{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-643-16","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-643-16)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-11-02","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:f6410a","proof":"sha256:d7315b5eb59b9a72fa6a03a8f384e585cfc2b4c754f78729d6b9c72ae1eead7e","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-643-16","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"62016CJ0643","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"7 February 2018 (\n *1\n )","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6"]},{"title":"The Queen , on the application of:","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"American Express Company","paragraphs":["para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23","para_24","para_25","para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33"]},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"1","paragraphs":["para_36"]},{"title":"2","paragraphs":["para_38"]},{"title":"Legal context","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Regulation (EU) 2015/751","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"3","paragraphs":["para_42","para_43","para_44"]},{"title":"(17)","paragraphs":["para_46","para_47"]},{"title":"(30)","paragraphs":["para_49","para_50"]},{"title":"(32)","paragraphs":["para_52","para_53"]},{"title":"Directive 2015/2366","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"4","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Recitals 2, 6, 49, 50 and 52 of Directive 2015/2366 are worded as follows:","paragraphs":["para_57","para_58","para_59"]},{"title":"(6)","paragraphs":["para_61","para_62"]},{"title":"(49)","paragraphs":["para_64"]},{"title":"(50)","paragraphs":["para_66","para_67"]},{"title":"(52)","paragraphs":["para_69"]},{"title":"5","paragraphs":["para_71","para_72"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_74"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_76"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_78"]},{"title":"(d)","paragraphs":["para_80"]},{"title":"(e)","paragraphs":["para_82"]},{"title":"(f)","paragraphs":["para_84"]},{"title":"6","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 4 of Directive 2015/2366, headed ‘Definitions’, provides:","paragraphs":["para_87","para_88"]},{"title":"(3)","paragraphs":["para_90"]},{"title":"(4)","paragraphs":["para_92","para_93"]},{"title":"(7)","paragraphs":["para_95","para_96"]},{"title":"(11)","paragraphs":["para_98","para_99"]},{"title":"(38)","paragraphs":["para_101","para_102"]},{"title":"(40)","paragraphs":["para_104","para_105"]},{"title":"(47)","paragraphs":["para_107","para_108"]},{"title":"7","paragraphs":["para_110","para_111"]},{"title":"8","paragraphs":["para_113","para_114","para_115"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_117"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_119"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_121"]},{"title":"2.   Paragraph 1 shall not apply to:","paragraphs":["para_123"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_125","para_126"]},{"title":"9","paragraphs":["para_128"]},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"10","paragraphs":["para_131"]},{"title":"11","paragraphs":["para_133"]},{"title":"12","paragraphs":["para_135"]},{"title":"13","paragraphs":["para_137"]},{"title":"14","paragraphs":["para_139"]},{"title":"15","paragraphs":["para_141","para_142","para_143"]},{"title":"(2)","paragraphs":["para_145"]},{"title":"(a)","paragraphs":["para_147"]},{"title":"(b)","paragraphs":["para_149"]},{"title":"(c)","paragraphs":["para_151"]},{"title":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Admissibility of the request for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"16","paragraphs":["para_155"]},{"title":"17","paragraphs":["para_157"]},{"title":"18","paragraphs":["para_159"]},{"title":"19","paragraphs":["para_161"]},{"title":"20","paragraphs":["para_163"]},{"title":"21","paragraphs":["para_165"]},{"title":"22","paragraphs":["para_167"]},{"title":"23","paragraphs":["para_169"]},{"title":"24","paragraphs":["para_171"]},{"title":"25","paragraphs":["para_173"]},{"title":"26","paragraphs":["para_175"]},{"title":"27","paragraphs":["para_177"]},{"title":"28","paragraphs":["para_179"]},{"title":"29","paragraphs":["para_181"]},{"title":"30","paragraphs":["para_183"]},{"title":"31","paragraphs":["para_185"]},{"title":"32","paragraphs":["para_187"]},{"title":"The first question","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"33","paragraphs":["para_190"]},{"title":"34","paragraphs":["para_192"]},{"title":"35","paragraphs":["para_194"]},{"title":"36","paragraphs":["para_196"]},{"title":"37","paragraphs":["para_198"]},{"title":"38","paragraphs":["para_200"]},{"title":"39","paragraphs":["para_202"]},{"title":"40","paragraphs":["para_204"]},{"title":"41","paragraphs":["para_206"]},{"title":"42","paragraphs":["para_208"]},{"title":"43","paragraphs":["para_210"]},{"title":"44","paragraphs":["para_212"]},{"title":"45","paragraphs":["para_214"]},{"title":"46","paragraphs":["para_216"]},{"title":"47","paragraphs":["para_218"]},{"title":"48","paragraphs":["para_220"]},{"title":"49","paragraphs":["para_222"]},{"title":"50","paragraphs":["para_224"]},{"title":"51","paragraphs":["para_226"]},{"title":"52","paragraphs":["para_228"]},{"title":"53","paragraphs":["para_230"]},{"title":"54","paragraphs":["para_232"]},{"title":"55","paragraphs":["para_234"]},{"title":"56","paragraphs":["para_236"]},{"title":"57","paragraphs":["para_238"]},{"title":"58","paragraphs":["para_240"]},{"title":"59","paragraphs":["para_242"]},{"title":"60","paragraphs":["para_244"]},{"title":"61","paragraphs":["para_246"]},{"title":"62","paragraphs":["para_248"]},{"title":"63","paragraphs":["para_250"]},{"title":"64","paragraphs":["para_252"]},{"title":"65","paragraphs":["para_254"]},{"title":"66","paragraphs":["para_256"]},{"title":"67","paragraphs":["para_258"]},{"title":"68","paragraphs":["para_260"]},{"title":"69","paragraphs":["para_262"]},{"title":"The second question","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"70","paragraphs":["para_265"]},{"title":"71","paragraphs":["para_267"]},{"title":"72","paragraphs":["para_269"]},{"title":"Whether there is a breach of the duty to state reasons","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"73","paragraphs":["para_272"]},{"title":"74","paragraphs":["para_274"]},{"title":"75","paragraphs":["para_276"]},{"title":"76","paragraphs":["para_278"]},{"title":"77","paragraphs":["para_280"]},{"title":"78","paragraphs":["para_282"]},{"title":"79","paragraphs":["para_284"]},{"title":"80","paragraphs":["para_286"]},{"title":"Whether there was a manifest error of assessment","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"81","paragraphs":["para_289"]},{"title":"82","paragraphs":["para_291"]},{"title":"83","paragraphs":["para_293"]},{"title":"Whether there was a breach of the principle of proportionality","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"84","paragraphs":["para_296"]},{"title":"85","paragraphs":["para_298"]},{"title":"86","paragraphs":["para_300"]},{"title":"87","paragraphs":["para_302"]},{"title":"88","paragraphs":["para_304"]},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"89","paragraphs":["para_307"]},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_309","para_310","para_311","para_312"]},{"title":"Silva de Lapuerta","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Fernlund","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Bonichot","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Rodin","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Regan","paragraphs":["para_318"]},{"title":"A. Calot Escobar","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Registrar","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"R. Silva de Lapuerta","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"President of the First Chamber","paragraphs":["para_323"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"62016CJ0643","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (First Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"7 February 2018 (\n *1\n )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling — Directive (EU) 2015/2366 — Payment services in the internal market — Article 35(1) — Obligation to provide authorised or registered payment service providers with access to payment systems — Point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) — Inapplicability …","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Case C‑643/16,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court) (United Kingdom), made by decision of 19 October 2016, received at the Court on 12 December 2016, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"The Queen , on the application of:","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"American Express Company","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"The Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury,","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"intervening parties:","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Diners Club International Limited,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"MasterCard Europe SA,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"THE COURT (First Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"composed of R. Silva de Lapuerta, President of the Chamber, C.G. Fernlund, J.‑C. Bonichot, S. Rodin and E. Regan (Rapporteur), Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"Advocate General: M. Campos Sánchez-Bordona,","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"American Express Company, by J. Turner QC, J. Holmes QC and L. John, Barrister, and by I. Taylor and H. Ware, Solicitors,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"MasterCard Europe SA, by P. Harrison and S. Kinsella, Solicitors, and by S. Pitt and J. Bedford, advocates,","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"the United Kingdom Government, by D. Robertson, acting as Agent, and by G. Facenna QC,","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"the European Parliament, by R. van de Westelaken and A. Tamás, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"the Council of the European Union, by J. Bauerschmidt, I. Gurov and by E. Moro, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"the European Commission, by H. Tserepa-Lacombe and J. Samnadda, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"1","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation and validity of Article 35 of Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Directive 2007/64/EC ( OJ 2015 L 337, p. 35 ).","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"The request has been made in proceedings between American Express Company and the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury (‘the national authority’), on the conditions for the application to three party payment card schemes of the rules governing the access of authorised or registered payment service providers to payment systems.","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"Legal context","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"Regulation (EU) 2015/751","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"Article 2 of Regulation (EU) 2015/751 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2015 on interchange fees for card-based payment transactions ( OJ 2015 L 123, p. 1 ), headed ‘Definitions’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"‘For the purposes of this Regulation, the following definitions shall apply:","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"(17)","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"“four party payment card scheme” means a payment card scheme in which card-based payment transactions are made from the payment account of a payer to the payment account of a payee through the intermediation of the scheme, an issuer (on the payer’s side) and an acquirer (on the payee’s side);","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"(30)","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"“payment brand” means any material or digital name, term, sign, symbol or combination of them, capable of denoting under which payment card scheme card-based payment transactions are carried out;","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"(32)","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"“co-branding” means the inclusion of at least one payment brand and at least one non-payment brand on the same card-based payment instrument;","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"...’","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"Directive 2015/2366","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"Recitals 2, 6, 49, 50 and 52 of Directive 2015/2366 are worded as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"‘(2)","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"The revised Union legal framework on payment services is complemented by [Regulation 2015/751] ...","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"(6)","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"New rules should be established to close the regulatory gaps while at the same time providing more legal clarity and ensuring consistent application of the legislative framework across the Union. ...","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"(49)","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"It is essential for any payment service provider to be able to access the services of technical infrastructures of payment systems. Such access should, however, be subject to appropriate requirements in order to ensure integrity and stability of those systems. Each payment service provider applying …","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"(50)","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"Provision should be made for the non-discriminatory treatment of authorised payment institutions and credit institutions so that any payment service provider competing in the internal market is able to use the services of the technical infrastructures of these payment systems under the same conditio …","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"(52)","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"the provisions relating to access to payment systems should not apply to systems set up and operated by a single payment service provider. Such payment systems can operate either in direct competition to payment systems, or, more typically, in a market niche not adequately covered by payment systems …","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"Article 1(1) of Directive 2015/2366, that article being headed ‘Subject matter’, and being within Title I of the directive, headed ‘Subject matter, scope and definitions’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"‘This Directive establishes the rules in accordance with which Member States shall distinguish between the following categories of payment service provider:","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"credit institutions as defined in point (1) of Article 4(1) of [Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms and amending Regulation (EU) No 648/2012 ( OJ 2013 L 176, p. 1 )], includi …","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"electronic money institutions within the meaning of point (1) of Article 2 of [Directive 2009/110], including, in accordance with Article 8 of that Directive and with national law, branches thereof, where such branches are located within the Union and their head offices are located outside the Union, in as far as the payment services provided by those branches are linked to the issuance of electronic money","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"post office giro institutions which are entitled under national law to provide payment services;","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"(d)","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"payment institutions;","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"(e)","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"the [European Central Bank (ECB)] and national central banks when not acting in their capacity as monetary authority or other public authorities;","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"(f)","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"Member States or their regional or local authorities when not acting in their capacity as public authorities.’","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"Article 4 of Directive 2015/2366, headed ‘Definitions’, provides:","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"‘For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions apply:","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"(3)","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"“payment service” means any business activity set out in Annex I;","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"(4)","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"“payment institution” means a legal person that has been granted authorisation in accordance with Article 11 to provide and execute payment services throughout the Union;","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"(7)","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"“payment system” means a funds transfer system with formal and standardised arrangements and common rules for the processing, clearing and/or settlement of payment transactions;","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"(11)","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"“payment service provider” means a body referred to in Article 1(1) or a natural or legal person benefiting from an exemption pursuant to Article 32 or 33;","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"(38)","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"“agent” means a natural or legal person who acts on behalf of a payment institution in providing payment services;","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"(40)","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"“group” means a group of undertakings which are linked to each other by a relationship referred to in Article 22(1), (2) or (7) of [Directive 2013/34/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on the annual financial statements, consolidated financial statements and related rep …","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"(47)","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"“payment brand” means any material or digital name, term, sign, symbol or combination of them, capable of denoting under which payment card scheme card-based payment transactions are carried out;","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"...’","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"Article 11 of Directive 2015/2366, headed ‘Granting of authorisation’, is within Chapter 1, headed ‘Payment institutions’, of Title II of Directive 2015/2366, itself headed ‘Payment service providers’. Article 11(1) provides:","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"‘Member States shall require undertakings other than those referred to in points (a), (b), (c), (e) and (f) of Article 1(1) and other than natural or legal persons benefiting from an exemption pursuant to Article 32 or 33, who intend to provide payment services, to obtain authorisation as a payment institution before commencing the provision of payment services. ...’","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"Article 35 of that directive, headed ‘Access to payment systems’, is within Chapter 2 of Title II of that directive, that chapter being headed ‘Common provisions’. Article 35 provides:","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"‘1.   Member States shall ensure that the rules on access of authorised or registered payment service providers that are legal persons to payment systems shall be objective, non-discriminatory and proportionate and that those rules do not inhibit access more than is necessary to safeguard against specific risks such as settlement risk, operational risk and business risk and to protect the financial and operational stability of the payment system.","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"Payment systems shall not impose on payment service providers, on payment service users or on other payment systems any of the following requirements:","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"restrictive rule on effective participation in other payment systems;","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"rule which discriminates between authorised payment service providers or between registered payment service providers in relation to the rights, obligations and entitlements of participants;","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"restriction on the basis of institutional status.","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"2.   Paragraph 1 shall not apply to:","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"...","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"payment systems composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group.","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"...’","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"Annex I to Directive 2015/2366, headed ‘Payment services’ lists the activities referred to in Article 4(3) of that directive that are accordingly to be deemed to be ‘payment services’ for the purposes of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"The order for reference indicates that American Express is an international services company, which, with the support of its subsidiaries, provides payment, travel, exchange and loyalty rewards platform services to consumers and to businesses. It also carries out activities relating to the issuing a …","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"The national authority has charge of Her Majesty’s Treasury (United Kingdom). The latter has ultimate responsibility for fulfilling the obligations imposed on the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland with respect to applying, enforcing and otherwise giving effect to Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_134"},{"text":"American Express sought from the referring court permission to apply for judicial review of ‘[the national authority’s] obligation and/or intention to apply, enforce, or otherwise give effect to Article 35(1) [of Directive 2015/2366] in so far as it provides for the [co-branding condition and/or agency condition]’. That permission was granted by the referring court.","paragraph_id":"para_135"},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_136"},{"text":"The referring court seeks to ascertain whether point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 must be interpreted as meaning that a three party payment card scheme that has entered into co-branding or agency arrangements is exempted from the access obligation laid down in Article 35(1) of that directive. In particular, in the view of that court, recital 52 of that directive is such that no clear answer to that question can be given.","paragraph_id":"para_137"},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_138"},{"text":"Further, that court considers that if the Court were to hold that that obligation is applicable to three party payment card schemes that have entered into co-branding or agency arrangements, it would be necessary to give a ruling on the argument put forward by American Express that Article 35(1) of Directive 2015/2366 is invalid on the grounds of a failure to provide reasons, a manifest error of assessment and a breach of the principle of proportionality.","paragraph_id":"para_139"},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_140"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Queen’s Bench Division (Administrative Court) (United Kingdom), decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_141"},{"text":"‘(1)","paragraph_id":"para_142"},{"text":"Does a payment system, to which the Access Obligation provided for in Article 35(1) of [Directive 2015/2366] would otherwise not apply, by virtue of Article 35(2)(b) [of that directive], render itself subject to that Obligation (i) by entering into co-brand arrangements with co-brand partners who do …","paragraph_id":"para_143"},{"text":"(2)","paragraph_id":"para_144"},{"text":"If the answer to Question (1) is “yes”, is Article 35(1) of [Directive 2015/2366] invalid in so far as it provides that systems with such arrangements are to be subject to the Access Obligation, on the grounds of:","paragraph_id":"para_145"},{"text":"(a)","paragraph_id":"para_146"},{"text":"failure to provide reasons in accordance with Article 296 TFEU;","paragraph_id":"para_147"},{"text":"(b)","paragraph_id":"para_148"},{"text":"manifest error of assessment, and/or","paragraph_id":"para_149"},{"text":"(c)","paragraph_id":"para_150"},{"text":"breach of the principle of proportionality?’","paragraph_id":"para_151"},{"text":"Consideration of the questions referred","paragraph_id":"para_152"},{"text":"Admissibility of the request for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_153"},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_154"},{"text":"The European Parliament, the Council of the European Union and the European Commission maintain that the request for a preliminary ruling is wholly inadmissible on the grounds that (i) there is no genuine dispute between the parties in the main proceedings; (ii) the national court does not provide i …","paragraph_id":"para_155"},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_156"},{"text":"It must first be borne in mind that it is solely for the national court hearing the case, which must assume responsibility for the subsequent judicial decision, to determine, with regard to the particular aspects of the case, both the need for a preliminary ruling in order to enable it to deliver ju …","paragraph_id":"para_157"},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_158"},{"text":"It follows that questions relating to EU law enjoy a presumption of relevance. The Court may refuse to rule on a question referred for a preliminary ruling by a national court only where it is quite obvious that the interpretation of EU law that is sought bears no relation to the actual facts of the …","paragraph_id":"para_159"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_160"},{"text":"As regards, first, whether the dispute in the main proceedings is genuine, it must be observed that the action brought by American Express before the referring court seeks review of the legality of the ‘intention and/or obligation’ of the national authority to apply or give effect to the provisions …","paragraph_id":"para_161"},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_162"},{"text":"Further, the arguments designed to establish the artificiality of the dispute in the main proceedings, relying on the claim to that there is no act or omission on the part of a national authority the legality of which could be the subject of an action for review, are based on criticism of the admiss …","paragraph_id":"para_163"},{"text":"21","paragraph_id":"para_164"},{"text":"Second, as regards the argument that the referring court has not set out either the relevant facts or the reasons why it is uncertain as to the interpretation and validity of the provisions at issue in the main proceedings, it must be observed that, in accordance with Article 94(a) of the Court’s Ru …","paragraph_id":"para_165"},{"text":"22","paragraph_id":"para_166"},{"text":"In that regard, it is sufficient that both the subject matter of the dispute in the main proceedings and the main issues raised for the EU legal order may be understood from the request for a preliminary ruling in order to enable the Member States and other interested parties to submit their observa …","paragraph_id":"para_167"},{"text":"23","paragraph_id":"para_168"},{"text":"In this case, it is apparent from the order for reference that Amex is composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group, within the meaning of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366, and may therefore qualify for the exemption provided for b …","paragraph_id":"para_169"},{"text":"24","paragraph_id":"para_170"},{"text":"Accordingly, the order for reference sets out, briefly but precisely, the origin and nature of the dispute in the main proceedings, the resolution of which it regards as dependent on the interpretation and validity of those provisions. It follows that the referring court has adequately defined the f …","paragraph_id":"para_171"},{"text":"25","paragraph_id":"para_172"},{"text":"As regards, further, whether the referring court has adequately set out the reasons why it is uncertain as to the interpretation and validity of the provisions at issue in the main proceedings, it does in fact follow from the spirit of cooperation which must prevail in the operation of the prelimina …","paragraph_id":"para_173"},{"text":"26","paragraph_id":"para_174"},{"text":"It is therefore important that the national court should set out, in particular, the precise reasons that prompted it to enquire about the interpretation or validity of certain provisions of EU law and set out the grounds of invalidity which, consequently, appear to it capable of being upheld. That …","paragraph_id":"para_175"},{"text":"27","paragraph_id":"para_176"},{"text":"In this case, in the request for a preliminary ruling, the referring court stated, reproducing some of the arguments put forward by American Express and MasterCard Europe SA in that regard, that the interpretation of some provisions of Directive 2015/2366 was uncertain. Likewise, the referring court …","paragraph_id":"para_177"},{"text":"28","paragraph_id":"para_178"},{"text":"It follows that the referring court considers not only that the arguments submitted by the parties in the main proceedings raise a question of interpretation to which the answer is uncertain, but also that the grounds of invalidity relied on by American Express and set out in the order for reference are capable of being upheld.","paragraph_id":"para_179"},{"text":"29","paragraph_id":"para_180"},{"text":"As regards, third, the argument that the bringing of the action in the main proceedings, seeking review of the legality of ‘intention and/or obligation’ of the national authority to apply or give effect to Directive 2015/2366, is a means of circumventing the system of legal remedies provided for by …","paragraph_id":"para_181"},{"text":"30","paragraph_id":"para_182"},{"text":"Moreover, the opportunity open to individuals to plead the invalidity of an EU act of general application before national courts is not conditional upon that act actually having been the subject of implementing measures adopted pursuant to national law. In that respect, it is sufficient if the natio …","paragraph_id":"para_183"},{"text":"31","paragraph_id":"para_184"},{"text":"In those circumstances, it is not apparent that the action in the main proceedings was brought in order to circumvent the system of remedies provided for by the FEU Treaty.","paragraph_id":"para_185"},{"text":"32","paragraph_id":"para_186"},{"text":"It follows from all the foregoing that the request for a preliminary ruling is admissible.","paragraph_id":"para_187"},{"text":"The first question","paragraph_id":"para_188"},{"text":"33","paragraph_id":"para_189"},{"text":"By its first question, the referring court seeks, in essence, to ascertain whether point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 must be interpreted as meaning that a three party payment card scheme that has entered into a co-branding agreement with a co-branding partne …","paragraph_id":"para_190"},{"text":"34","paragraph_id":"para_191"},{"text":"It must first be recalled that, under the first subparagraph of Article 35(1) of Directive 2015/2366, ‘Member States shall ensure that the rules on access of authorised or registered payment service providers that are legal persons to payment systems are objective, non-discriminatory and proportiona …","paragraph_id":"para_192"},{"text":"35","paragraph_id":"para_193"},{"text":"Point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 provides that Article 35(1) of that directive does not apply to ‘payment systems composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group’. The concept of ‘group’ is defined in Article 4(40) of that directive t …","paragraph_id":"para_194"},{"text":"36","paragraph_id":"para_195"},{"text":"As stated in paragraph 23 of the present judgment, it is undisputed that a three party payment card scheme such as Amex is composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group, within the meaning of the preceding paragraph.","paragraph_id":"para_196"},{"text":"37","paragraph_id":"para_197"},{"text":"It follows that, as a general rule, such a three party payment card scheme is not subject to the access obligation laid down in Article 35(1) of Directive 2015/2366, unless a third party takes part in its operation in such a way that it can no longer be considered to be composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group, within the meaning of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_198"},{"text":"38","paragraph_id":"para_199"},{"text":"In this case, American Express maintains that point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 must be interpreted as meaning that the mere fact that a three party payment card scheme has entered into co-branding and agency arrangements does not result in its being subject …","paragraph_id":"para_200"},{"text":"39","paragraph_id":"para_201"},{"text":"Conversely, MasterCard Europe contends that the mere fact that a three party payment card scheme makes use of a co-branding partner or an agent is in itself enough to subject it to the access obligation, since, in such a situation, that scheme can no longer be regarded as falling within the scope of the exclusion provided for in point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_202"},{"text":"40","paragraph_id":"para_203"},{"text":"In that regard, it must be borne in mind that, in accordance with the Court’s settled case-law, in interpreting a provision of EU law it is necessary to consider not only its wording but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part (judgment of 21 September 2017, Commission v Germany, C‑616/15 , EU:C:2017:721 , paragraph  43 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_204"},{"text":"41","paragraph_id":"para_205"},{"text":"First, it follows from the wording of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 that the effect of participation, in one and the same payment system, of payment service providers that do not belong to the same group is that that system is deprived of the benefit of the exception laid down in that provision and, therefore, that the system is subject to the access obligation, laid down in Article 35(1) of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_206"},{"text":"42","paragraph_id":"para_207"},{"text":"Article 4(11) of Directive 2015/2366 states that a payment service provider is defined as being ‘a body referred to in Article 1(1) [of that directive] or a natural or legal person benefiting from an exemption pursuant to Article 32 or 33 [of that directive]’. Article 1(1) distinguishes six categori …","paragraph_id":"para_208"},{"text":"43","paragraph_id":"para_209"},{"text":"As regards the issue of whether a co-branding partner or an agent is covered by the concept of ‘payment service provider’ as described in the preceding paragraph, it is true, as regards, first, the term ‘co-branding’, that that term is not defined in Directive 2015/2366. However, it is stated in rec …","paragraph_id":"para_210"},{"text":"44","paragraph_id":"para_211"},{"text":"According to Article 2(32) of Regulation 2015/751, co-branding is defined as being ‘the inclusion of at least one payment brand and at least one non-payment brand on the same card-based payment instrument’. As regards the term ‘payment brand’, that is itself defined both in Article 2(30) of that reg …","paragraph_id":"para_212"},{"text":"45","paragraph_id":"para_213"},{"text":"As regards, second, the term ‘agent’, that is defined in Article 4(38) of Directive 2015/2366 as being ‘a natural or legal person who acts on behalf of a payment institution in providing payment services’. As is apparent from paragraph 42 of the present judgment, payment institutions constitute one of six categories of payment service providers listed in Article 1(1) of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_214"},{"text":"46","paragraph_id":"para_215"},{"text":"Accordingly, it cannot be inferred from the relevant definitions of the terms ‘co-branding’ and ‘agent’ that a co-branding partner or agent is necessarily a payment service provider, within the meaning of Article 4(11) of Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_216"},{"text":"47","paragraph_id":"para_217"},{"text":"It must therefore be held that it is not expressly stated in the wording of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 that the fact that a payment system composed exclusively of payment service providers belonging to a group makes use of a co-branding partner or an …","paragraph_id":"para_218"},{"text":"48","paragraph_id":"para_219"},{"text":"In the second place, as regards the context of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366, it must be recalled that the objective of Article 35 of that directive, as is apparent from the first subparagraph of Article 35(1), is to regulate, inter alia, the conditions …","paragraph_id":"para_220"},{"text":"49","paragraph_id":"para_221"},{"text":"Admittedly, recital 52 of Directive 2015/2366 states that systems set up and operated by a single payment service provider ‘include three-party schemes, such as three-party card schemes, to the extent that they never operate as de facto four party card schemes, for example by relying upon licensees, agents or co-brand partners’.","paragraph_id":"para_222"},{"text":"50","paragraph_id":"para_223"},{"text":"Nonetheless, contrary to what is claimed by MasterCard Europe, that recital cannot justify an interpretation that any co-branding or agency contract concluded by a three party payment card scheme necessarily results in that scheme moving outside the scope of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_224"},{"text":"51","paragraph_id":"para_225"},{"text":"In that regard, it must be recalled that while a recital in secondary EU legislation may cast light on the interpretation to be given to a legal rule, it cannot in itself constitute such a rule (see, to that effect, judgment of 13 July 1989, Casa Fleischhandel, 215/88 , EU:C:1989:331 , paragraph  31 ).","paragraph_id":"para_226"},{"text":"52","paragraph_id":"para_227"},{"text":"In any event, as maintained, in essence, by the Commission, there is nothing in recital 52 of Directive 2015/2366, or in any other provision of that directive, that precludes point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of that directive being interpreted as meaning that, in a situation wher …","paragraph_id":"para_228"},{"text":"53","paragraph_id":"para_229"},{"text":"It must be observed that, first, the first sentence of recital 52 of that directive provides that the provisions relating to access to payment systems should not apply to payment systems ‘set up and operated by a single payment service provider’, thereby emphasising the number of payment service providers involved in the operation of the system concerned.","paragraph_id":"para_230"},{"text":"54","paragraph_id":"para_231"},{"text":"Second, while it follows from that recital that payment card schemes relying on co-branding partners or agents may be regarded as operating as de facto four party payment card schemes, it must also be noted that a four party payment card scheme is defined in Article 2(17) of Regulation 2015/751 as b …","paragraph_id":"para_232"},{"text":"55","paragraph_id":"para_233"},{"text":"Consequently, and in light of the considerations set out in paragraph 43 of the present judgment, a classic four party payment card scheme within the meaning of Directive 2015/2366 is characterised by the presence of various payment service providers, which carry out ‘acquirer’ and ‘issuer’ services within the framework of the card-based payment transactions.","paragraph_id":"para_234"},{"text":"56","paragraph_id":"para_235"},{"text":"It must therefore be held that, as maintained by the Commission, the examples, set out in recital 52 of Directive 2015/2366, of situations in which three party payment card schemes enter into arrangements with agents or co-branding partners are only illustrative of ways in which schemes can organise …","paragraph_id":"para_236"},{"text":"57","paragraph_id":"para_237"},{"text":"In the third place, as regards the objectives pursued by Directive 2015/2366, including the provisions at issue in the main proceedings, it must be recalled that, according to recital 49 of that directive, ‘[i]t is essential for any payment service provider to be able to access the services of techn …","paragraph_id":"para_238"},{"text":"58","paragraph_id":"para_239"},{"text":"Likewise, recital 50 of Directive 2015/2366 states that ‘[p]rovision should be made for the non-discriminatory treatment of authorised payment institutions and credit institutions so that any payment service provider competing in the internal market is able to use the services of the technical infra …","paragraph_id":"para_240"},{"text":"59","paragraph_id":"para_241"},{"text":"Last, recital 52 of Directive 2015/2366 states, inter alia, that, in order to stimulate the competition that can be provided by closed payment systems, such as three party payment card schemes that never operate as de facto four-party card schemes, to established mainstream payment systems, it would not be appropriate to grant third parties access to those closed proprietary payment systems.","paragraph_id":"para_242"},{"text":"60","paragraph_id":"para_243"},{"text":"It follows from the considerations set out in paragraphs 57 to 59 of the present judgment that the aim of Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 is to ensure that, as a general rule, all payment service providers can have access to the services of the technical infrastructures of payment systems so as to …","paragraph_id":"para_244"},{"text":"61","paragraph_id":"para_245"},{"text":"It follows, however, from the same considerations, in particular what is stated in paragraphs 58 and 59 of the present judgment, that while, as general rule, the access obligation, laid down in Article 35(1) of Directive 2015/2366, must enable any payment service provider to have access, on the pres …","paragraph_id":"para_246"},{"text":"62","paragraph_id":"para_247"},{"text":"More specifically, as regards closed three party payment systems, it is apparent from paragraph 59 of the present judgment that the EU legislature considered it appropriate to exempt those systems from the access obligation in order to stimulate competition between payment systems. However, as follo …","paragraph_id":"para_248"},{"text":"63","paragraph_id":"para_249"},{"text":"It might be difficult to achieve the objectives of Directive 2015/2366, in particular the objective of Article 35(1) of that directive, to ensure a level playing field in the provision of payment services, if a three party payment card scheme that relies on a third party which has the status of a pa …","paragraph_id":"para_250"},{"text":"64","paragraph_id":"para_251"},{"text":"Consequently, it is clear that such an obligation is applicable to a three party payment card scheme that has entered into a co-branding agreement, within the meaning of Article 2(32) of Regulation 2015/751, where the co-branding partner concerned is a payment service provider, within the meaning of …","paragraph_id":"para_252"},{"text":"65","paragraph_id":"para_253"},{"text":"Likewise, where a three party payment card scheme has entered into an agreement with an agent, within the meaning of Article 4(38) of Directive 2015/2366, the access obligation is necessarily applicable to that scheme. Since, as was stated in paragraph 45 of the present judgment, an agent is defined …","paragraph_id":"para_254"},{"text":"66","paragraph_id":"para_255"},{"text":"That interpretation is not called into question by the argument put forward by MasterCard Europe that the situations in which a three party payment card scheme is subject to the access obligation should be the same as those in which such a system is subject to the obligations relating to interchange …","paragraph_id":"para_256"},{"text":"67","paragraph_id":"para_257"},{"text":"In that regard, suffice it to observe, first, that the wording of both Article 1(5) and Article 2(18) of Regulation 2015/751, which relate to, inter alia, the situations in which three party payment card schemes should be considered to be four party payment card schemes for the purposes of the appli …","paragraph_id":"para_258"},{"text":"68","paragraph_id":"para_259"},{"text":"Second, while it is true that the objectives pursued by the two categories of obligations to which reference is made in paragraph 66 of the present judgment overlap in that they both seek, inter alia, to ensure equal treatment of competitors and effective competition in payment markets, the fact remains that the nature of those two categories of obligations and the legislative act of which each is part are different.","paragraph_id":"para_260"},{"text":"69","paragraph_id":"para_261"},{"text":"In the light of all the foregoing, the answer to the first question is that point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366 must be interpreted as meaning that a three party payment card scheme that has entered into a co-branding agreement with a co-branding partner does …","paragraph_id":"para_262"},{"text":"The second question","paragraph_id":"para_263"},{"text":"70","paragraph_id":"para_264"},{"text":"By the second question referred for a preliminary ruling, the referring court seeks, in essence, to ascertain whether Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 is invalid, in so far as it imposes an access obligation that is applicable to a three party payment card scheme that has entered into a co-branding …","paragraph_id":"para_265"},{"text":"71","paragraph_id":"para_266"},{"text":"It must, first, be observed that the interpretation of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive 2015/2366, as set out in paragraph 69 of the present judgment, is not entirely congruent, so far as co-branding contracts are concerned, with the interpretation on the basis of which the referring court submits the second question referred for a preliminary ruling.","paragraph_id":"para_267"},{"text":"72","paragraph_id":"para_268"},{"text":"Accordingly, having regard to the answer given to the first question referred for a preliminary ruling, an answer need be given to the second question only in so far as it seeks to determine whether Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 is invalid by reason of the fact that the obligation laid down in Article 35(1) is applicable to a three party payment card scheme that has made use of an agent for the purposes of supplying payment services.","paragraph_id":"para_269"},{"text":"Whether there is a breach of the duty to state reasons","paragraph_id":"para_270"},{"text":"73","paragraph_id":"para_271"},{"text":"As regards the duty to state reasons, it must be recalled that, in accordance with the Court’s settled case-law, although the statement of reasons for an EU measure, which is required by Article 296(2) TFEU, must show clearly and unequivocally the reasoning of the author of the measure in question, …","paragraph_id":"para_272"},{"text":"74","paragraph_id":"para_273"},{"text":"Furthermore, the Court has repeatedly held that if an act of general application discloses the essential objective pursued by the institution, it would be excessive to require a specific statement of reasons for the various technical choices made (judgment of 3 March 2016, Spain v Commission, C‑26/15 P , not published, EU:C:2016:132 , paragraph  31 and the case-law cited)","paragraph_id":"para_274"},{"text":"75","paragraph_id":"para_275"},{"text":"In this case, recitals 49, 50 and 52 of Directive 2015/2366 show with sufficient clarity the reasoning that underlies the application of the obligation laid down in Article 35(1) of that directive to three party payment card schemes which cause a payment service provider, external to the group, or a …","paragraph_id":"para_276"},{"text":"76","paragraph_id":"para_277"},{"text":"Moreover, it is apparent from the same recitals that while, as a general rule, the access obligation must enable all payment service providers to have access, under the conditions laid down by Directive 2015/2366, to the services of the technical infrastructures of payment systems, the EU legislatur …","paragraph_id":"para_278"},{"text":"77","paragraph_id":"para_279"},{"text":"Further, recital 52 of Directive 2015/2366 shows the differences that exist between closed proprietary three party payment card schemes and established mainstream payment systems, differences that explain why the application to three party payment card schemes of the access obligation is justified only where the operation of those schemes has the effect of removing them from the scope of point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_280"},{"text":"78","paragraph_id":"para_281"},{"text":"It follows that the provisions of Directive 2015/2366 to which reference is made in paragraph 75 of the present judgment set out both the overall situation that led the EU legislature to decide to subject three party payment card schemes that have entered into agency contracts to the access obligati …","paragraph_id":"para_282"},{"text":"79","paragraph_id":"para_283"},{"text":"That being the case, in accordance with the case-law set out in paragraphs 73 and 74 of the present judgment, the EU legislature was not required to set out in Directive 2015/2366, specifically, the reasons why, in each of the situations concerned, a three party payment card scheme should be subject to the access obligation.","paragraph_id":"para_284"},{"text":"80","paragraph_id":"para_285"},{"text":"It cannot therefore be held that Directive 2015/2366 is vitiated by a failure to state reasons in that regard, of such a kind as to entail the invalidity of Article 35 of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_286"},{"text":"Whether there was a manifest error of assessment","paragraph_id":"para_287"},{"text":"81","paragraph_id":"para_288"},{"text":"It is stated in the order for reference that the validity of Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 is challenged in the main proceedings on the ground that that provision is vitiated by a manifest error of assessment, in that the access obligation laid down in Article 35 is applicable to three party payment card schemes that have entered into agency arrangements, when the EU legislature could not reasonably have adopted a provision of such scope.","paragraph_id":"para_289"},{"text":"82","paragraph_id":"para_290"},{"text":"However, it is not apparent from the material sent to the Court in relation to the present procedure that the EU legislature, for that reason, caused Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 to be vitiated by a manifest error of assessment.","paragraph_id":"para_291"},{"text":"83","paragraph_id":"para_292"},{"text":"In particular, nothing that has been submitted to the Court is such as to suggest that an error was committed by the EU legislature when it held that the inclusion of such a system within the scope of Article 35(1) of Directive 2015/2366 would contribute to the achievement of the objectives set out in paragraphs 57 to 63 of the present judgment.","paragraph_id":"para_293"},{"text":"Whether there was a breach of the principle of proportionality","paragraph_id":"para_294"},{"text":"84","paragraph_id":"para_295"},{"text":"It must be recalled that, according to the Court’s settled case-law, the principle of proportionality requires that acts of the EU institutions should be appropriate for attaining the legitimate objectives pursued by the legislation at issue and should not go beyond what is necessary in order to achieve those objectives (judgment of 16 June 2015, Gauweiler and Others, C‑62/14 , EU:C:2015:400 , paragraph  67 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_296"},{"text":"85","paragraph_id":"para_297"},{"text":"With regard to judicial review of compliance with those conditions the Court has accepted that in the exercise of the powers conferred on it the EU legislature must be allowed a broad discretion in areas in which its action involves political, economic and social choices and in which it is called up …","paragraph_id":"para_298"},{"text":"86","paragraph_id":"para_299"},{"text":"In this case, nothing has been submitted to the Court to suggest that Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366 is not appropriate for attaining the legitimate objectives pursued by that directive, as described in paragraphs 57 to 62 of the present judgment.","paragraph_id":"para_300"},{"text":"87","paragraph_id":"para_301"},{"text":"On the contrary, given that, as was stated in paragraphs 63 and 65 of the present judgment, it might be difficult to achieve the objectives of Directive 2015/2366, in particular the objective of Article 35 of that directive, of ensuring a level playing field in the provision of payment services, if …","paragraph_id":"para_302"},{"text":"88","paragraph_id":"para_303"},{"text":"It follows from all the foregoing that consideration of the second question has revealed nothing capable of affecting the validity of Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_304"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_305"},{"text":"89","paragraph_id":"para_306"},{"text":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_307"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (First Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_308"},{"text":"1.","paragraph_id":"para_309"},{"text":"Point (b) of the first subparagraph of Article 35(2) of Directive (EU) 2015/2366 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 on payment services in the internal market, amending Directives 2002/65/EC, 2009/110/EC and 2013/36/EU and Regulation (EU) No 1093/2010, and repealing Di …","paragraph_id":"para_310"},{"text":"2.","paragraph_id":"para_311"},{"text":"Consideration of the second question has revealed nothing capable of affecting the validity of Article 35 of Directive 2015/2366.","paragraph_id":"para_312"},{"text":"Silva de Lapuerta","paragraph_id":"para_313"},{"text":"Fernlund","paragraph_id":"para_314"},{"text":"Bonichot","paragraph_id":"para_315"},{"text":"Rodin","paragraph_id":"para_316"},{"text":"Regan","paragraph_id":"para_317"},{"text":"Delivered in open court in Luxembourg on 7 February 2018.","paragraph_id":"para_318"},{"text":"A. Calot Escobar","paragraph_id":"para_319"},{"text":"Registrar","paragraph_id":"para_320"},{"text":"R. 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