{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-57-22","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-57-22)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-15","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:8d311e","proof":"sha256:888b7a3707ee35a8e3c941ec6c00a8948554ab479f7193cddcad1e97674953c3","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-57-22","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"62022CJ0057","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"12 October 2023 (\n *1\n )","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6"]},{"title":"YQ","paragraphs":["para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23"]},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"1","paragraphs":["para_26"]},{"title":"2","paragraphs":["para_28"]},{"title":"Legal context","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"European Union law","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"3","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 7 of Directive 2003/88, entitled ‘Annual leave’, states as follows:","paragraphs":["para_33","para_34"]},{"title":"Czech law","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"4","paragraphs":["para_37","para_38","para_39"]},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"5","paragraphs":["para_42"]},{"title":"6","paragraphs":["para_44"]},{"title":"7","paragraphs":["para_46"]},{"title":"8","paragraphs":["para_48"]},{"title":"9","paragraphs":["para_50"]},{"title":"10","paragraphs":["para_52"]},{"title":"11","paragraphs":["para_54"]},{"title":"12","paragraphs":["para_56"]},{"title":"13","paragraphs":["para_58"]},{"title":"14","paragraphs":["para_60"]},{"title":"15","paragraphs":["para_62"]},{"title":"16","paragraphs":["para_64","para_65"]},{"title":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Applicability of Directive 2003/88","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"17","paragraphs":["para_69"]},{"title":"18","paragraphs":["para_71"]},{"title":"19","paragraphs":["para_73"]},{"title":"20","paragraphs":["para_75"]},{"title":"21","paragraphs":["para_77"]},{"title":"22","paragraphs":["para_79"]},{"title":"23","paragraphs":["para_81"]},{"title":"24","paragraphs":["para_83"]},{"title":"Substance","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"25","paragraphs":["para_86"]},{"title":"26","paragraphs":["para_88"]},{"title":"27","paragraphs":["para_90"]},{"title":"28","paragraphs":["para_92"]},{"title":"29","paragraphs":["para_94"]},{"title":"30","paragraphs":["para_96"]},{"title":"31","paragraphs":["para_98"]},{"title":"32","paragraphs":["para_100"]},{"title":"33","paragraphs":["para_102"]},{"title":"34","paragraphs":["para_104"]},{"title":"35","paragraphs":["para_106"]},{"title":"36","paragraphs":["para_108"]},{"title":"37","paragraphs":["para_110"]},{"title":"38","paragraphs":["para_112"]},{"title":"39","paragraphs":["para_114"]},{"title":"40","paragraphs":["para_116"]},{"title":"41","paragraphs":["para_118"]},{"title":"42","paragraphs":["para_120"]},{"title":"43","paragraphs":["para_122"]},{"title":"44","paragraphs":["para_124"]},{"title":"45","paragraphs":["para_126"]},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"46","paragraphs":["para_129"]},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_131","para_132","para_133"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"62022CJ0057","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"12 October 2023 (\n *1\n )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling – Social policy – Protection of the safety and health of workers – Organisation of working time – Directive 2003/88/EC – Article 7(1) – Right to paid annual leave – Worker unlawfully dismissed and then reinstated in his or her employment by decision of a court – E …","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Case C‑57/22,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Nejvyšší soud (Supreme Court, Czech Republic), made by decision of 6 December 2021, received at the Court on 28 January 2022, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"YQ","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"Ředitelství silnic a dálnic ČR,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"THE COURT (Sixth Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"composed of P.G. Xuereb, acting as President of the Chamber, A. Kumin and I. Ziemele (Rapporteur), Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Advocate General: J. Richard de la Tour,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"YQ, by Z. Odehnal, advokát,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"the Ředitelství silnic a dálnic ČR, by L. Smejkal, advokát,","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"the European Commission, by P. Němečková and D. Recchia, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"1","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time ( OJ 2003 L 299, p. 9 ).","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"The request has been made in the context of a dispute between YQ and the Ředitelství silnic a dálnic ČR (Road and Motorway Directorate of the Czech Republic; ‘the ŘSD’) concerning the refusal to grant her financial compensation for days of annual leave not taken.","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"Legal context","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"European Union law","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"Article 7 of Directive 2003/88, entitled ‘Annual leave’, states as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"‘1.   Member States shall take the measures necessary to ensure that every worker is entitled to paid annual leave of at least four weeks in accordance with the conditions for entitlement to, and granting of, such leave laid down by national legislation and/or practice.","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"2.   The minimum period of paid annual leave may not be replaced by an allowance in lieu, except where the employment relationship is terminated.’","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"Czech law","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"Paragraph 69 of zákon č. 262/2006 Sb., zákoník práce (Law No 262/2006 establishing the Labour Code), in the version applicable to the dispute in the main proceedings (‘the Labour Code’), provides:","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"‘(1)   If the employer has given an invalid notice of termination to the employee, or if the employer has invalidly cancelled the employee’s employment relationship with immediate effect or during the trial period, and provided that the employee has informed the employer without undue delay in writi …","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"(2)   Should the total period for which an employee should be entitled to wage or salary compensation exceed six months, a court may, at the employer’s request, adequately reduce the employer’s obligation to provide wage or salary compensation for any additional period; in its decision, the court sh …","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"YQ, who was employed by the ŘSD under an employment contract concluded on 23 June 2009, was given a notice of dismissal on 23 October 2013.","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"Following the invalidation of that notice of dismissal by a judgment of the Krajský soud v Brně (Regional Court, Brno, Czech Republic) of 20 December 2016, which became final on 10 January 2017, YQ resumed her work at the ŘSD under her employment contract.","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"The referring court notes that, during the period between 1 January 2014 and 10 January 2017, YQ, who had notified her employer in writing of her wish to work, was not assigned any work by that employer.","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"Following her reinstatement, YQ applied to the ŘSD to request the possibility of taking, during the months of July to September 2017, her unused annual leave for the period from 1 January 2014 to 10 January 2017. The ŘSD refused to grant that request on the ground that YQ had not worked during that …","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"YQ brought an action before the Městský soud v Brně (Brno City Court, Czech Republic) seeking an order that the ŘSD pay her the sum of 55552 Czech koruny (CZK), together with default interest, by way of compensation for the days of leave for the period from 1 January 2014 to 10 January 2017. That ac …","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"An appeal against that judgment is being heard by the referring court.","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"That court observes that, under the applicable national law, the period during which the employee’s dismissal is subject to a challenge before the courts is governed by a special scheme set out in Paragraphs 69 to 72 of the Labour Code, from which it is apparent that, during the period in question, the employee is not entitled either to wage compensation in the event of an obstacle to work or to such compensation for leave not taken.","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"The referring court adds that, in the event that the termination of the employment relationship has been held to be invalid, it is apparent from national case-law that the employee is entitled to wage compensation, up to the amount of his or her average salary, throughout the duration of the legal p …","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"The same court also states that it is apparent from settled national case-law that the employee is also entitled to compensation for the harm suffered as a result of the invalidation of the dismissal so that he or she may be placed, at least in terms of financial compensation, in a situation in whic …","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"According to the referring court, that national case-law appears, at first sight, to be at odds with the judgment of 25 June 2020, Varhoven kasatsionen sad na Republika Bulgariaand Iccrea Banca ( C‑762/18 and C‑37/19 , EU:C:2020:504 ), in which the Court held that Article 7 of Directive 2003/88 prec …","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"However, the referring court notes that there are differences between the national legislation at issue in that judgment and the Czech legislation at issue in the main proceedings, such that the solution adopted in that judgment cannot be transposed to the dispute in the main proceedings. Whereas th …","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"It is in those circumstances that the Nejvyšší soud (Supreme Court, Czech Republic) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"‘Must Article 7(1) of Directive [2003/88] be interpreted as precluding national case-law by virtue of which a worker who was unlawfully dismissed then reinstated in his or her employment, in accordance with national law, following the annulment of the dismissal by a decision of a court, is not entit …","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"Applicability of Directive 2003/88","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"As a preliminary point, the Commission expresses doubts as to the applicability ratione materiae of Directive 2003/88 to the dispute in the main proceedings on the ground that it is apparent from the presentation of the national legal framework that, even in the event that a judicial decision finds …","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"In that regard, it is apparent from well-established case-law that the purpose of Directive 2003/88 is to lay down minimum requirements intended to improve the living and working conditions of workers through approximation of national provisions concerning, in particular, the duration of working time (judgment of 20 November 2018, Sindicatul Familia Constanţa and Others, C‑147/17 , EU:C:2018:926 , paragraph  39 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"Directive 2003/88 therefore being applicable only to workers, it must be established whether a natural person such as the applicant in the main proceedings may be considered a ‘worker’ within the meaning of that directive.","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"According to settled case-law, for the purpose of applying Directive 2003/88, the concept of ‘worker’ may not be interpreted differently according to the law of Member States but has an autonomous meaning specific to EU law. It must be defined in accordance with objective criteria which distinguish …","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"21","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"It follows that an employment relationship implies the existence of a hierarchical relationship between the worker and his or her employer. Whether such a relationship exists must, in each particular case, be assessed on the basis of all the factors and circumstances characterising the relationship between the parties (judgment of 20 November 2018, Sindicatul Familia Constanţa and Others, C‑147/17 , EU:C:2018:926 , paragraph  42 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"22","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"In the present case, first, it is apparent from the description of the national legal framework set out in the order for reference, in particular Paragraph 69(1) of the Labour Code, that, if an employer has invalidly dismissed an employee or has invalidly terminated the employment relationship with …","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"23","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"Second, it follows from the factual background of the case in the main proceedings, as described in the order for reference, that YQ concluded a contract with the ŘSD on 23 June 2009 and that, following the invalidation, on 10 January 2017, of the notice of dismissal that had been notified to her on 23 October 2013, she resumed her work under the employment contract initially concluded.","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"24","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"In the light of those considerations, a natural person such as YQ must be regarded as a ‘worker’ within the meaning of Directive 2003/88, such that that directive is applicable to her.","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"Substance","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"25","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"By its question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88 must be interpreted as precluding national case-law by virtue of which a worker unlawfully dismissed and then reinstated in his or her employment, in accordance with national law, following the annulment …","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"26","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"It should be recalled that, according to the Court’s settled case-law, in interpreting a provision of EU law, it is necessary to consider not only its wording but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part (judgment of 8 June 2023, Fastweb and Others (Time frame for billing), C‑468/20 , EU:C:2023:447 , paragraph  52 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"27","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"In the first place, as regards the wording of Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88, it states that every worker is to be entitled to paid annual leave of at least four weeks. That right to paid annual leave must be regarded as a particularly important principle of EU social law, the implementation of w …","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"28","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"In the second place, as regards the context of that provision, it should be noted, first of all, that the right to paid annual leave is, as a principle of EU social law, not only particularly important, but is also expressly enshrined in Article 31(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Euro …","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"29","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"Thus, Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88 reflects and gives concrete expression to the fundamental right to an annual period of paid leave, enshrined in Article 31(2) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights. While the latter provision guarantees the right of every worker to an annual period of paid leav …","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"30","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"Next, as the Court has already held, the right to paid annual leave may not be interpreted restrictively (judgment of 25 November 2021, job-medium, C‑233/20 , EU:C:2021:960 , paragraph  26 and the case-law cited), and any derogation from that right may be permitted only within the limits expressly l …","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"31","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"Last, it is apparent from the wording of Directive 2003/88 and from the Court’s case-law that, although it is for the Member States to lay down the conditions for the exercise and implementation of the right to paid annual leave, they must not make the very existence of that right, which derives dir …","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"32","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"In the third place, as regards the objectives of the legislation at issue in the main proceedings, it should be recalled that, according to the Court’s settled case-law, the right to paid annual leave, as laid down in Article 7 of Directive 2003/88, has the dual purpose of enabling the worker both t …","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"33","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"That purpose, which distinguishes paid annual leave from other types of leave having different purposes, is, however, based, as the Court has recalled, on the premiss that the worker actually worked during the reference period. The objective of allowing the worker to rest presupposes that the worker …","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"34","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"Nonetheless, in certain specific situations in which the worker is incapable of carrying out his or her duties, the right to paid annual leave cannot be made subject by a Member State to a condition that the worker has actually worked (judgment of 25 June 2020, Varhoven kasatsionen sad na Republika Bulgaria and Iccrea Banca, C‑762/18 and C‑37/19 , EU:C:2020:504 , paragraph  59 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"35","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"That is the case where a worker unlawfully dismissed and then reinstated in his or her employment, in accordance with national law, following the annulment of his or her dismissal by a decision of a court, has not, during the period between the date of the unlawful dismissal and the date of his or h …","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"36","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"The fact that the worker concerned has not, during the period between the date of his or her unlawful dismissal and the date of his or her reinstatement, actually carried out work for his or her employer is the consequence of the latter’s actions that led to the unlawful dismissal, without which the …","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"37","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"It follows that the period between the date of the worker’s unlawful dismissal and the date of his or her reinstatement, in accordance with national law, following the annulment of that dismissal by a judicial decision, must be treated as a period of actual work for the purposes of determining entitlement to paid annual leave (judgment of 25 June 2020, Varhoven kasatsionen sad na Republika Bulgaria and Iccrea Banca, C‑762/18 and C‑37/19 , EU:C:2020:504 , paragraph  69 ).","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"38","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"In that regard, it should be borne in mind that it is for the employer to ensure that the worker is given the opportunity to exercise his or her right to annual leave. Unlike in a situation of accumulation of entitlement to paid annual leave by a worker who was unfit for work due to sickness, an emp …","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"39","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"Therefore, Member States cannot derogate from the right enshrined in Article 7 of Directive 2003/88 according to which a right to paid annual leave acquired cannot be lost at the end of the leave year and/or the carry-over period fixed by national law, when the worker has not been able to take his or her leave (see, to that effect, judgment of 22 September 2022, Fraport and St. Vincenz-Krankenhaus, C‑518/20 and C‑727/20 , EU:C:2022:707 , paragraph  41 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"40","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"The referring court nevertheless observes that, unlike the legislation at issue in the case which gave rise to the judgment of 25 June 2020, Varhoven kasatsionen sad na Republika Bulgaria and Iccrea Banca ( C‑762/18 and C‑37/19 , EU:C:2020:504 ), the Czech legislation grants in principle the payment …","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"41","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"In that regard, it is apparent from the Court’s case-law that Directive 2003/88 treats the right to annual leave and to a payment on that account as being two aspects of a single right. The purpose of the requirement that the leave be paid is to put the worker, during such leave, in a position which is, as regards salary, comparable to periods of work (judgment of 29 November 2017, King, C‑214/16 , EU:C:2017:914 , paragraph  35 and the case-law cited).","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"42","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"The right to annual leave thus also includes a right to a payment and, as a right which is consubstantial with the right to paid annual leave, the right to an allowance in lieu of annual leave not taken upon termination of the employment relationship (judgment of 6 November 2018, Bauer and Willmerot …","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"43","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"It follows that it is irrelevant, for the purposes of entitlement to paid annual leave, that the amount of the wage compensation which, pursuant to national law, is to be paid to the worker unlawfully dismissed in respect of the period between the date of dismissal and the date of his or her reinsta …","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"44","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"Furthermore, as has been noted in paragraphs 30 and 31 above, the right to paid annual leave, which results directly from Directive 2003/88, cannot be interpreted restrictively, since the worker must be regarded as the weaker party in the employment relationship, so that it is necessary to prevent t …","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"45","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to the question referred is that Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88 must be interpreted as precluding national case-law by virtue of which a worker unlawfully dismissed and then reinstated in his or her employment, in accordance with nation …","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"46","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"Article 7(1) of Directive 2003/88/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 November 2003 concerning certain aspects of the organisation of working time must be interpreted as precluding national case-law by virtue of which a worker who was unlawfully dismissed and then reinstated in his …","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"(\n *1\n ) Language of the case: Czech.","paragraph_id":"para_133"}],"word_count":4698,"cites":["C-762/18","C-37/19","C-147/17","C-468/20","C-518/20","C-727/20","C-233/20","C-124/05","C-236/20","C-214/16","C-569/16","C-570/16","C-619/16","C-477/21"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"5e256379d1293b93700a09698ea3f44d70b9ac001699be0cd4cb083bce595810","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62022CJ0057.ENG.xhtml.ECR_62022CJ0057_EN_01.html","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T16:44:10.447+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-57-22","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-57-22","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-57-22","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-57-22","verification":{"stored_sha256":"5e256379d1293b93700a09698ea3f44d70b9ac001699be0cd4cb083bce595810","recomputed_sha256":"5e256379d1293b93700a09698ea3f44d70b9ac001699be0cd4cb083bce595810","intact":true,"checked_at":"2026-10-15T12:48:41.654Z"}},"hash":"sha256:888b7a3707ee35a8e3c941ec6c00a8948554ab479f7193cddcad1e97674953c3","version":"legal-2026-10-15","expires":"2026-10-16T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-10-15+legal-2026-10-15+2026-10-15T12:39:21","content_hash":"sha256:888b7a3707ee35a8e3c941ec6c00a8948554ab479f7193cddcad1e97674953c3","revalidate_after":"2026-10-15T13:48:42.207Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-57-22","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-57-22"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-57-22"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-57-22"},{"rel":"obligations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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