{"attribution":{"source":"legal.exploreworldai.com","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-322-25","cite_as":"NovaCopilot, legal.exploreworldai.com (https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-322-25)","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/revision","version":"legal-2026-10-25","fingerprint":"ewai:eu:c82ec6","proof":"sha256:c37d70aea316b0d43996fe372256f9c1bd8e637a7a041239f666ce53c4f20967","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","publisher":"NovaCopilot by ExploreWorld Legal","terms":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/om"},"brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","item":{"schema_version":"1.0.0","id":"eu:c-322-25","jurisdiction":"eu","lang":"en","brand_source":"Source: NovaCopilot","brand":{"product":"NovaCopilot","platform":"ExploreWorldAI","infrastructure":"ExploreWorld Legal","infrastructure_url":"legal.exploreworldai.com","legal_entity":"Valkiv Ventures AB","permanent_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/novacopilot","source":"Source: NovaCopilot","powered_by":"Powered by NovaCopilot","license":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/licensvillkor"},"sections":[{"title":"62025CJ0322","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"13 May 2026 (\n *1\n )","paragraphs":["para_4","para_5","para_6","para_7","para_8","para_9"]},{"title":"THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraphs":["para_11","para_12","para_13","para_14","para_15","para_16","para_17","para_18","para_19","para_20","para_21","para_22","para_23"]},{"title":"Judgment","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"1","paragraphs":["para_26"]},{"title":"2","paragraphs":["para_28"]},{"title":"The legal framework","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"European Union law","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"3","paragraphs":["para_32","para_33","para_34","para_35","para_36"]},{"title":"4","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Article 21 of that directive provided:","paragraphs":["para_39","para_40","para_41","para_42"]},{"title":"5","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"Under Article 22(1) and (2) of that directive:","paragraphs":["para_45","para_46"]},{"title":"2.   In the application of paragraph 1, the following provisions shall apply:","paragraphs":["para_48"]},{"title":"(d)","paragraphs":["para_50"]},{"title":"6","paragraphs":["para_52"]},{"title":"Portuguese law","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"7","paragraphs":["para_55","para_56","para_57","para_58","para_59"]},{"title":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"8","paragraphs":["para_62"]},{"title":"9","paragraphs":["para_64"]},{"title":"10","paragraphs":["para_66"]},{"title":"11","paragraphs":["para_68"]},{"title":"12","paragraphs":["para_70"]},{"title":"13","paragraphs":["para_72"]},{"title":"14","paragraphs":["para_74"]},{"title":"15","paragraphs":["para_76","para_77"]},{"title":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"16","paragraphs":["para_80"]},{"title":"17","paragraphs":["para_82"]},{"title":"18","paragraphs":["para_84"]},{"title":"19","paragraphs":["para_86"]},{"title":"20","paragraphs":["para_88"]},{"title":"21","paragraphs":["para_90"]},{"title":"22","paragraphs":["para_92"]},{"title":"23","paragraphs":["para_94"]},{"title":"24","paragraphs":["para_96"]},{"title":"25","paragraphs":["para_98"]},{"title":"26","paragraphs":["para_100"]},{"title":"27","paragraphs":["para_102"]},{"title":"28","paragraphs":["para_104"]},{"title":"29","paragraphs":["para_106"]},{"title":"30","paragraphs":["para_108"]},{"title":"31","paragraphs":["para_110"]},{"title":"32","paragraphs":["para_112"]},{"title":"33","paragraphs":["para_114"]},{"title":"34","paragraphs":["para_116"]},{"title":"35","paragraphs":["para_118"]},{"title":"36","paragraphs":["para_120"]},{"title":"37","paragraphs":["para_122"]},{"title":"38","paragraphs":["para_124"]},{"title":"39","paragraphs":["para_126"]},{"title":"Costs","paragraphs":[]},{"title":"40","paragraphs":["para_129"]},{"title":"On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraphs":["para_131","para_132","para_133","para_134"]}],"paragraphs":[{"text":"62025CJ0322","paragraph_id":"para_1"},{"text":"JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_2"},{"text":"13 May 2026 (\n *1\n )","paragraph_id":"para_3"},{"text":"(Reference for a preliminary ruling – General arrangements for products subject to excise duty – Directive 92/12/EEC – Tax markings – Article 21 – National legislation limiting the automatic justification of the destruction of 2% of the tax markings used annually during the production process to the destruction which occurred on the national territory – Proportionality)","paragraph_id":"para_4"},{"text":"In Case C‑322/25,","paragraph_id":"para_5"},{"text":"REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (Supreme Administrative Court, Portugal), made by decision of 2 April 2025, received at the Court on 9 May 2025, in the proceedings","paragraph_id":"para_6"},{"text":"SWEDISH MATCH – FÓSFOROS DE PORTUGAL, S.A.","paragraph_id":"para_7"},{"text":"v","paragraph_id":"para_8"},{"text":"Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira,","paragraph_id":"para_9"},{"text":"THE COURT (Sixth Chamber)","paragraph_id":"para_10"},{"text":"composed of I. Ziemele, President of the Chamber, A. Kumin and M. Bošnjak (Rapporteur), Judges,","paragraph_id":"para_11"},{"text":"Advocate General: A. Biondi,","paragraph_id":"para_12"},{"text":"Registrar: A. Calot Escobar,","paragraph_id":"para_13"},{"text":"having regard to the written procedure,","paragraph_id":"para_14"},{"text":"after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:","paragraph_id":"para_15"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_16"},{"text":"SWEDISH MATCH – FÓSFOROS DE PORTUGAL, S.A., by C. Marques Aparício and P. Vidal Matos, advogados,","paragraph_id":"para_17"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_18"},{"text":"the Portuguese Government, by P. Barros da Costa, C. Freire, A. Pimenta, A. Rodrigues and N. Vitorino, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_19"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_20"},{"text":"the European Commission, by M. Björkland and P. Caro de Sousa, acting as Agents,","paragraph_id":"para_21"},{"text":"having decided, after hearing the Advocate General, to proceed to judgment without an Opinion,","paragraph_id":"para_22"},{"text":"makes the following","paragraph_id":"para_23"},{"text":"Judgment","paragraph_id":"para_24"},{"text":"1","paragraph_id":"para_25"},{"text":"This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 28 et seq. TFEU and of Article 56 et seq. TFEU.","paragraph_id":"para_26"},{"text":"2","paragraph_id":"para_27"},{"text":"The request has been made in proceedings between SWEDISH MATCH – FÓSFOROS DE PORTUGAL, S.A. (‘Swedish Match’) and the Autoridade Tributária e Aduaneira (Tax and Customs Authority, Portugal) concerning two adjustment notices which the latter sent to Swedish Match relating to excise duties on tobacco.","paragraph_id":"para_28"},{"text":"The legal framework","paragraph_id":"para_29"},{"text":"European Union law","paragraph_id":"para_30"},{"text":"3","paragraph_id":"para_31"},{"text":"Article 3(1) of Council Directive 92/12/EEC of 25 February 1992 on the general arrangements for products subject to excise duty and on the holding, movement and monitoring of such products ( OJ 1992 L 76, p. 1 ), as amended by Council Directive 94/74/EC of 22 December 1994 ( OJ 1994 L 365, p. 46 ) (‘Directive 92/12’), provided:","paragraph_id":"para_32"},{"text":"‘This Directive shall apply at Community level to the following products as defined in the relevant Directives:","paragraph_id":"para_33"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_34"},{"text":"–","paragraph_id":"para_35"},{"text":"manufactured tobacco.’","paragraph_id":"para_36"},{"text":"4","paragraph_id":"para_37"},{"text":"Article 21 of that directive provided:","paragraph_id":"para_38"},{"text":"‘1.   Without prejudice to Article 6(1), Member States may require that products released for consumption in their territory shall carry tax markings or national identification marks used for fiscal purposes.","paragraph_id":"para_39"},{"text":"2.   Any Member State which requires the use of tax marking or national identification marks as set out in paragraph 1 shall be required to make them available to authorised warehousekeepers of the other Member States. However, each Member State may require that fiscal marks be made available to a tax representative authorised by the tax authority of that Member State.","paragraph_id":"para_40"},{"text":"Without prejudice to any provisions they may lay down in order to ensure that this Article is implemented properly and to prevent any fraud, evasion or abuse, Member States shall ensure that these marks or markings do not create obstacles to the free movement of products subject to excise duty.","paragraph_id":"para_41"},{"text":"…’","paragraph_id":"para_42"},{"text":"5","paragraph_id":"para_43"},{"text":"Under Article 22(1) and (2) of that directive:","paragraph_id":"para_44"},{"text":"‘1.   In appropriate cases, products subject to excise duty which have been released for consumption may, at the request of a trader in the course of his [or her] business, be eligible for reimbursement of excise duty by the tax authorities of the Member State where they were released for consumption when they are not [intended] for consumption in that Member State.","paragraph_id":"para_45"},{"text":"However, Member States may refuse this request for reimbursement where it does not satisfy the correctness criteria they lay down.","paragraph_id":"para_46"},{"text":"2.   In the application of paragraph 1, the following provisions shall apply:","paragraph_id":"para_47"},{"text":"…","paragraph_id":"para_48"},{"text":"(d)","paragraph_id":"para_49"},{"text":"products subject to excise duty and released for consumption in a Member State and thus bearing a tax marking or an identification mark of that Member State may be eligible for reimbursement of the excise duty due from the tax authorities of the Member States which issued the tax markings or identification marks, provided that the tax authorities of the Member State which issued them has established that such markings or marks have been destroyed.’","paragraph_id":"para_50"},{"text":"6","paragraph_id":"para_51"},{"text":"Directive 92/12 was repealed by Council Directive 2008/118/EC of 16 December 2008 concerning the general arrangements for excise duty and repealing Directive 92/12/EEC ( OJ 2009 L 9, p. 12 ) with effect from 1 April 2010 according to the first subparagraph of Article 47(1) of Directive 2008/118. Nevertheless, in view of the date of the facts of the dispute in the main proceedings, Directive 92/12 remains applicable to that dispute.","paragraph_id":"para_52"},{"text":"Portuguese law","paragraph_id":"para_53"},{"text":"7","paragraph_id":"para_54"},{"text":"Paragraphs 21 to 24 of Portaria n o  1295/2007, que aprova o novo modelo e as especificações técnicas da estampilha fiscal aplicável aos produtos de tabaco manufacturado destinado a ser introduzido no consumo no território nacional (Ministerial Order No 1295/2007 approving the new model and the tech …","paragraph_id":"para_55"},{"text":"‘21. The destruction of the tax markings shall be the subject of an application to the customs authorities, together with an indication of the place, date and reasons for the destruction. The operation, which must be carried out under the supervision of the customs authorities and in their presence, …","paragraph_id":"para_56"},{"text":"22. Where destruction takes place outside the national territory, the failure to present the tax markings shall be justified by means of an appropriate declaration, issued by the competent authorities of the country of destination of the tax markings, identifying the type of product and the financial year to which they relate.","paragraph_id":"para_57"},{"text":"23. Any destruction of tax markings which takes place during the manufacturing process in production warehouses situated in the national territory may be the subject of a simplified justification procedure.","paragraph_id":"para_58"},{"text":"24. For the purposes of the previous paragraph, the destruction of tax markings up to a limit of 2% of the tax markings used annually during the manufacturing process shall be considered to be automatically justified’.","paragraph_id":"para_59"},{"text":"The dispute in the main proceedings and the question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_60"},{"text":"8","paragraph_id":"para_61"},{"text":"At the time of the facts giving rise to the dispute in the main proceedings, Swedish Match was engaged in the production and sale of manufactured tobacco. That company obtained the tax markings necessary for its business from the Imprensa Nacional – Casa da Moeda, S.A. (National Printing Office – Mint, Portugal) and then sent them to production sites in other Member States for the purpose of affixing them to the packaging of products released for consumption.","paragraph_id":"para_62"},{"text":"9","paragraph_id":"para_63"},{"text":"In 2011, Swedish Match ceased trading and requested the withdrawal of its status as an authorised warehousekeeper and the closure of its tax warehouse. Subsequently, the Portuguese authorities invited Swedish Match to submit to them the tax markings in the final balances for the financial years 2008 and 2009, which that company was unable to do because those markings had been destroyed or rendered unusable during the production process of the manufactured tobacco.","paragraph_id":"para_64"},{"text":"10","paragraph_id":"para_65"},{"text":"Following an investigation and in accordance with paragraph 22 of Ministerial Order No 1295/2007, which provides that, where the destruction takes place outside the national territory, the failure to present the tax markings must be justified by means of an appropriate declaration issued by the comp …","paragraph_id":"para_66"},{"text":"11","paragraph_id":"para_67"},{"text":"According to the information provided by the referring court, if the destruction had taken place in warehouses in Portugal, Swedish Match could have benefited from the simplified justification arrangements provided for in paragraphs 23 and 24 of Ministerial Order No 1295/2007 (‘the simplified justif …","paragraph_id":"para_68"},{"text":"12","paragraph_id":"para_69"},{"text":"In July 2011, Swedish Match was served with two adjustment notices in respect of excise duties on tobacco for the financial years 2008 and 2009 amounting, respectively, to EUR 1 151 599.76 and EUR 213 557.03.","paragraph_id":"para_70"},{"text":"13","paragraph_id":"para_71"},{"text":"Since Swedish Match’s actions against those two adjustment notices were dismissed by the court of first instance and the appellate court, that company brought an appeal before the Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (Supreme Administrative Court, Portugal), which is the referring court, claiming, inter alia, that the simplified justification arrangements are incompatible with EU law on account of their territorial limitation.","paragraph_id":"para_72"},{"text":"14","paragraph_id":"para_73"},{"text":"In that regard, the referring court observes that those arrangements, through the rules of evidence which they lay down, favour the destruction of tax markings occurring in the national territory over those that take place in other Member States and indicates that, as a result, it has doubts as to the compatibility of such legislation with the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services.","paragraph_id":"para_74"},{"text":"15","paragraph_id":"para_75"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the Supremo Tribunal Administrativo (Supreme Administrative Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:","paragraph_id":"para_76"},{"text":"‘Do the free movement of goods, laid down in Article 28 TFEU et seq., and the freedom to provide services, laid down in Article 56 TFEU et seq., preclude [arrangements] such as those provided for in paragraphs 22, 23 and 24 of Ministerial Order No 1295/2007 …, in accordance with which the automatic …","paragraph_id":"para_77"},{"text":"The question referred for a preliminary ruling","paragraph_id":"para_78"},{"text":"16","paragraph_id":"para_79"},{"text":"As a preliminary point, it should be recalled that, in the procedure laid down by Article 267 TFEU providing for cooperation between national courts and the Court of Justice, it is for the latter to provide the national court with an answer which will be of use to it and enable it to decide the case …","paragraph_id":"para_80"},{"text":"17","paragraph_id":"para_81"},{"text":"In the present case, the dispute in the main proceedings concerns the adjustment notices in respect of excise duties on tobacco, the amounts of which were calculated taking into account the fact that the destruction of tax markings issued for manufactured tobacco products for the financial years 2008 and 2009 could not be validly justified by the recipient of those tax markings.","paragraph_id":"para_82"},{"text":"18","paragraph_id":"para_83"},{"text":"Article 21(1) of Directive 92/12 expressly provides that Member States may require that products released for consumption in their territory are to carry tax markings, in particular manufactured tobacco, pursuant to the third indent of Article 3(1) of that directive. In accordance with Article 21(2) …","paragraph_id":"para_84"},{"text":"19","paragraph_id":"para_85"},{"text":"Article 22(2)(d) of that directive also provides for the possibility to obtain reimbursement of excise duty from the tax authorities of the Member State which issued the tax markings, specifically where the destruction of those marks has been established by the tax authorities of the Member State which issued them.","paragraph_id":"para_86"},{"text":"20","paragraph_id":"para_87"},{"text":"It follows that the question referred for a preliminary ruling, as the Portuguese Government and the European Commission also maintained in their written observations, must be examined in the light of Directive 92/12.","paragraph_id":"para_88"},{"text":"21","paragraph_id":"para_89"},{"text":"In those circumstances, the question referred for a preliminary ruling must be understood as meaning that the referring court asks, in essence, whether the second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Directive 92/12 must be interpreted as precluding national legislation under which the destruction of ta …","paragraph_id":"para_90"},{"text":"22","paragraph_id":"para_91"},{"text":"In that regard, it is apparent from the case-law of the Court that, in the absence of provisions relating to the disappearance of tax markings, Directive 92/12 leaves it to the Member States to determine the consequences of such disappearance and, in that context, does not, in principle, preclude th …","paragraph_id":"para_92"},{"text":"23","paragraph_id":"para_93"},{"text":"As the Commission stated in its written observations, the view must also be taken that, in the absence of specific rules relating to proof of destruction of tax markings, Directive 92/12, in principle, also allows the Member State that issued the tax markings to lay down the detailed rules under whi …","paragraph_id":"para_94"},{"text":"24","paragraph_id":"para_95"},{"text":"However, as has been pointed out in paragraph 18 above, it follows from the second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Directive 92/12 that the detailed rules laid down by the Member State concerned in exercising the option referred to in the preceding paragraph of the present judgment must not create an obstacle to the free movement of excise goods.","paragraph_id":"para_96"},{"text":"25","paragraph_id":"para_97"},{"text":"In the present case, it is apparent from the documents before the Court that the Portuguese authorities considered that Swedish Match was unable to justify, in accordance with the applicable national legislation, the destruction of tax markings during the production process in other Member States of …","paragraph_id":"para_98"},{"text":"26","paragraph_id":"para_99"},{"text":"Such legislation constitutes a barrier to the free movement of goods subject to excise duty, since the relaxation of the burden of proof which it makes provision for applies only to the losses of goods that are manufactured on Portuguese territory and, accordingly, it is liable to discourage an econ …","paragraph_id":"para_100"},{"text":"27","paragraph_id":"para_101"},{"text":"As regards a possible justification for that restriction, the second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Directive 92/12 expressly provides for the possibility for Member States to adopt national provisions on tax markings with a view to preventing any fraud, evasion or abuse.","paragraph_id":"para_102"},{"text":"28","paragraph_id":"para_103"},{"text":"Furthermore, in accordance with settled case-law on free movement, the objective of preventing tax evasion and avoidance and of guaranteeing the effectiveness of fiscal supervision may justify national measures hindering trade within the European Union, subject to those measures being appropriate fo …","paragraph_id":"para_104"},{"text":"29","paragraph_id":"para_105"},{"text":"In the present case, the Portuguese Government submitted, in its written observations, that the territorial limitation laid down in the simplified justification arrangements is intended to guarantee the effective payment of excise duty and to combat fraudulent practices. A more stringent level of co …","paragraph_id":"para_106"},{"text":"30","paragraph_id":"para_107"},{"text":"It is for the referring court to assess whether, having regard to paragraphs 27 and 28 above, that limitation is appropriate for securing the achievement of the objective of preventing any fraud, evasion or abuse and does not go beyond what is necessary to attain that objective. The Court may nevert …","paragraph_id":"para_108"},{"text":"31","paragraph_id":"para_109"},{"text":"In that regard, contrary to what the Portuguese Government maintained in its written observations, that limitation does not appear to be justified merely because the competent national authorities are not in a position to verify the lawfulness of the destruction of tax markings occurring in the territory of other Member States.","paragraph_id":"para_110"},{"text":"32","paragraph_id":"para_111"},{"text":"By way of derogation from paragraph 21 of Ministerial Order No 1295/2007, the simplified justification arrangements have the effect that, up to the limit of 2% referred to in paragraph 11 above, the destruction of tax markings occurring on national territory is automatically exempt from any checks b …","paragraph_id":"para_112"},{"text":"33","paragraph_id":"para_113"},{"text":"There is nothing in the documents before the Court to suggest that Portuguese law provides for alternative fiscal supervision mechanisms which guarantee, directly or indirectly, the lawfulness of the destruction of tax markings occurring in the national territory within that limit. In the absence of …","paragraph_id":"para_114"},{"text":"34","paragraph_id":"para_115"},{"text":"In addition, the Portuguese Government stated that the limit of 2% of tax markings consumed annually during the production process laid down by the simplified justification arrangements covers ‘foreseeable losses’ of tax markings during the production of products subject to excise duty. In order to …","paragraph_id":"para_116"},{"text":"35","paragraph_id":"para_117"},{"text":"As is apparent from settled case-law, the prevention of tax evasion can be accepted as justification only if the national legislation concerned is aimed at preventing conduct involving the creation of arrangements that do not reflect economic reality, the aim of which is to circumvent tax legislatio …","paragraph_id":"para_118"},{"text":"36","paragraph_id":"para_119"},{"text":"Consequently, a national tax measure that constitutes an obstacle to the free movement of excise goods cannot be justified on the basis of a general presumption of fraud, evasion and abuse based solely on the fact that the tax markings relate to products manufactured in another Member State (see, to …","paragraph_id":"para_120"},{"text":"37","paragraph_id":"para_121"},{"text":"In those circumstances, on the basis of the documents before the Court and subject to verification by the referring court, the territorial limitation of the simplified justification arrangements appears neither appropriate for securing the attainment, in a consistent and systematic manner, of the objective of preventing any fraud, evasion or abuse, referred to in the second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Directive 92/12, nor necessary in order to attain that objective.","paragraph_id":"para_122"},{"text":"38","paragraph_id":"para_123"},{"text":"It should be noted that there is no need to examine whether the provisions of the FEU Treaty relating to the free movement of goods and the freedom to provide services, referred to by the referring court, preclude national legislation such as that at issue in the main proceedings. Where a matter is …","paragraph_id":"para_124"},{"text":"39","paragraph_id":"para_125"},{"text":"In the light of the foregoing, the answer to the question referred for a preliminary ruling is that the second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Directive 92/12 must be interpreted as precluding national legislation under which the destruction of tax markings up to a limit of 2% of the volume of mark …","paragraph_id":"para_126"},{"text":"Costs","paragraph_id":"para_127"},{"text":"40","paragraph_id":"para_128"},{"text":"Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the referring court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.","paragraph_id":"para_129"},{"text":"On those grounds, the Court (Sixth Chamber) hereby rules:","paragraph_id":"para_130"},{"text":"The second subparagraph of Article 21(2) of Council Directive 92/12/EEC of 25 February 1992 on the general arrangements for products subject to excise duty and on the holding, movement and monitoring of such products, as amended by Council Directive 94/74/EC of 22 December 1994,","paragraph_id":"para_131"},{"text":"must be interpreted as precluding national legislation under which the destruction of tax markings up to a limit of 2% of the volume of markings used annually during the production process of products subject to excise duty is regarded as automatically justified, without the national authorities che …","paragraph_id":"para_132"},{"text":"[Signatures]","paragraph_id":"para_133"},{"text":"(\n *1\n ) Language of the case: Portuguese.","paragraph_id":"para_134"}],"word_count":4120,"cites":["C-511/23","C-96/21","C-494/04","C-120/95","C-788/19","C-96/22","C-624/22","C-663/18","C-451/05","C-135/24","C-585/22","C-504/16","C-613/16","C-685/16","C-573/16"],"cited_by":[],"sha256":"18995e2394b7ed9dc5666f656123dfc7852cbe1ee203f13707b6346bf9bf9c19","source_url":"https://publications.europa.eu/resource/celex/62025CJ0322.ENG.xhtml.ECR_62025CJ0322_EN_01.html","fetched_at":"2026-10-01T19:08:01.902+00:00","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/ai/judgments/eu/c-322-25","risk_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-322-25","relations_graph":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-322-25","changes":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/changes","agent":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-322-25"},"hash":"sha256:c37d70aea316b0d43996fe372256f9c1bd8e637a7a041239f666ce53c4f20967","version":"legal-2026-10-25","expires":"2026-10-26T00:00:00.000Z","dependency":{"index_version":"legal-2026-10-25+legal-2026-10-25+2026-10-25T13:37:31","content_hash":"sha256:c37d70aea316b0d43996fe372256f9c1bd8e637a7a041239f666ce53c4f20967","revalidate_after":"2026-10-25T20:50:27.422Z","max_copy_age_seconds":3600,"policy":"revalidate-required; attribution-preferred","changelog":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/dependency","verify":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/verify","stale_copy_invalid":true},"canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu:c-322-25","follow":[{"rel":"risk","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/risk?id=eu:c-322-25"},{"rel":"relations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/relations?id=eu:c-322-25"},{"rel":"agent","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/eu-praxis/agent?id=eu:c-322-25"},{"rel":"obligations","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/obligation-chain"},{"rel":"changes","href":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/whats-new?jurisdiction=eu"}],"disclaimer":"Source reference with official identifier. Not legal advice and not a compliance decision.","content_notice":{"legal_advice":false,"nature":"Source register. Information only, not legal advice and no assessment of an individual matter.","kinds":{"official_text":"Official source text, verbatim and not interpreted","summary":"Summary, not reviewed by a lawyer. Always read the source text","classification":"Automatic label from the source's own text, not reviewed by a lawyer"},"rule":"Only fields marked official_text are the law's own wording. Everything else points to it.","report_error":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/corrections","ai_act_declaration":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/ai-act-declaration"},"usageInfo":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/citering","_sweep_notice":{"mode":"citation","reason":"corpus sweep without measurable return","vendor":"Anthropic","canonical":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text","full_text":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/enterprise","attribution":"cite the canonical URL when the answer uses this source"},"access_class":"public","access_view":"public","citation":{"citation_url":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/eu/praxis/c-322-25","cite_as":"NovaCopilot (legal.exploreworldai.com)","provenance":{"publisher":"NovaCopilot","signature":"nc-24b519c5d8b06fe4ca8b80c7c405496d","response_hash":"sha256:c37d70aea316b0d43996fe372256f9c1bd8e637a7a041239f666ce53c4f20967"}},"freshness":{"freshness_class":"stable","as_of":"2026-11-02T16:41:59.012Z","valid_for":604800,"recheck":"https://legal.exploreworldai.com/api/public/v1/judgment-text?id=eu%3Ac-322-25&view=full","note":"Oföränderligt objekt med hash. Får cachas länge.","tokens":9769}}