{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-346-25","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-346-25)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-11-02","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:f6410a","proof":"sha256:433ada2a01be48ff03f4bedac80728e4febd9a26a9cf412b1a4123a14ee55033","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-346-25","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"Provisional text","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Eighth Chamber)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"18 June 2026 ( * )","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6"]},{"title":"FIBO Markets LTD","paragraphs":["para_8","para_9","para_10","para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19"]},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":["para_21","para_22"]},{"title":"Legal context","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"The Rome I Regulation","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"3         Recitals 7, 23, 25, 26, 28 and 30 of the Rome I Regulation state as follows:","paragraphs":["para_26","para_27","para_28","para_29","para_30","para_31","para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36","para_37"]},{"title":"5         Article 6 of that regulation, headed ‘Consumer contracts’, states:","paragraphs":["para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42","para_43","para_44"]},{"title":"4.      Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to:","paragraphs":["para_46","para_47","para_48"]},{"title":"Directive 2004/39","paragraphs":["para_50","para_51","para_52","para_53"]},{"title":"17)      “Financial instrument” means those instruments specified in Section C of Annex I;","paragraphs":["para_55","para_56"]},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":["para_58","para_59","para_60","para_61","para_62","para_63","para_64","para_65","para_66","para_67","para_68","para_69","para_70","para_71","para_72","para_73"]},{"title":"Consideration of the question referred","paragraphs":["para_75","para_76","para_77","para_78","para_79","para_80","para_81","para_82","para_83","para_84","para_85","para_86","para_87","para_88","para_89","para_90","para_91","para_92","para_93","para_94","para_95","para_96","para_97","para_98","para_99","para_100","para_101","para_102","para_103"]},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":["para_105"]},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (Eighth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_107","para_108","para_109","para_110"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"Provisional text","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Eighth Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"18 June 2026 ( * )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"( Reference for a preliminary ruling – Area of freedom, security and justice – Judicial cooperation in civil matters – Conflicts of laws – Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 (Rome I) – Applicable law – Consumer contracts – Exceptions – Financial contracts for differences (CFDs) – Rights and obligations whi …","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Case C‑346/25,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Nejvyšší soud (Supreme Court, Czech Republic), made by decision of 12 May 2025, received at the Court on 22 May 2025, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"FIBO Markets LTD","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"J.P,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"THE COURT (Eighth Chamber),","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"composed of O. Spineanu-Matei (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, N. Piçarra and N. Fenger, Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Advocate General: R. Norkus,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"–        J.P, by M. Hostinský, advokát,","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"–        the European Commission, by C. Auvret, J. Hradil and S. Noë, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"gives the following","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"1         This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 6(4)(d) of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I) (OJ 2008 L 177, p. 6; ‘the Rome I Regulation’).","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"2         The request has been made in proceedings between FIBO Markets LTD (‘FIBO’) and J.P. concerning the payment of profit which J.P. claims that she did not make due to FIBO’s failure to execute in good time a buy order under a financial contract for differences (‘CFD’) and the law applicable to the contractual relations between those parties.","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"Legal context","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"The Rome I Regulation","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"3         Recitals 7, 23, 25, 26, 28 and 30 of the Rome I Regulation state as follows:","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"‘(7)      The substantive scope and the provisions of this Regulation should be consistent with Council Regulation (EC) No 44/2001 of 22 December 2000 on jurisdiction and the recognition and enforcement of judgments in civil and commercial matters [(OJ 2001 L 12, p. 1), as amended by Council Regulat …","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"(23)      As regards contracts concluded with parties regarded as being weaker, those parties should be protected by conflict-of-law rules that are more favourable to their interests than the general rules.","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"(25)      Consumers should be protected by such rules of the country of their habitual residence that cannot be derogated from by agreement, provided that the consumer contract has been concluded as a result of the professional pursuing his commercial or professional activities in that particular co …","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"(26)      For the purposes of this Regulation, financial services such as investment services and activities and ancillary services provided by a professional to a consumer, as referred to in sections A and B of Annex I to [Directive 2004/39/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 Apr …","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"(28)      It is important to ensure that rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument are not covered by the general rule applicable to consumer contracts, as that could lead to different laws being applicable to each of the instruments issued, therefore changing their nature and p …","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"(30)      For the purposes of this Regulation, financial instruments and transferable securities are those instruments referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2004/39/EC.’","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"4         Article 1 of the Rome I Regulation, headed ‘Material scope’, states, in the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 thereof:","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"‘This Regulation shall apply, in situations involving a conflict of laws, to contractual obligations in civil and commercial matters.’","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"5         Article 6 of that regulation, headed ‘Consumer contracts’, states:","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"‘1.      Without prejudice to Articles 5 and 7, a contract concluded by a natural person for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his trade or profession (the consumer) with another person acting in the exercise of his trade or profession (the professional) shall be governed by the law of the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, provided that the professional:","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"(a)      pursues his commercial or professional activities in the country where the consumer has his habitual residence, or","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"(b)      by any means, directs such activities to that country or to several countries including that country,","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"and the contract falls within the scope of such activities.","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"2.      Notwithstanding paragraph 1, the parties may choose the law applicable to a contract which fulfils the requirements of paragraph 1, in accordance with Article 3. Such a choice may not, however, have the result of depriving the consumer of the protection afforded to him by provisions that cannot be derogated from by agreement by virtue of the law which, in the absence of choice, would have been applicable on the basis of paragraph 1.","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"4.      Paragraphs 1 and 2 shall not apply to:","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"(d)      rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument and rights and obligations constituting the terms and conditions governing the issuance or offer to the public and public take-over bids of transferable securities, and the subscription and redemption of units in collective investment undertakings in so far as these activities do not constitute provision of a financial service;","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"…’","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"Directive 2004/39","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"6         Under the second paragraph of Article 70 of Directive 2004/39, that directive was to apply from 1 November 2007. Directive 2014/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on markets in financial instruments and amending Directive 2002/92/EC and Directive 2011/61/EU …","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"7         Article 4 of Directive 2004/39, headed ‘Definitions’, provided, in paragraph 1 thereof:","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"‘For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"17)      “Financial instrument” means those instruments specified in Section C of Annex I;","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"…’","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"8         Under the heading ‘Financial instruments’, Section C of Annex I to Directive 2004/39 set out the list of financial instruments covered by that directive, which included, in point 9 of that section, CFDs.","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"9         J.P. is a natural person domiciled in the Czech Republic. FIBO is a company incorporated under Cypriot law, which operates as a broker of transferable securities and offers its services via the internet to, inter alia, clients residing in the Czech Republic.","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"10       On 2 October 2014, J.P. remotely concluded a framework contract with FIBO titled ‘Terms of Business’, the purpose of which was to enable her to make transactions on the foreign exchange market – known as ‘the FOREX market’ – by placing orders to buy and sell base currency, which FIBO would …","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"11       The framework contract provided for the conclusion, between J.P. and FIBO, of individual trades classified as CFDs, which are financial instruments the purpose of which is to make profit on the difference between the exchange rates applicable to the buying and selling, respectively, of the …","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"12       Clause 30.2 of the framework contract was a clause designating Cypriot law as the law applicable both to that framework contract and to all the transactional relations between J.P. and FIBO.","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"13       On 3 October 2014, J.P. concluded a CFD with FIBO under which she placed a buy order in respect of 35 lots at a fixed exchange rate for Japanese yen, accepting that, in the event of FIBO’s counter-offer, FIBO was not required to execute the buy order beyond a specified rate. Since that counter-offer was within the agreed deviation, J.P. accepted it by confirming the buy order.","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"14       Since a long series of orders were being processed in the FIBO trading system, the order placed by J.P. was executed by that company with a delay of 16 seconds, during which time a fluctuation in the exchange rate occurred on the FOREX market. Consequently, FIBO’s purchase of the amount of US dollars approved by J.P. was made at a different exchange rate from that which J.P. had accepted when confirming her buy order.","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"15       According to J.P., if her order to buy the base currency had been executed without delay, she would have made an additional profit of USD 8 927.90 (approximately EUR 7 599).","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"16       J.P. then brought an action before the Krajský soud v Ostravě (Regional Court, Ostrava, Czech Republic), arguing that the unjust enrichment that FIBO allegedly received should be returned to her. By judgment of 9 December 2022, that court ordered FIBO to pay J.P. the sum of USD 8 927.90, to …","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"17       The Krajský soud v Ostravě (Regional Court, Ostrava) considered that a distinction had to be drawn according to whether the contract related to the financial instrument itself or to rights and obligations relating to the trading of that instrument. In that second situation, the supplies at …","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"18       By judgment of 27 July 2023, the Vrchní soud v Olomouci (High Court, Olomouc, Czech Republic) upheld the judgment of the Krajský soud v Ostravě (Regional Court, Ostrava). According to the appeal court, the framework contract did not include rights and obligations constituting a ‘financial i …","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"19       FIBO then brought an appeal on a point of law before the Nejvyšší soud (Supreme Court, Czech Republic), which is the referring court, claiming that the courts adjudicating on the substance had erred in law in holding that Czech law was applicable to the dispute in the main proceedings. Accordingly, it is for the referring court to determine which of Czech law or Cypriot law is applicable to the legal relationships between the parties to the main proceedings.","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"20       In that regard, the referring court takes the view that, in order to determine the applicable law, it is necessary, inter alia, to ascertain whether the rules relating to the setting of the CFD price or FIBO’s right unilaterally to alter the price of the transaction, in breach of the rules …","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"21       According to the referring court, the nature of the CFD, the content of the framework contract and the terms for performing the CFD concluded between the parties give rise to difficulties of interpretation as regards the concepts referred to in the preceding paragraph, including with respec …","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"22       The referring court notes that the Court has held previously that a CFD constitutes a financial instrument, in particular in its judgments of 3 October 2019, Petruchová (C‑208/18, EU:C:2019:825), and of 2 April 2020, Reliantco Investments and Reliantco Investments Limassol Sucursala Bucureş …","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"23       In those circumstances, the Nejvyšší soud (Supreme Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"‘Is Article 6(4)(d) of [the Rome I Regulation] to be interpreted as meaning that the rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument include rights and obligations concerning the process of setting prices in [CFDs], or the process of establishing the difference between the prices of underlying assets in respect of which the [CFD] is concluded?’","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"Consideration of the question referred","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"24       By its question, the referring court asks, in essence, whether Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation must be interpreted as meaning that, in the case of a CFD concluded between a professional and a consumer, the expression ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’, …","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"25       As a preliminary point, the Court notes that the Rome I Regulation is intended to contribute to the consistency of the conflict-of-law rules in force in the Member States. In order to increase the foreseeability of the outcome of disputes and to ensure certainty as to the applicable law, that regulation lays down uniform conflict-of-law rules designating which law is applicable, irrespective of the Member State in which the action is brought.","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"26       Article 6(1) of the Rome I Regulation provides that a contract concluded by a natural person – the consumer – for a purpose which can be regarded as being outside his or her trade or profession with another person – the professional – acting in the exercise of his or her trade or profession …","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"27       According to Article 6(2) of the Rome I Regulation, the parties to a consumer contract – that is to say, a contract concluded by a professional and a consumer, may choose the law applicable to the contract; however, such a choice may not have the result of depriving the consumer of the prot …","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"28       Article 6(4) of the Rome I Regulation sets out the cases in which Article 6(1) and (2) are not to apply.","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"29       In particular, Article 6(4)(d) of that regulation provides that Article 6(1) and (2) are not to apply to ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’ or to rights and obligations constituting the terms and conditions governing the issuance or offer to the public and publ …","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"30       Under recital 28 of the Rome I Regulation, ‘it is important to ensure that rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument are not covered by the general rule applicable to consumer contracts, as that could lead to different laws being applicable to each of the instruments issued, therefore changing their nature and preventing their fungible trading and offering’.","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"31       The Rome I Regulation does not define the concept of ‘financial instrument’ as used in that regulation.","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"32       However, recital 30 of that regulation states that, for the purposes of the application of that regulation, ‘financial instruments and transferable securities are those instruments referred to in Article 4 of [Directive 2004/39]’.","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"33       Article 4(1)(17) of Directive 2004/39 defines ‘financial instruments’ as meaning those instruments specified in Section C of Annex I to that directive, headed ‘List of services and activities and financial instruments’. Section C refers, in particular, to CFDs, transferable securities, options, futures, swaps, forward rate agreements and any other derivative contracts relating to securities, currencies or interest rates.","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"34       As the European Commission claims, a financial instrument may be defined as a set of rights and obligations under company law, such as shares in companies, or of a contractual nature, such as bonds, options or derivative contracts. CFDs, specifically, are contractual in nature. They are cas …","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"35       In the present case, the question referred by the referring court concerns the definition of ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’ within the meaning of Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation.","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"36       It is apparent from the order for reference that, under clause 8.10 of the framework contract, FIBO had the right, in the event of a technical failure of the exchange platform or other technical problems, not to execute the order placed by J.P. or to execute it at a price different from that initially accepted by J.P.","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"37       In order to answer the question referred, it is appropriate to interpret Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation by considering not only its wording but also the context in which it occurs and the objectives pursued by the rules of which it is part (see, to that effect, judgment of 8 November 2016, Ognyanov , C‑554/14, EU:C:2016:835, paragraph 31).","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"38       First of all, as regards the wording of Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation, the Court notes that the French version of that provision uses the verb ‘to constitute’ (‘ constituter ’) in the expression ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’ (‘ droits et obligat …","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"39       However, there is a discrepancy between the various language versions of Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation.","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"40       Almost all of those language versions – that is to say, 22 of them – use the verb ‘to constitute’. That is the case for the versions in Bulgarian (‘ съставляват ’), Croatian (‘ predstavljaju ’), Czech (‘ představují ’), Danish (‘ udgør ’), Dutch (‘ vormen ’), English (‘ constitute ’), Finni …","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"41       The Estonian-language version of that provision, which does not use that verb, is similar to the 22 language versions mentioned in the preceding paragraph of the present judgment, since it refers to the rights and obligations ‘in the form of a financial instrument’ (‘ finantsinstrumendi kujul esinevad ’).","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"42       By contrast, the German version of that provision is different from the other versions in that it uses the expression ‘in relation to a financial instrument’ (‘ im Zusammenhang mit einem Finanzinstrument ’), the scope of which is broader than that of the verb ‘to constitute’.","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"43       In that regard, according to the settled case-law of the Court, the wording used in one language version of a provision of EU law cannot serve as the sole basis for the interpretation of that provision, or be made to override the other language versions. Provisions of EU law must be interpr …","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"44       In the light of the wording of Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation in 23 of the 24 language versions of that provision, the Court notes that that provision does not cover all the rights and obligations connected to a financial instrument, but those which form that instrument strictly speaking.","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"45       In the case of a CFD, its specific structure relates in particular to the mechanism by which the parties are exposed to fluctuations in the value of an underlying asset and how they determine the difference payable between them once the term of the contract expires.","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"46       By contrast, terms which stipulate how the professional is to receive, process, execute or modify the order placed by the consumer do not, in the light of the wording of Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation alone, come within the scope of the rights and obligations constituting the financial instrument itself.","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"47       That interpretation of the wording of that provision is borne out by a contextual interpretation of it. In that regard, the Court notes that recital 30 of that regulation refers, for the purpose of understanding the concept of ‘financial instruments’, to the instruments referred to in Artic …","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"48       It follows that the terms of a framework contract which lay down the circumstances in which a professional is to receive or execute an order relating to a CFD, including those which allow him or her, in the event of technical difficulty, not to execute that order or to execute it at a price …","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"49       Lastly, that interpretation is consistent with the objective pursued by Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation. It is apparent from recital 28 of that regulation that the purpose of the exclusion of rights and obligations constituting financial instruments from the scope of the protective …","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"50       That objective does not justify expanding that exclusion to cover the terms of a framework contract which, in a relationship negotiated between a professional and a consumer, lay down the conditions for the receipt, processing or execution of an order relating to a CFD. Moreover, it would b …","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"51       Furthermore, as the referring court points out, CFDs are complex, highly speculative and non-standardised instruments which expose the consumer to significant risks. A broad interpretation of the expression ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’, which would includ …","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"52       In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to the question referred is that Article 6(4)(d) of the Rome I Regulation must be interpreted as meaning that, in the case of a CFD concluded between a professional and a consumer, the expression ‘rights and obligations which cons …","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"53       Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (Eighth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"Article 6(4)(d) of Regulation (EC) No 593/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 on the law applicable to contractual obligations (Rome I)","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"must be interpreted as meaning that, in the case of a financial contract for differences concluded between a professional and a consumer, the expression ‘rights and obligations which constitute a financial instrument’, within the meaning of that provision, includes rights and obligations relating to …","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"*       Language of the case: Czech.","paragraph_id":"para_110"}],"word_count":5438,"cites":["C-208/18","C-500/18","C-554/14","C-229/22"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"785e8a37ae7e0ec980494f247ad3ac1b74e5244e570bfb97723f4a5cc91847bf","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62025CJ0346","fetched_at":"2026-09-30T14:51:36.348+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-346-25","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-346-25","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-346-25","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-346-25","verification_scope":{"stored_hash_is_source_verification":false,"official_source_comparison":"not_performed","legal_review":"not_assessed"},"decision_object":{"schema_version":"1","object_id":"decision:eu:c-346-25","judgment_class":"E","operative_part":"not_in_register","cites_count":4,"word_count":5438,"decision_url":null},"agent_links":{"agent_root":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/agent.json","agent_overview":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/rapid/agent/overview"}},"hash":"sha256:433ada2a01be48ff03f4bedac80728e4febd9a26a9cf412b1a4123a14ee55033","version":"legal-2026-11-02","expires":"2026-11-03T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-11-02+legal-2026-11-02+2026-11-02T16:22:18","content_hash":"sha256:433ada2a01be48ff03f4bedac80728e4febd9a26a9cf412b1a4123a14ee55033","revalidate_after":"2026-11-02T17:53:47.509Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-346-25","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-346-25"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-346-25"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-346-25"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. 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