on cartels under EU law include the right to claim damages suffered outside the EEA?","paragraph_id":"para_217"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_218"},{"text":"Must – or can – the presumption accepted in competition law of decisive influence by the (fined) parent companies over the economic activity of the subsidiaries … be applied in (civil) cartel damages cases?","paragraph_id":"para_219"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_220"},{"text":"Does an intermediate holding company which merely manages and holds shares meet the second Sumal criterion (engagement in an economic activity which has a specific link to the subject matter of the infringement for which the parent company has been held responsible)?","paragraph_id":"para_221"},{"text":"(4)","paragraph_id":"para_222"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_223"},{"text":"When applying Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012] can different defendants domiciled in the same Member State be anchor defendants (together)?","paragraph_id":"para_224"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_225"},{"text":"Does Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012] directly and immediately designate the relative competent court, overruling national law?","paragraph_id":"para_226"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_227"},{"text":"If Question 4[(a)] is answered in the negative – such that only one defendant can be an anchor defendant – and Question 4[(b)] is answered in the affirmative – such that Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012], overruling national law, directly designates the relative competent court: [w]hen applying [that provision], is there scope for internal reference to the court of the defendant’s domicile in the same Member State?’","paragraph_id":"para_228"},{"text":"Case C‑673/23","paragraph_id":"para_229"},{"text":"26","paragraph_id":"para_230"},{"text":"On 17 July 2019, the Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (Italian Competition and Market Authority) (‘the AGCM’) adopted a decision in which it found that several companies, including Smurfit Kappa Italia and Toscana Ondulati, had committed two separate infringements of Article 101 TFEU and Articles 15 and 31 of the Italian Competition Law.","paragraph_id":"para_231"},{"text":"27","paragraph_id":"para_232"},{"text":"By that decision, the AGCM found, first, that between 2 February 2004 and 30 March 2017, those undertakings had participated in a cartel on the Italian corrugated cardboard market with a view to influencing the sale prices of that product and encouraging other undertakings to participate in that car …","paragraph_id":"para_233"},{"text":"28","paragraph_id":"para_234"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa Italia, established in Milan (Italy), DS Smith Holding Italia, established in Vimercate (Italy), and Toscana Ondulati, established in Capannori (Italy), were the addressees of that decision, which found that Smurfit Kappa Italia and Toscana Ondulati had participated in the cartel. DS S …","paragraph_id":"para_235"},{"text":"29","paragraph_id":"para_236"},{"text":"Unilever and Others, which are part of the Unilever group, purchased raw materials, packaging materials and corrugated cardboard packaging for Unilever’s European production facilities from companies that were party to the agreements during the periods of infringement. Unilever and Others consider t …","paragraph_id":"para_237"},{"text":"30","paragraph_id":"para_238"},{"text":"They then brought an action for a declaratory judgment before the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam), seeking a ruling that Smurfit Kappa and Others were jointly and severally liable to them on account of their participation in the cartel in question. They also sought an order that thos …","paragraph_id":"para_239"},{"text":"31","paragraph_id":"para_240"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa International is the only defendant company with its registered office within the jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) and is regarded as the anchor defendant. That company was not an addressee of the AGCM’s decision of 17 July 2019. It is an intermediate …","paragraph_id":"para_241"},{"text":"32","paragraph_id":"para_242"},{"text":"By a declaratory judgment, the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) declared that it had territorial jurisdiction, both domestically and internationally, to hear cases brought against companies established in the Netherlands, but also against those established outside the Netherlands.","paragraph_id":"para_243"},{"text":"33","paragraph_id":"para_244"},{"text":"First, it considered that it had jurisdiction to hear the action brought against Smurfit International, the only defendant company before it established in Amsterdam (Netherlands) and therefore within its territorial jurisdiction, but also to hear the actions brought against all the companies establ …","paragraph_id":"para_245"},{"text":"34","paragraph_id":"para_246"},{"text":"Smurfit Kappa and Others appealed against that judgment to the Gerechtshof Amsterdam (Court of Appeal, Amsterdam), the referring court in the present case.","paragraph_id":"para_247"},{"text":"35","paragraph_id":"para_248"},{"text":"That court points out that the companies established in the Netherlands did not challenge the jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) at first instance and that, in accordance with national procedural rules, decisions on internal territorial jurisdiction are not subject t …","paragraph_id":"para_249"},{"text":"36","paragraph_id":"para_250"},{"text":"By contrast, that court has doubts as to the international jurisdiction of that court in relation to actions brought against companies established outside the Netherlands. It questions, in essence, whether there is a sufficiently close connection, within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No …","paragraph_id":"para_251"},{"text":"37","paragraph_id":"para_252"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the Gerechtshof Amsterdam (Court of Appeal, Amsterdam) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_253"},{"text":"‘(1)","paragraph_id":"para_254"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_255"},{"text":"Is there a close connection within the meaning of Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012] between:","paragraph_id":"para_256"},{"text":"(i)","paragraph_id":"para_257"},{"text":"on the one hand, a claim against a lead defendant (also known as: anchor defendant) that is not an addressee of a cartel decision of a national competition authority but, as an entity alleged to belong to the undertaking within the meaning of European competition law …, is held liable upstream for the established infringement of the Union law cartel prohibition and,","paragraph_id":"para_258"},{"text":"(ii)","paragraph_id":"para_259"},{"text":"on the other hand, a claim against:","paragraph_id":"para_260"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_261"},{"text":"a co-defendant who is an addressee of that decision, and/or","paragraph_id":"para_262"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_263"},{"text":"a co-defendant who is not an addressee of the decision in respect of which it is alleged that, as a legal entity, it belongs to an [u]ndertaking which has been held publicly liable in the decision for the infringement of the prohibition on cartels under EU law?","paragraph_id":"para_264"},{"text":"In that regard, does it matter:","paragraph_id":"para_265"},{"text":"[1.]","paragraph_id":"para_266"},{"text":"whether the anchor defendant being held liable upstream merely held and managed shares during the cartel period;","paragraph_id":"para_267"},{"text":"[2.]","paragraph_id":"para_268"},{"text":"if Question 4[(a)] is answered in the affirmative – whether the anchor defendant being held liable upstream was involved in producing, distributing, selling and/or supplying cartelised products and/or providing cartelised services;","paragraph_id":"para_269"},{"text":"[3.]","paragraph_id":"para_270"},{"text":"whether or not the anchor defendant resides in the Member State where the national competition authority has found (only) an infringement of the prohibition on cartels under EU law on the national market;","paragraph_id":"para_271"},{"text":"[4.]","paragraph_id":"para_272"},{"text":"whether the co-defendant who is an addressee of the decision has been designated in the order as[:]","paragraph_id":"para_273"},{"text":"(i)","paragraph_id":"para_274"},{"text":"an actual cartel participant – in the sense that it actually participated in the infringing agreement(s) and/or concerted practice(s) found or","paragraph_id":"para_275"},{"text":"(ii)","paragraph_id":"para_276"},{"text":"as a legal entity forming part of the [u]ndertaking which has been held publicly liable for the infringement of the Union law prohibition on cartels;","paragraph_id":"para_277"},{"text":"[5.]","paragraph_id":"para_278"},{"text":"whether the co-defendant who is not an addressee of the decision actually produced, distributed, sold and/or supplied cartelised products and/or services;","paragraph_id":"para_279"},{"text":"[6.]","paragraph_id":"para_280"},{"text":"whether or not the anchor defendant and the co-defendant belong to the same [u]ndertaking,","paragraph_id":"para_281"},{"text":"[7.]","paragraph_id":"para_282"},{"text":"the [claimants] have directly or indirectly purchased products and/or … received services from the anchor defendant and/or the co-defendant?","paragraph_id":"para_283"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_284"},{"text":"Is it relevant to the answer to Question 1[(a)] whether or not it is foreseeable that the relevant co-defendant will be sued in the court of that anchor defendant? If so, is that foreseeability a separate criterion when applying Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012]? Is that foreseeability given …","paragraph_id":"para_285"},{"text":"(2)","paragraph_id":"para_286"},{"text":"In determining jurisdiction, should consideration be given also to the assignability of the claim against the anchor defendant? If so, is it sufficient for that assessment that it cannot be excluded in advance that the claim will be upheld?","paragraph_id":"para_287"},{"text":"(3)","paragraph_id":"para_288"},{"text":"Must – or can – the presumption accepted in competition law of decisive influence by the (fined) parent companies over the economic activity of the subsidiaries … be applied in (civil) cartel damages cases?","paragraph_id":"para_289"},{"text":"(4)","paragraph_id":"para_290"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_291"},{"text":"When applying Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012], can different defendants domiciled in the same Member State be anchor defendants (together)?","paragraph_id":"para_292"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_293"},{"text":"Does Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012] directly and immediately designate the relative competent court, overruling national law?","paragraph_id":"para_294"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_295"},{"text":"If Question 4[(a)] is answered in the negative – such that only one defendant can be an anchor defendant – and Question 4[(b)] is answered in the affirmative – such that Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012], overruling national law, directly designates the relative competent court: [w]hen applying Article 8(1) of [Regulation No 1215/2012], is there scope for internal reference to the court of the defendant’s domicile in the same Member State?’","paragraph_id":"para_296"},{"text":"The procedure before the Court","paragraph_id":"para_297"},{"text":"38","paragraph_id":"para_298"},{"text":"By order of the President of the Court of 18 January 2024, Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23 were joined for the purposes of the oral proceedings and the decision closing the proceedings, in accordance with Article 54 of the Rules of Procedure of the Court.","paragraph_id":"para_299"},{"text":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraph_id":"para_300"},{"text":"Point (a) of the first questions","paragraph_id":"para_301"},{"text":"39","paragraph_id":"para_302"},{"text":"As a preliminary point, it should be noted that, according to settled case-law, under the procedure laid down by Article 267 TFEU, providing for cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice, it is for the latter to provide the national court with an answer which will be of use to it …","paragraph_id":"para_303"},{"text":"40","paragraph_id":"para_304"},{"text":"In the present case, it is apparent from the orders for reference that, in point (a) of its first questions, which are worded in essentially similar terms in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, the referring court asks whether certain circumstances specific to those cases are such as to establish the exist …","paragraph_id":"para_305"},{"text":"41","paragraph_id":"para_306"},{"text":"The referring court questions, in particular, the relevance, for the purposes of assessing the existence of such a relationship, of circumstances such as, first, the mere holding and management of shares by the anchor defendant; secondly, its possible involvement in the production, distribution, sal …","paragraph_id":"para_307"},{"text":"42","paragraph_id":"para_308"},{"text":"In those circumstances, it must be considered that, by point (a) of its first questions, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that there may be a close connection, within the meaning of that provision, between, on the on …","paragraph_id":"para_309"},{"text":"43","paragraph_id":"para_310"},{"text":"First of all, it should be noted that, since Regulation No 1215/2012 repealed and replaced Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters ( OJ 2001 L 12, p. 1 ), which itself replaced the Brussel …","paragraph_id":"para_311"},{"text":"44","paragraph_id":"para_312"},{"text":"That is the case, first, with regard to Article 6(1) of Regulation No 44/2001 and, secondly, with regard to Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, which are worded in essentially similar terms, so that those provisions may be regarded as ‘equivalent’, within the meaning of the case-law referred to …","paragraph_id":"para_313"},{"text":"45","paragraph_id":"para_314"},{"text":"Under Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, persons domiciled in the territory of a Member State are to be sued in the courts of that Member State. Article 63(1) of that regulation provides that, for the purposes of that regulation, companies and legal persons are domiciled at the place where the …","paragraph_id":"para_315"},{"text":"46","paragraph_id":"para_316"},{"text":"In that regard, Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 provides that a person domiciled in the territory of a Member State may, if there are several defendants, be sued in the courts of the place where one of them is domiciled, provided that the claims are ‘so closely connected’ such that it is expedient to hear and determine them together to avoid the risk of irreconcilable judgments resulting from separate proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_317"},{"text":"47","paragraph_id":"para_318"},{"text":"It is settled case-law that the provisions of that regulation must be interpreted independently, by reference to its scheme and purpose (see, to that effect, judgment of 8 June 2023, BNP Paribas, C‑567/21 , EU:C:2023:452 , paragraph  43 ).","paragraph_id":"para_319"},{"text":"48","paragraph_id":"para_320"},{"text":"The rule on special jurisdiction set out in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 is intended, as is apparent from recitals 16 and 21 of that regulation, to promote the proper administration of justice, to minimise the risk of parallel proceedings and to prevent the adoption of irreconcilable deci …","paragraph_id":"para_321"},{"text":"49","paragraph_id":"para_322"},{"text":"That rule of special jurisdiction, because it derogates from the principle set out in Article 4(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 that jurisdiction be based on the defendant’s domicile, must be given a strict interpretation that does not go beyond the cases expressly envisaged by that regulation (judgment of 7 September 2023, Beverage City Polska, C‑832/21 , EU:C:2023:635 , paragraph  35 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_323"},{"text":"50","paragraph_id":"para_324"},{"text":"In the context of the application of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, it must be ascertained whether there is, between the various claims brought by the same claimant against different defendants, such a connection that there is an interest in examining them together in order to avoid decisi …","paragraph_id":"para_325"},{"text":"51","paragraph_id":"para_326"},{"text":"In that regard, for decisions to be regarded as irreconcilable, it is not sufficient that they lead to divergent outcomes, that divergence must also arise within the context of the same factual and legal situation (judgment of 21 May 2015, CDC Hydrogen Peroxide, C‑352/13 , EU:C:2015:335 , paragraph  20 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_327"},{"text":"52","paragraph_id":"para_328"},{"text":"However, the Court has held that the rule laid down in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 cannot be interpreted as allowing an applicant to make a claim against a number of defendants for the sole purpose of removing one of them from the jurisdiction of the courts of the State in which that def …","paragraph_id":"para_329"},{"text":"53","paragraph_id":"para_330"},{"text":"It is therefore for the referring court to assess whether the same legal and factual situation exists, taking into account all the relevant facts of the case before it, in relation to the claims brought against the various defendants in the main proceedings at first instance, and to ensure that the …","paragraph_id":"para_331"},{"text":"54","paragraph_id":"para_332"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be noted, in the first place, that the condition relating to the existence of the same factual and legal situation is satisfied, in particular, where several undertakings that have participated in a single and continuous infringement of the competition rules of EU law, as e …","paragraph_id":"para_333"},{"text":"55","paragraph_id":"para_334"},{"text":"The Court has also held that the fact that the joint and several liability of the parent company and its subsidiary for the infringement of the competition rules of EU law has not been established in a final decision of the Commission does not preclude the application of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 to such claims (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 February 2025, Athenian Brewery and Heineken, C‑393/23 , EU:C:2025:85 , paragraph  30 ).","paragraph_id":"para_335"},{"text":"56","paragraph_id":"para_336"},{"text":"The Court has held that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 applies in the case of claims brought against both a parent company and its subsidiary, with which the former forms an economic unit, and based on the latter’s participation in an infringement of the competition rules of EU law, as esta …","paragraph_id":"para_337"},{"text":"57","paragraph_id":"para_338"},{"text":"In the second place, it is important to note that it is also settled case-law that, where it is established that a parent company and its subsidiary form part of the same economic unit and, consequently, constitute a single undertaking within the meaning of the competition rules of EU law, it is the …","paragraph_id":"para_339"},{"text":"58","paragraph_id":"para_340"},{"text":"In the third place, according to the Court’s case-law, legally separate entities organised as a group constitute a single undertaking where they do not determine their conduct on the relevant market independently, but, having regard in particular to the economic, organisational and legal links bindi …","paragraph_id":"para_341"},{"text":"59","paragraph_id":"para_342"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be noted that, in the specific case where a parent company directly or indirectly holds all or almost all of the capital in a subsidiary that has committed an infringement of the competition rules, there is a rebuttable presumption that that parent company does in fact exer …","paragraph_id":"para_343"},{"text":"60","paragraph_id":"para_344"},{"text":"It is not the holding of all or virtually all of the subsidiary’s share capital that gives rise to the presumption of the effective exercise of a decisive influence, but rather the degree of control that the parent company exercises over its subsidiary as a result of that holding (judgment of 27 January 2021, The Goldman Sachs Group v Commission, C‑595/18 P , EU:C:2021:73 , paragraph  35 ).","paragraph_id":"para_345"},{"text":"61","paragraph_id":"para_346"},{"text":"That said, although the fact that one company holds almost all the capital of another is highly indicative that such control is held, that does not make it possible to rule out with certainty the possibility that another person or other persons may hold, alone or together, decision-making power, sin …","paragraph_id":"para_347"},{"text":"62","paragraph_id":"para_348"},{"text":"In order to form a single undertaking with its subsidiary, a parent company must exercise control over the subsidiary’s conduct; this can be demonstrated by establishing either that the parent company has the capacity to exercise a decisive influence over the subsidiary’s conduct and has, moreover, …","paragraph_id":"para_349"},{"text":"63","paragraph_id":"para_350"},{"text":"The Court has also held that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as not precluding, in the case of claims seeking a joint and several order against a parent company and its subsidiary to compensate for damage suffered as a result of the subsidiary’s infringement of competitio …","paragraph_id":"para_351"},{"text":"64","paragraph_id":"para_352"},{"text":"In the fourth place, it is clear from the Court’s case-law that, as regards the liability of a subsidiary for an infringement of Article 101(1) TFEU established against a parent company, the victim of that infringement is free to seek to hold a subsidiary of that parent company liable in civil law r …","paragraph_id":"para_353"},{"text":"65","paragraph_id":"para_354"},{"text":"It should be added that the concept of ‘undertaking’ within the meaning of Article 101 TFEU is a functional concept, and the economic unit constituting it must be identified in the light of the subject matter of the infringing conduct in question. Subsequent restructuring, disposals or other legal o …","paragraph_id":"para_355"},{"text":"66","paragraph_id":"para_356"},{"text":"Consequently, a single parent company may form part of several economic units comprising, depending on the economic activity in question, the parent company itself and various combinations of its subsidiaries, all of which belong to the same group of companies. If that were not the case, a subsidiar …","paragraph_id":"para_357"},{"text":"67","paragraph_id":"para_358"},{"text":"In that regard, although the Court has held that the entities liable to make good the damage caused by a cartel or a practice prohibited by Article 101 TFEU are the undertakings which, within the meaning of that provision, have participated in that cartel or practice, the right of a victim of an ant …","paragraph_id":"para_359"},{"text":"68","paragraph_id":"para_360"},{"text":"Thus, in order to establish the existence of an economic unity between a parent company and one of its subsidiaries, it is incumbent upon the applicant, in accordance with the case-law cited in paragraph 64 of the present judgment, to demonstrate not only the existence of economic, organisational an …","paragraph_id":"para_361"},{"text":"69","paragraph_id":"para_362"},{"text":"As the Advocate General noted in point 74 of her Opinion, that is particularly the case where the anti-competitive agreement concluded by the parent company or the ‘grandparent’ company relates to the same products as those marketed by the subsidiary or sub-subsidiary, or where that subsidiary or sub-subsidiary is responsible for the production, sale, delivery or distribution of those products, as well as the provision of the services covered by the cartel.","paragraph_id":"para_363"},{"text":"70","paragraph_id":"para_364"},{"text":"Where the infringing conduct has not been established in a decision adopted by the Commission or by a national competition authority pursuant to Article 101 TFEU, the subsidiary of a parent company against which an infringement is alleged is entitled to challenge both its inclusion within the same u …","paragraph_id":"para_365"},{"text":"71","paragraph_id":"para_366"},{"text":"The fact that the anchor defendant is domiciled, or not, in the Member State in which the national competition authority has found an infringement of the prohibition of cartels under EU law on the national market is, in itself, irrelevant to the question of whether the action brought against that defendant and those brought against the other defendants are ‘so closely connected’, within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012.","paragraph_id":"para_367"},{"text":"72","paragraph_id":"para_368"},{"text":"Furthermore, as the Advocate General noted in point 75 of her Opinion, the other circumstances referred to by the referring court, in particular the designation of the companies concerned in decisions of the Commission or of a national competition authority as ‘participants in the cartel’, do not relate to the criterion of the existence of a close link between the claims as such, but are relevant only as evidence of the existence of such a link.","paragraph_id":"para_369"},{"text":"73","paragraph_id":"para_370"},{"text":"In view of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to point (a) of the first questions is that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, on the one hand, an action brought against an anchor defendant who has not been identified as liable for an infringement of …","paragraph_id":"para_371"},{"text":"Point (b) of the first questions","paragraph_id":"para_372"},{"text":"74","paragraph_id":"para_373"},{"text":"By point (b) of its first questions, which are worded identically in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to assess whether the claims brought against several defendants are ‘s …","paragraph_id":"para_374"},{"text":"75","paragraph_id":"para_375"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be noted that the wording of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 does not make the predictability, for the co-defendant, of being sued in the court of the anchor defendant’s domicile an independent criterion of jurisdiction. That provision merely makes its application subject to the fact that the claims that there is an interest in hearing and determining them together are ‘so closely connected’.","paragraph_id":"para_376"},{"text":"76","paragraph_id":"para_377"},{"text":"However, it is apparent from recitals 15 and 16 of Regulation No 1215/2012 that the predictability of the jurisdiction of the courts is one of the objectives of the rules on jurisdiction, in that it must enable both the applicant to easily identify the court before which he or she may bring proceedings and the defendant to reasonably predict the court before which he or she may be sued.","paragraph_id":"para_378"},{"text":"77","paragraph_id":"para_379"},{"text":"The predictability sought in this way serves the objective of legal certainty, which consists in strengthening the legal protection of persons established in the European Union (see, to that effect, judgment of 29 July 2024, FTI Touristik (International element), C‑774/22 , EU:C:2024:646 , paragraph  33 ).","paragraph_id":"para_380"},{"text":"78","paragraph_id":"para_381"},{"text":"It is also clear from the Court’s case-law that the requirement of foreseeability does not constitute an independent criterion to be added to the conditions laid down in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012. That requirement is satisfied where it was foreseeable for the defendants that they might …","paragraph_id":"para_382"},{"text":"79","paragraph_id":"para_383"},{"text":"The principle of legal certainty requires, in particular, that the special rules on jurisdiction be interpreted in such a way as to enable a normally well-informed defendant reasonably to foresee before which courts, other than those of the State in which he or she is domiciled, he or she may be sued (judgment of 13 July 2006, Reisch Montage, C‑103/05 , EU:C:2006:471 , paragraph  25 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_384"},{"text":"80","paragraph_id":"para_385"},{"text":"As the Advocate General stated in essence in points 81 to 84 of her Opinion, predictability is a general principle governing the rules of jurisdiction, which is given concrete expression by the criteria to be taken into account in assessing the existence of a close connection within the meaning of A …","paragraph_id":"para_386"},{"text":"81","paragraph_id":"para_387"},{"text":"In view of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to point (b) of the first questions is that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to assess whether the claims brought against several defendants are ‘so closely connected’ within the meaning of t …","paragraph_id":"para_388"},{"text":"The second questions in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, points (a) to (c) of the third question in Case C‑672/23 and the third question in Case C‑673/23","paragraph_id":"para_389"},{"text":"82","paragraph_id":"para_390"},{"text":"By its second questions in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, as well as points (a) to (c) of its third question in Case C‑672/23 and its third question in Case C‑673/23, the referring court asks the Court, in essence, to what extent it is appropriate, for the purposes of applying Article 8(1) of Regulati …","paragraph_id":"para_391"},{"text":"83","paragraph_id":"para_392"},{"text":"Since the referring court has referred a question concerning international jurisdiction within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, the questions referred to in the previous paragraph of the present judgment are relevant to the resolution of those disputes only in so far as they c …","paragraph_id":"para_393"},{"text":"84","paragraph_id":"para_394"},{"text":"In those circumstances, it must be held that, by the second questions in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23 and points (a) to (c) of the third question in Case C‑672/23 and the third question in Case C‑673/23, which should be examined together, the referring court is essentially asking whether Article 8(1) …","paragraph_id":"para_395"},{"text":"85","paragraph_id":"para_396"},{"text":"In the first place, it should be noted that, when determining its international jurisdiction, the court before which the action is brought does not examine either the admissibility or the merits of the claim, but merely identifies the connecting factors with the State of the forum which are capable …","paragraph_id":"para_397"},{"text":"86","paragraph_id":"para_398"},{"text":"The objective of legal certainty requires that the court before which the case is brought be able to rule on its own jurisdiction without being compelled to examine the merits of the case (see, to that effect, judgments of 28 January 2015, Kolassa, C‑375/13 , EU:C:2015:37 , paragraph  61 , and of 29 July 2024, FTI Touristik (International element), C‑774/22 , EU:C:2024:646 , paragraph  33 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_399"},{"text":"87","paragraph_id":"para_400"},{"text":"In the second place, it should be noted that the Court nevertheless held that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 cannot be interpreted as allowing an applicant to sue several defendants for the sole purpose of removing one of them from the jurisdiction of the Member State of his or her domicile …","paragraph_id":"para_401"},{"text":"88","paragraph_id":"para_402"},{"text":"In that regard, the Court has held that that scenario of an abuse of the rules of jurisdiction is ruled out where, at the time the proceedings were brought, a close connection between the claims brought against each of the defendants, in that there is an interest in hearing and determining them toge …","paragraph_id":"para_403"},{"text":"89","paragraph_id":"para_404"},{"text":"It follows that, where related claims, within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, are brought before the same court, that court may find that there has been a circumvention or abuse of that rule of jurisdiction only if there is convincing evidence enabling it to conclude that the …","paragraph_id":"para_405"},{"text":"90","paragraph_id":"para_406"},{"text":"To that end, it is not sufficient that the action brought against the anchor defendant appears to be unfounded. At the time it is brought, such an action must be manifestly unfounded or artificial, or devoid of any real interest to the claimant (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 July 2006, Reisch Montage, C‑103/05 , EU:C:2006:471 , paragraphs  31 and  32 ).","paragraph_id":"para_407"},{"text":"91","paragraph_id":"para_408"},{"text":"As the Advocate General noted, in essence, in point 39 of her Opinion, the manifestly unfounded nature of the action brought against the anchor defendant may constitute an indication that the applicant has artificially created the conditions for the application of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012.","paragraph_id":"para_409"},{"text":"92","paragraph_id":"para_410"},{"text":"In the third place, as regards the question of whether the likelihood of success of the claim against the anchor defendant may be taken into account, as an indicator, in assessing whether the claimant intended to circumvent the rule on jurisdiction laid down in Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/201 …","paragraph_id":"para_411"},{"text":"93","paragraph_id":"para_412"},{"text":"Once a cartel has been implemented within the internal market, the European Union’s competence to apply its competition rules to such conduct is covered by the principle of territoriality, which is generally recognised in international law (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 September 1988, Ahlström Osakeyhtiö and Others v Commission, 89/85, 104/85, 114/85, 116/85, 117/85 and 125/85 to 129/85 , EU:C:1988:447 , paragraphs  17 and  18 ).","paragraph_id":"para_413"},{"text":"94","paragraph_id":"para_414"},{"text":"In that regard, the effective application of EU competition law throughout the internal market is, as stated in recital 1 of Directive 2014/104, necessary to prevent competition from being distorted within that market. Actions for damages before national courts can make a significant contribution to the maintenance of effective competition in the European Union (judgment of 14 June 2011, Pfleiderer, C‑360/09 , EU:C:2011:389 , paragraph  29 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_415"},{"text":"95","paragraph_id":"para_416"},{"text":"It is irrelevant that the damage for which compensation is sought occurred outside the territory of the European Union, provided that it has a causal link with the anti-competitive conduct in question.","paragraph_id":"para_417"},{"text":"96","paragraph_id":"para_418"},{"text":"Consequently, the fact that the damage relied on in support of an action for compensation for damage caused by a cartel, brought before a court of a Member State, occurred outside the EEA does not, in itself, allow that action to be regarded as manifestly unfounded at the stage of verifying the international jurisdiction of the court seised.","paragraph_id":"para_419"},{"text":"97","paragraph_id":"para_420"},{"text":"Secondly, it should be noted that, as regards the application of the presumption that a parent company exercises a decisive influence over the economic activity of its subsidiary, it is clear from the Court’s case-law that the concept of ‘undertaking’, within the meaning of the EU competition rules, …","paragraph_id":"para_421"},{"text":"98","paragraph_id":"para_422"},{"text":"The enforcement of EU competition rules by public authorities (‘public enforcement’), on the one hand, and actions for damages for breach of those rules (‘private enforcement’), on the other, form part of a single system for the enforcement of those rules, which is designed to penalise anti-competitive conduct by undertakings and to deter them from engaging in such conduct (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 October 2021, Sumal, C‑882/19 , EU:C:2021:800 , paragraph  37 ).","paragraph_id":"para_423"},{"text":"99","paragraph_id":"para_424"},{"text":"It is also clear from settled case-law that the presumption of decisive influence and liability on the part of the parent company, developed in the context of challenges to Commission decisions adopted on the basis of Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003, may also apply in the case of an action bro …","paragraph_id":"para_425"},{"text":"100","paragraph_id":"para_426"},{"text":"It follows that the rebuttable presumption that a parent company which directly or indirectly holds all or virtually all of the capital of its subsidiary exercises a decisive influence over that subsidiary may be applied in actions for damages for infringement of EU competition rules. For the sole p …","paragraph_id":"para_427"},{"text":"101","paragraph_id":"para_428"},{"text":"Thirdly, it should be noted, with regard to the existence of a genuine connection between the economic activity of an intermediate holding company, which merely manages and holds shareholdings, and the purpose of the offence committed by a ‘grandparent’ company, that, as the Advocate General points out in point 62 of her Opinion, such a holding company, taken in isolation, merely holds and manages shares and does not, as such, intervene in the market.","paragraph_id":"para_429"},{"text":"102","paragraph_id":"para_430"},{"text":"However, the mere fact that the person to whom the subsidiary’s conduct is attributed takes the form of a holding company does not preclude such attribution (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 July 2013, Commission v Stichting Administratiekantoor Portielje, C‑440/11 P , EU:C:2013:514 , paragraph  43 , and of 18 July 2013, Schindler Holding and Others v Commission, C‑501/11 P , EU:C:2013:522 , paragraphs  101 to  116 ).","paragraph_id":"para_431"},{"text":"103","paragraph_id":"para_432"},{"text":"As is apparent from paragraphs 57 to 63 of the present judgment, the economic activity of a subsidiary may be attributed to an intermediate holding company where, despite its own legal personality, that subsidiary does not determine its conduct on the market independently, but essentially follows th …","paragraph_id":"para_433"},{"text":"104","paragraph_id":"para_434"},{"text":"In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the second questions in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, to points (a) to (c) of the third question in Case C‑672/23 and to the third question in Case C‑673/23 is that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to as …","paragraph_id":"para_435"},{"text":"Point (b) of the fourth questions","paragraph_id":"para_436"},{"text":"105","paragraph_id":"para_437"},{"text":"By point (b) of its fourth questions, which are worded identically in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as determining both the international jurisdiction and the territorial jurisdiction of the court of a Member State in whose jurisdiction the anchor defendant is domiciled.","paragraph_id":"para_438"},{"text":"106","paragraph_id":"para_439"},{"text":"Under Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, ‘a person domiciled in a Member State may also be sued[,] where he is one of a number of defendants, in the courts for the place where any one of them is domiciled, provided the claims are so closely connected that it is expedient to hear and determine …","paragraph_id":"para_440"},{"text":"107","paragraph_id":"para_441"},{"text":"The Court held that the reference to the ‘courts for the place’ where a party is domiciled must be understood, first, as designating the Member State whose courts have jurisdiction and, second, as conferring directly and immediately both international and territorial jurisdiction on the court of the …","paragraph_id":"para_442"},{"text":"108","paragraph_id":"para_443"},{"text":"By contrast, where Regulation No 1215/2012 refers to the ‘courts of a Member State’, in particular in Article 4(1), Article 7(6) or Article 11(1)(a) of Regulation No 1215/2012, that expression concerns only the international jurisdiction of the courts of that Member State (see, to that effect, judgm …","paragraph_id":"para_444"},{"text":"109","paragraph_id":"para_445"},{"text":"With regard to the question of which court within the Member State thus identified has jurisdiction, it is clear from the wording of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012, as interpreted by the Court, that that provision directly and immediately confers both international jurisdiction and territorial jurisdiction on the court of the place where one of the defendants is domiciled.","paragraph_id":"para_446"},{"text":"110","paragraph_id":"para_447"},{"text":"As the Advocate General noted in point 92 of her Opinion, that interpretation is supported by the report on the Convention of 27 September 1968, drawn up by Mr P. Jenard ( OJ 1979 C 59, p. 44 ), from which it is apparent, with regard to Article 6(1) of that convention, which corresponds to Article 8 …","paragraph_id":"para_448"},{"text":"111","paragraph_id":"para_449"},{"text":"Such an interpretation also meets the requirements of the proper administration of justice in that it allows for the efficient procedural management of the dispute, the handling and assessment of evidence by a single court, and the prevention of the risk of conflicting decisions (see, to that effect, judgment of 2 December 2025, Stichting Right to Consumer Justice and Stichting App Stores Claims, C‑34/24 , EU:C:2025:936 , paragraph  73 ).","paragraph_id":"para_450"},{"text":"112","paragraph_id":"para_451"},{"text":"It should be noted that, given the specific nature of cases falling within the scope of competition law and, in particular, the fact that bringing actions for damages for an infringement of that law generally requires a complex factual and economic analysis, the consolidation of individual claims is …","paragraph_id":"para_452"},{"text":"113","paragraph_id":"para_453"},{"text":"In view of the foregoing, the answer to point (b) of the fourth questions is that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as determining both the international jurisdiction and the territorial jurisdiction of the court of a Member State in whose jurisdiction the anchor defendant is domiciled.","paragraph_id":"para_454"},{"text":"Point (c) of the fourth questions","paragraph_id":"para_455"},{"text":"114","paragraph_id":"para_456"},{"text":"By point (c) of its fourth questions, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as precluding a court of a Member State, initially seised on the basis of that provision, but which considers itself to lack territorial jurisdiction to hea …","paragraph_id":"para_457"},{"text":"115","paragraph_id":"para_458"},{"text":"The referring court states in that regard that it is unlikely that Draka Holding and Smurfit Kappa International are the anchor defendants in the cases pending before it. In its view, that status applies to other defendants established in the Netherlands but located outside the jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam).","paragraph_id":"para_459"},{"text":"116","paragraph_id":"para_460"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be noted that Regulation No 1215/2012 aims, in the field of cooperation in civil and commercial matters, to strengthen the simplified and effective system for rules of conflict, recognition and enforcement of judgments, in order to facilitate judicial cooperation with a vie …","paragraph_id":"para_461"},{"text":"117","paragraph_id":"para_462"},{"text":"There is nothing in that regulation to prevent a court of a Member State from declining jurisdiction in favour of another court of the same Member State.","paragraph_id":"para_463"},{"text":"118","paragraph_id":"para_464"},{"text":"The purpose of that regulation is not to harmonise the internal procedural rules of the Member States, but to allocate jurisdiction for the resolution of civil and commercial disputes in relations between Member States (see, to that effect, judgment of 6 October 2021, TOTO and Vianini Lavori, C‑581/20 , EU:C:2021:808 , paragraph  68 ).","paragraph_id":"para_465"},{"text":"119","paragraph_id":"para_466"},{"text":"It is also settled case-law that, as regards procedural rules, reference must be made to the national procedural rules applicable before the court seised, provided that their application does not undermine the effectiveness of Regulation No 1215/2012 (see, to that effect, judgment of 7 March 1995, Shevill and Others, C‑68/93 , EU:C:1995:61 , paragraph  36 ).","paragraph_id":"para_467"},{"text":"120","paragraph_id":"para_468"},{"text":"It follows, as the Advocate General noted in point 97 of her Opinion, that a court which considers that it lacks jurisdiction under national rules on internal territorial jurisdiction may, under those rules, decline jurisdiction in favour of the court which it considers to have jurisdiction, provide …","paragraph_id":"para_469"},{"text":"121","paragraph_id":"para_470"},{"text":"In view of the foregoing, the answer to point (c) of the fourth questions is that Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as not precluding a court of a Member State, initially seised on the basis of that provision, but which considers that it does not have territorial jurisdicti …","paragraph_id":"para_471"},{"text":"Point (a) of the fourth questions","paragraph_id":"para_472"},{"text":"122","paragraph_id":"para_473"},{"text":"By point (a) of its fourth questions, which are worded identically in Cases C‑672/23 and C‑673/23, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that several defendants established in the same Member State may, jointly, be regarded as constituting the anchor defendant for the purposes of applying that provision.","paragraph_id":"para_474"},{"text":"123","paragraph_id":"para_475"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be noted that, according to settled case-law, the justification for making a request for a preliminary ruling is not for advisory opinions to be delivered on general or hypothetical questions, but rather that it is necessary for the effective resolution of a dispute concerning EU law (judgment of 3 October 2019, A and Others, C‑70/18 , EU:C:2019:823 , paragraph  73 ).","paragraph_id":"para_476"},{"text":"124","paragraph_id":"para_477"},{"text":"The territorial jurisdiction of the rechtbank Amsterdam (District Court, Amsterdam) in the main proceedings is not dependent on whether several defendants established in the same Member State can be regarded jointly as the anchor defendant within the meaning of Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/201 …","paragraph_id":"para_478"},{"text":"125","paragraph_id":"para_479"},{"text":"Consequently, there is no need to answer point (a) of the fourth questions.","paragraph_id":"para_480"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_481"},{"text":"126","paragraph_id":"para_482"},{"text":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_483"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_484"},{"text":"1.","paragraph_id":"para_485"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of Regulation (EU) No 1215/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2012 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters, must be interpreted as meaning that, on the one hand, an action brought against a defendant …","paragraph_id":"para_486"},{"text":"2.","paragraph_id":"para_487"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to assess whether the claims brought against several defendants are ‘so closely connected’ within the meaning of that provision, the predictability for the co-defendant of being sued in the court of the defendant w …","paragraph_id":"para_488"},{"text":"3.","paragraph_id":"para_489"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that, in order to assess whether the claims brought against several defendants are ‘so closely connected’ within the meaning of that provision, the prospects of success of the claim against the defendant who serves as the anchor …","paragraph_id":"para_490"},{"text":"4.","paragraph_id":"para_491"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as meaning that it determines both the international jurisdiction and the territorial jurisdiction of the court of a Member State in whose jurisdiction the defendant who serves as the anchor for establishing the jurisdiction of the court seised is domiciled.","paragraph_id":"para_492"},{"text":"5.","paragraph_id":"para_493"},{"text":"Article 8(1) of Regulation No 1215/2012 must be interpreted as not precluding a court of a Member State, initially seised on the basis of that provision, but which considers that it does not have territorial jurisdiction to hear the action brought against the defendant who serves as the anchor for e …","paragraph_id":"para_494"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_495"},{"text":"(\n *1\n ) Language of the case: Dutch.","paragraph_id":"para_496"}],"word_count":14157,"cites":["C-673/23","C-882/19","C-742/19","C-30/20","C-393/23","C-339/22","C-567/21","C-832/21","C-352/13","C-377/20","C-457/16","C-459/16","C-461/16","C-595/18","C-724/17","C-774/22","C-145/10","C-103/05","C-375/13","C-98/06","C-435/18","C-360/09","C-440/11","C-501/11","C-386/05","C-652/20","C-34/24","C-581/20","C-68/93","C-70/18"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"2461bef28ffb3e737b0e84174ce9547bc8042e18cbe80270a337291a1c63f743","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62023CJ0672.ENG.xhtml.ECR_62023CJ0672_EN_01.html","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T19:09:43.963+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-672-23","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-672-23","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-672-23","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-672-23","verification_scope":{"stored_hash_is_source_verification":false,"official_source_comparison":"not_performed","legal_review":"not_assessed"},"decision_object":{"schema_version":"1","object_id":"decision:eu:c-672-23","judgment_class":"E","operative_part":"not_in_register","cites_count":30,"word_count":14157,"decision_url":null},"agent_links":{"agent_root":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent.json","agent_overview":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/rapid/agent/overview"}},"hash":"sha256:1a03acafc566f2ef7e697048b76ab6a9cf29e0fdbabd392d5593b0b8fbf6e87b","version":"legal-2026-11-03","expires":"2026-11-04T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-11-03+legal-2026-11-03+2026-11-03T13:04:16","content_hash":"sha256:1a03acafc566f2ef7e697048b76ab6a9cf29e0fdbabd392d5593b0b8fbf6e87b","revalidate_after":"2026-11-03T15:21:16.432Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-672-23","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-672-23"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-672-23"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-672-23"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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